Friedrich Benjamin Graf von Lütke ( Russian : Фёдор Петрович Литке , Fyodor Petrovich Litke ; 28 September [ O.S. 17 September] 1797 – 20 August [ O.S. 8 August] 1882), more commonly known by his Russian name Fyodor Litke , was a Russian navigator , geographer , and Arctic explorer . He became a count in 1866, and an admiral in 1855. He was a corresponding member (1829), Honorable Member (1855), and President (1864) of the Russian Academy of Science in St. Petersburg . He was also an Honorable Member of many other Russian and foreign scientific establishments, and a corresponding member of the French Academy of Science in Paris .
32-488: Litke may refer to: People [ edit ] Fyodor Litke (1797–1882), Russian count, geographer, explorer features named after him—see All pages with titles containing Litke Raymond A. Litke (1920-1986), American electronics engineer Placenames [ edit ] Litke, Hungary , a village in Hungary Litke Deep , an oceanic trench in
64-806: A military governor of the ports of Reval (today's Tallinn ) and later Kronstadt in 1850–1857. In 1855, Litke became a member of the Russian State Council ( Государственный совет in Russian; a legislative entity that predated the Duma , which came into existence only in 1906). In 1873, the Russian Geographical Society introduced the Lütke gold medal. A cape, peninsula, mountain and bay in Novaya Zemlya, as well as
96-723: A 3-volume account of his explorations with atlases in Russian and in French, the latter being published in Paris and entitled Voyage autour du monde, : exécuté par ordre de sa majesté l’empereur Nicolas Ier, sur la corvette Le Séniavine, dans les années 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829, par Frédéric Lutké, ... commandant de l’expédition. Partie historique, avec un atlas, litographié d’après les dessins originaux d’Alexandre Postels et du baron Kittlitz. Traduit du russe sur le manuscrit original, sous les yeux de l’auteur, par le conseiller d’état F. Boyé. Tome I–III . Very few copies were printed and especially
128-630: A Lutheran parish in order to spread Lutheranism in the Russian Empire . As a youth, Friedrich attended a Lutheran German-speaking school. He remained a practicing Lutheran. Lütke started his naval career in the Imperial Russian Navy in 1813. He took part in Vasily Golovnin 's world cruise on the ship "Kamchatka" from 1817 to 1819, where one of his crewmates was Ferdinand Wrangel . Then from 1821 to 1824, Lütke led
160-648: A group of islands in Franz Josef Land , Baydaratskaya Bay , and the Nordenskiöld Archipelago and a strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island , as well as two Russian icebreakers were named after him. Nereocystis luetkeana was named after him by Mertens (first as Fucus luetkeanus ) and then described by Postels and Ruprecht . Ships named after Lütke include 1909-built icebreaker , 1970-built icebreaker , and 2017-built Yamalmax LNG carrier . During his voyage round
192-554: A small subspecies of Canada goose, the Bering Canada goose ( Branta canadensis asiatica ) is extinct due to overhunting and the introduction of rats to their breeding islands. The Bering Sea supports many species of fish, some of which support large and valuable commercial fisheries. Commercial fish species include Pacific cod , several species of flatfish , sablefish , Pacific salmon , and Pacific herring . Shellfish include red king crab and snow crab . Fish biodiversity
224-601: Is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean . It forms, along with the Bering Strait , the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and the Americas . It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves . The Bering Sea is named after Vitus Bering , a Danish -born Russian navigator, who, in 1728,
256-628: Is a valuable source of information on the evolution of geographic knowledge of Alaska and the Bering Sea. When W. H. Dall published an index for the book, Lütke's name was given as "Lutke", which reflects the spelling under which the book was published in Paris. Certain geographic features of the Alaskan coast, like the Walrus and Kritskoi Islands , Kudobin Islands and numerous other features in
288-581: Is commonly referred to as the " Bering land bridge " and is accepted by most, though not all scientists, to be the first point of entry of humans into the Americas . There is a small portion of the Kula Plate in the Bering Sea. The Kula Plate is an ancient tectonic plate that used to subduct under Alaska. On 18 December 2018, a large meteor exploded above the Bering Sea. The meteor exploded at an altitude of 25.6km, releasing 49 kilotons of energy. The International Hydrographic Organization defines
