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36-509: Grodno, a western province or governorate of the former Russian Empire , currently located in Belarus , was situated between about 52° to 54° N latitude and 21° to 24° E longitude, and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S by Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland. Its land size was 14,961 square miles (38,750 km). The province was a wide plain in parts, very swampy and covered with large pine tree forests. Of these, that of Białowieża in

72-612: A more specific one regarding the respondents' " mother tongue " which in turn, prompted many respondents to simply call it "local". According to the published and official results of 1931 Polish census , of the 1,057,147 inhabitants of the Nowogródek Voivodeship, 553,859 spoke Polish, 413,466 spoke Belarusian, 69,782 spoke Yiddish, 7,243 spoke Hebrew, 6,794 spoke Russian, and 2,499 spoke Lithuanian. The remainder spoke Ukrainian, Rusyn, German, Czech and others. In percentage points this translates into an estimate of 53% of

108-489: A public library, a school of a gymnasium, and several seminaries. The 24,789 were engaged in the manufacture of woolen hats, paper, and the preparation of wax. Three fairs were held annually. Grodno was built in the 12th century until 1795 belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The diet held there in 1793 ratified the partition of Poland. Two years later Stanislaus, the last king, signed his abdication there. The seat

144-477: Is an administrative division of a state that is headed by a governor . As English-speaking nations tend to call regions administered by governors either states or provinces , the term governorate is typically used to calque divisions of non-English-speaking administrations. The most common usage are as a translation of Persian "Farmandari" or the Arabic Muhafazah . It may also refer to

180-788: Is exercised by the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State , a legislative body led ex officio by the President of the Governorate of Vatican City State. The other key officers of the Governorate are the General Secretary and the Vice General Secretary. All three officers are appointed by the pope for five-year terms. Nowogr%C3%B3dek Voivodeship (1919%E2%80%931939) Nowogródek Voivodeship ( Polish : Województwo nowogródzkie )

216-532: The guberniya and general-gubernatorstvo of Imperial Russia or the gobiernos of Imperial Spain . The term governorate is widely used in Arab countries to describe an administrative unit. Some governorates combine more than one Muhafazah ; others closely follow traditional boundaries inherited from the Ottoman Empire 's vilayet system. With the exception of Tunisia, all translations into

252-612: The Bukovina Governorate , and one under Romanian administration, but not as an integral part of Romania, the Transnistria Governorate . In the Spanish Empire , the gobernaciones ("governorships" or "governorates") were an administrative division, roughly analogous to a province directly beneath the level of the audiencia or captaincy general , and the viceroy in areas directly under

288-773: The Lithuanian Governorate , with its capital in Vilnius. After Paul's death, by order of Tsar Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Lithuanian Governorate was split into the Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate and the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate was restored within the borders of 1796 Slonim Governorate. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 8 provinces: In 1840

324-515: The Partitions of Poland (ending in 1918), left Nowogródek in the state of economic collapse. Roads and means of communication were destroyed, along with most of industry. Large part of population was poor, with the lingering high level of illiteracy and low level of agricultural production. Railroad network was scarce (total length was only 713 kilometers, or 3.1 per 100 km²), with only two junctions: at Baranowicze and Lida . Nowogródek itself

360-722: The Portuguese Empire , a governorate general ( Portuguese : governo-geral ) were a colonial administration. They usually were created in order to be a centralized government over smaller colonies or territories of the Portuguese Empire. Governorate Generals of the Portuguese Empire: During World War II, Romania administrated three governorates, two of them part of Romania, the Bessarabia Governorate and

396-657: The US sense). During the time of the Third Reich , a " General Government for the Occupied Polish Areas" ( German : Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete ) existed. The German (based on a traditional Prussian term) is sometimes translated as General Governorate . The "New Lands" added to the Kingdom of Greece by the 1912–1913 First Balkan War —Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, and islands in

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432-449: The district of comprising a circuit of over 100 miles (160 km) deserves notice. There, bisons were preserved. The navigable rivers are Niemen, Bug, Narev, and Bobra, the most important of those being the Bug . The soil is chiefly alluvial intermixed with sand waws, which was favorable for agriculture anil , rearing of cattle and bees. The atmosphere was damp, misty and the climate in winter

468-460: The east, Białystok Voivodeship to the west, Polesie Voivodeship to the south and Wilno Voivodeship to the north. The landscape was flat and heavily wooded, lying within the Neman River basin. Nowogródek Voivodeship consisted of 8 cities, 8 powiats ( districts ) subdivided further into futory and kolonie, and 89 villages. The Polish census of 1921 data reveals that the voivodeship

504-490: The eastern Aegean Sea —initially continued their Ottoman divisions and administrators but these were overseen by new Greek governor generals. The territory was reorganized in 1915 amid the First World War , but the governorate generals ( Greek : Γενικαὶ Διοικήσεις , Genikaí Dioikíseis , sing. Γενική Διοίκησις , Genikí Dioíkisis ) continued in use in various forms until their complete abolishment in 1955. In

540-587: The end of World War II, at the insistence of Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference of 1943, the area remained in Soviet hands , and the Polish population was soon forcibly resettled . Since 1991, most part of it belongs to the sovereign Republic of Belarus . The voivodeship covered 22,966 km (8,867 sq mi). It was located in north-eastern part of the country, bordering Soviet Union to

576-656: The illiteracy dropped to 35% by 1931. The Polish government conducted two official surveys 10 years apart in order to determine the economic and minority status of the country. Both censuses asked respondents for their religious affiliations. The ethnic composition findings have been disputed especially after World War II. The 1921 census in accordance with guidelines of the 1918 League of Nations Minority Treaties , asked about nationality prompting many respondents of different ethnic backgrounds living in Poland, to declare Polish by default. The 1931 census replaced this question with

612-400: The local market, because rail transport was not profitable enough. Also, there were 36 concrete plants in the province in mid 1930s. Further economic development of Nowogródek Voivodeship was abruptly halted by the war. On September 17, 1939, following German aggression on Poland and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. As bulk of Polish Army was concentrated in

648-438: The population who identified their mother tongue as Polish, 39% as Belarusian, 7% as Yiddish and 1% as Russian. According to assessment by Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998) the census recorded the number of Poles as greater only because the language spoken wasn't defined unambiguously, thus quoting figures adjusted by Jerzy Tomaszewski (1985) as follows: the Nowogródek Voivodeship was home to about 616,000 ethnic Belarusians, or 38% of

684-795: The region; employing 35.6% of the total number of workers. By 1934 there was a sawmill in every county ( gmina ), more than half of them with 20–100 employees. Food industry was well developed in the voivodeship. It was dominated by small businesses meeting the needs of the local population, with the major meat processing plant at Baranowicze. In 1934, there were 611 flour mills in the province, milling rye (65%), barley (13%), wheat (7%) and other cereals. There were 227 milk processing plants, 72 labels of soft drinks, 24 distilleries, 6 fruit drying plants, 5 wineries and honey packers, 4 vinegar factories, 4 starch manufacturers, 3 industrial smoke-houses, 2 breweries, 2 spirit rectification plants as well as drying and processing plant with medicinal herbs. Metal industry

720-527: The returned forms might have been tampered with by the executive power, but to what extent is not known. Jerzy Tomaszewski categorizes the largest non-Polish component as Belarusian and Ukrainian at 58.37% combined; and 7.85% as Jewish (as quoted by Teichova & Matis). The results of the 1931 census (questions about mother tongue and about religion) are presented in the table below: Belarusian and Orthodox/Uniate majority minority counties are highlighted with yellow. The historical town of Nowogródek

756-497: The term governorate originate in the Arabic word muhafazah ( Arabic : مُحَافَظَة ). In the modern German states of Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , and North Rhine-Westphalia , as well as others in the past, there are sub-state administrative regions called Regierungsbezirke , lit.   ' governmental districts ' , which are sometimes translated into English as "governorates" (also "regions" or "counties" in

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792-475: The total population of Polish lands later annexed by Stalin. The number of ethnic Belarusians (including tutejsi ) exceeded the number of ethnic Poles by eight percentage points according to him. Similarly, the Jewish population statistics were allegedly reduced by about 4% in the actual number of dependants. The chairman of the Polish census statistical office, Edward Szturm de Sztrem stated after World War II that

828-433: The viceroy's administration. The powers and duties of a governor were identical to a corregidor but a governor managed a larger or more prosperous area than the former. When Ukraine claimed autonomy in 1917 and then independence from Russia in 1918, it inherited the imperial subdivision of its land with nine governorates, two okruhas , and three cities with special status. Each governorate ( Ukrainian huberniia )

864-732: The west, fighting Germans, the Soviets met with little resistance and their troops quickly moved westwards, occupying Voivodeship’s area with ease. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the area was occupied by the Soviet Union, and then (after 1941) by Germany. After World War II the area was annexed by the Soviet union, and most was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . This led to the loss of villages like Dziarečyn , which had large Jewish populations prior to