320-521: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fyodor Litke Friedrich came from the Lütke family ( ru ) of Brandenburgish origin and originated in Jüterbog . Count Lütke's grandfather was Johann Philipp von Lütke, a German Lutheran preacher and writer on physical science and theology. In 1745, Johann went from Germany to Moscow as pastor of
352-416: Is high, and at least 419 species of fish have been reported from the Bering Sea. The Bering Sea is world-renowned for its productive and profitable fisheries, such as king crab , opilio and tanner crabs, Bristol Bay salmon, pollock and other groundfish. These fisheries rely on the productivity of the Bering Sea via a complicated and little understood food web. Commercial fishing is lucrative business in
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#1732776472233384-401: Is very important to the seabirds of the world. Over 30 species of seabirds and approximately 20 million individuals breed in the Bering Sea region. Seabird species include tufted puffins , the endangered short-tailed albatross , spectacled eider , and red-legged kittiwakes . Many of these species are unique to the area, which provides highly productive foraging habitat, particularly along
416-761: The Aleutians , were named by Count Lütke in the maps that were subsequently published. The landhead now named Cape Lutke in Alaska was named after this Russian explorer by the Imperial Russian Hydrographic Service in 1847. The Litke Deep is named in his honour. Bering Sea The Bering Sea ( / ˈ b ɛər ɪ ŋ , ˈ b ɛr ɪ ŋ / BAIR -ing, BERR -ing , US also / ˈ b ɪər ɪ ŋ / BEER -ing ; Russian: Бе́рингово мо́ре , romanized : Béringovo móre , IPA: [ˈbʲerʲɪnɡəvə ˈmorʲe] )
448-571: The Caroline Islands (with the exception of Yap ) and for compiling an extensive ethnographic account. In particular, the expedition spent three weeks in the Nomoi Islands , which had been last visited by Pedro Quiros in 1565. The team collected over 8000 plant, animal and mineral samples. In 1835, Lütke was appointed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia as tutor of his second son, Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaievich of Russia . Lütke
480-536: The Discovery Channel television program Deadliest Catch . Landings from Alaskan waters represents half the U.S. catch of fish and shellfish. Because of the changes going on in the Arctic, the future evolution of the Bering Sea climate and ecosystem is uncertain. Between 1979 and 2012, the region experienced small growth in sea ice extent, standing in contrast to the substantial loss of summer sea ice in
512-576: The North Aleutians Basin is also known as the "Greenbelt". Nutrient upwelling from the cold waters of the Aleutian basin flowing up the slope and mixing with shallower waters of the shelf provide for constant production of phytoplankton . The second driver of productivity in the Bering Sea is seasonal sea ice that, in part, triggers the spring phytoplankton bloom. Seasonal melting of sea ice causes an influx of lower salinity water into
544-630: The expedition to explore the coastline of Novaya Zemlya , the White Sea , and the eastern parts of the Barents Sea . From August 20, 1826, to August 25, 1829, he headed the world cruise on the Senyavin , sailing from Kronstadt and rounding Cape Horn . At the beginning, he was accompanied from Copenhagen and the Baltic Sea by Capt. Mikhail Nikolaievich Staniukovich who was in command of
576-689: The Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait , which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean 's Chukchi Sea . Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea between the Alaska Peninsula and Cape Newenham on mainland Southwest Alaska . The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources within the jurisdiction of the United States and Russia , as well as international waters in
608-706: The Arctic Ocean Litke (crater) , a lunar impact crater in the large walled plain Fermi Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Litke . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litke&oldid=900663653 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
640-466: The Arctic Ocean to the north. 'The White Seal', one of many chapters on Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book , features the Bering Sea as the birthplace and homeland of Kotick, a rare white fur seal . The film Harbinger Down , which was released on August 7, 2015, was about a group of grad students who booked passage on the crabbing boat Harbinger to study the effects of global warming on
672-433: The Bering Sea, which is relied upon by the largest seafood companies in the world to produce fish and shellfish. On the U.S. side, commercial fisheries catch approximately $ 1 billion worth of seafood annually, while Russian Bering Sea fisheries are worth approximately $ 600 million annually. The Bering Sea also serves as the central location of the Alaskan king crab and snow crab seasons, which are chronicled on
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#1732776472233704-402: The Russian original work with its nautical part became an extremely rare item. The nautical volume contains hydrographic and geographic details on the then little-known Bering Sea and Alaska obtained not only from Lütke's own work but also from various previously unpublished Russian sources. Even though there were errors and delays in the publication that didn't satisfy the author, Lütke's work
736-584: The last 50 years. The implication is that the carrying capacity of the Bering Sea is much lower now than it has been in the past. The sea supports many whale species, including the beluga , humpback whale , bowhead whale , gray whale and blue whale , the vulnerable sperm whale , and the endangered fin whale , sei whale and the rarest in the world, the North Pacific right whale . Other marine mammals include walrus , Steller sea lion , northern fur seal , orca and polar bear . The Bering Sea
768-402: The limits of the Bering Sea as follows: Islands of the Bering Sea include: Regions of the Bering Sea include: The Bering Sea contains 16 submarine canyons including the largest submarine canyon in the world, Zhemchug Canyon . The Bering Sea shelf break is the dominant driver of primary productivity in the Bering Sea. This zone, where the shallower continental shelf drops off into
800-424: The middle and other shelf areas, causing stratification and hydrographic effects which influence productivity. In addition to the hydrographic and productivity influence of melting sea ice, the ice itself also provides an attachment substrate for the growth of algae as well as interstitial ice algae. Some evidence suggests that great changes to the Bering Sea ecosystem have already occurred. Warm water conditions in
832-485: The middle of the sea (known as the "Donut Hole" ). The interaction between currents, sea ice, and weather makes for a vigorous and productive ecosystem. Most scientists think that during the most recent ice age , sea level was low enough to allow humans to migrate east on foot from Asia to North America across what is now the Bering Strait. Other animals including megafauna migrated in both directions. This
864-526: The shelf edge and in other nutrient-rich upwelling regions, such as the Pribilof, Zhemchug , and Pervenets canyons. The Bering Sea is also home to colonies of crested auklets , with upwards of a million individuals. Two Bering Sea species, the Steller's sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas ) and spectacled cormorant ( Phalacrocorax perspicillatus ), are extinct because of overexploitation by man. In addition,
896-597: The sloop Möller . The scientific team included Heinrich von Kittlitz (ornithologist), Karl Heinrich Mertens (botanist) and Alexander Postels (mineralogist). During this voyage he described the western coastline of the Bering Sea , the Bonin Islands off Japan , and the Carolines , although he discovered only one new island ( Eauripik , the expedition is noted for having visited every inhabited island in
928-426: The summer of 1997 resulted in a massive bloom of low energy coccolithophorid phytoplankton (Stockwell et al. 2001). A long record of carbon isotopes , which is reflective of primary production trends of the Bering Sea, exists from historical samples of bowhead whale baleen . Trends in carbon isotope ratios in whale baleen samples suggest that a 30–40% decline in average seasonal primary productivity has occurred over
960-617: The world on the Russian corvette Seniavin Lütke arrived at Sitka in 1827. From there he sailed to Unalaska , surveying the Pribilof Islands , St. Matthew Island and the Commander Islands , before arriving to Petropavlovsk , a harbor which he used as a base for further surveys along the Siberian coast all the way to St. Lawrence Bay by the Bering Strait . After finally returning to Kronstadt Litke published
992-724: Was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean . The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula . It covers over 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi) and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska , on the west by the Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula , on the south by
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1024-635: Was the first one to come up with the idea of a recording tide measurer (1839). They were built and installed along the coastlines of the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in 1841. Lütke was one of the organizers of the Russian Geographical Society and its president in 1845–1850 and 1857–1872. He was appointed Chairman of the Naval Scientific Committee in 1846. Lütke was a commander-in-chief and
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