900-613: The whole province was in the governor appointed by the crown. In 1870 the population was 1,008,521 comprising Lithuanians, Poles, Belarusians, Tartars, and a few German colonists. Grodno's capital was Grodno, on the right bank of the Niemen, and was connected by railway with Moscow and Warsaw. It contained eight Roman Catholic, one Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. There were two fine erected respectively by Stephen Batory who died here 1586 and Augustus III (kings of Poland). Among other buildings were

936-602: The word "Lithuania" was dropped from the name by Nicholas I . In 1843, another administrative reform took place. The Vilnius Governorate received the Lida district from the Grodno Governorate and the Belostok Oblast was incorporated into it as the districts of Belostok , Belsk and Sokolka . Also, Novogrudok one to Minsk Governorate The Grodno Governorate had 9 provinces: The Grodno Governorate

972-757: Was a unit of administrative division of the Second Polish Republic between 1919 and 1939, with the capital in Nowogródek (now Navahrudak , Belarus). Following German and Soviet Invasion of Poland of September 1939, Poland's borders were redrawn in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . The Nowogródek Voivodeship was incorporated into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in an atmosphere of terror, following staged elections . With

1008-424: Was cold. Large quantities of rye, barley, oats, hops, hemp and flax were raised but the amount of fruit and vegetables grown was small. The products produced in the region were insignificant, but included woolen cloths, hats, leather, paper and spirits. There also a good export trade in grain, wool, cattle. Some forty fairs were held annually in the province. It was divided into nine districts: The administration of

1044-587: Was given in below. It was also included counties ( powiats ) of Duniłowicze, Dzisna (whose center was Głębokie ) and Wilejka between 1921 and 1922 till they were passed to Wilno Land . Country of Szczuczyn was created from gmina of Kamionka in of Grodno County in Bialystok voivodeship and gminas of Dziembrów, Lebioda, Nowy Dwór, Orla, Ostryna, Różanka, Sobakińce, Szczuczyn, Wasiliszki and Żołudek in Lida County on 21 March 1929. The Russian rule during

1080-543: Was in Grodno . It divided into 9 Uyezds : The governorate was formed in 1796, in the aftermath of the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and originally known as Slonim Governorate , but that only existed until December 12, 1796, when Paul I merged it with Vilna Governorate to form Lithuania Governorate . The Slonim Governorate had 8 provinces: Just a year later, on December 12, 1796, by order of Tsar Paul I they were merged into one governorate, called

1116-565: Was inhabited by 800,761 people, and the population density was 35.3 persons per km . A decade later, the Polish census of 1931 results showed a steady increase in population at 1,057,200 inhabitants, of whom 82% were engaged in agricultural activities. In 1921, 55% of persons over the age of 10 were illiterate due to repressive policies of the Russian Empire. In the reborn Polish Republic, the number of public schools greatly increased, and

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1152-420: Was not located on any main rail connections, it was reachable only by narrow-gauge track . In the interwar period Nowogródek remained chiefly an agricultural province. Medium-sized industrial enterprises included mills, milk processing plants, tar and turpentine factories, brickyards, sawmills, soft drinks factories, tanneries and distilleries. Wood processing and wood-based manufacture were the most important in

1188-674: Was occupied by Germany in 1915 during World War I . It was known as the Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober-Ost . After the Peace of Riga on 18 March 1921, which ended the Polish-Soviet War , the governorate became the voivodeships of Białystok , Nowogródek and Polesie of the Second Polish Republic . 53°40′00″N 23°49′00″E  /  53.6667°N 23.8167°E  / 53.6667; 23.8167 Governorate A governorate or governate

1224-608: Was represented by 6 companies. In Lida there were 2 factories of agricultural machinery and a factory of wire and nails. The equipment for mills was produced by mechanical workshops in Baranowicze, with additional two repair shops. Glassworks "Neman" was the biggest industrial facility in Nowogródek and anywhere in the north-eastern part of Kresy. Also, there were 9 tile factories already in 1934, including 6 large ones, employing up to 70 workers in season. The 71 brick factories were mostly small, with 10 large ones, producing mainly for

1260-634: Was subdivided by the smaller unit of county ( povit ) and still smaller volost . By the end of the Soviet-Ukrainian war in 1920, the Soviets had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into twelve governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. Under the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State , the pope 's executive authority for Vatican City

1296-434: Was the smallest of all voivodeship’s capitals in Poland, with population of almost 10,000 (as of 1939). The area’s largest city was the key railroad junction of Baranowicze , which grew quickly during the 1930s. Its 1931 population was almost 23,000. Other important centers of the voivodeship were Lida (in 1931 pop. 20,000), Słonim (pop. 16,000), and Nieśwież (pop. 8,000). The division of Nowogródek voivodeship till 1929

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