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37-583: Although its origins are unclear, the Calumet name seems to reflect the nature of the river. It may have come from the Old French word chalemel , which has to do with reeds, or it might be a corruption of the Potawatomi word gekelemuk , which means "a low body of deep still water". In 1822 Joseph Bailly (born Honore Gratien Joseph Bailly de Messein) established a homestead and fur trading business at

74-638: A Native American people of the Great Plains , upper Mississippi River , and western Great Lakes region . They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language , a member of the Algonquian family . The Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé , a cognate of the word Anishinaabe . The Potawatomi are part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires , with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In

111-486: A fumigating reviver. Vaccinium myrtilloides is part of their traditional cuisine, and is eaten fresh, dried, and canned. They also use the root bark of the plant for an unspecified ailment. The Potawatomi first lived in Lower Michigan, then moved to northern Wisconsin and eventually settled into northern Indiana and central Illinois. In the early 19th century, major portions of Potawatomi lands were seized by

148-509: Is Bodéwadmi (without syncope: Bodéwademi ; plural: Bodéwadmik ), a cognate of the Ojibwe form. Their name means "those who tend the hearth-fire," which refers to the hearth of the Council of Three Fires . The word comes from "to tend the hearth-fire," which is bodewadm (without syncope: bodewadem ) in the Potawatomi language ; the Ojibwe and Ottawa forms are boodawaadam and boodwaadam , respectively. Alternatively,

185-613: Is a Central Algonquian language and is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin. It is also spoken by Potawatomi in Kansas , Oklahoma, and in southern Ontario . As of 2001, there were fewer than 1,300 people who speak Potawatomi as a first language, most of them elderly. The people are working to revitalize the language , as evidenced by recent efforts such as the online Potawatomi language Dictionary created by

222-778: Is stocked by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources with steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), and coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). These fish are non-native potamodromous salmonids from the West Coast which run up from Lake Michigan to the creeks where they were stocked in an attempt to spawn, although Indiana's creeks are too warm for significant salmonid reproduction, requiring regular re-stocking. Potawatomi The Potawatomi / p ɒ t ə ˈ w ɒ t ə m i / , also spelled Pottawatomi and Pottawatomie (among many variations ), are

259-777: The Beaver Wars they fled to the area around Green Bay to escape attacks by both the Iroquois and the Neutral Confederacy , who were seeking expanded hunting grounds. It is estimated that the Potawatomi numbered around 3,000 in 1658,. As an important part of Tecumseh 's Confederacy, Potawatomi warriors took part in Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812 . Their alliances switched repeatedly between United Kingdom and

296-771: The Citizen Potawatomi Nation or the various resources available through the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians . The Potawatomi language is most similar to the Odawa language ; it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Sauk . Like the Odawa language, or the Ottawa dialect of the Anishinaabe language , the Potawatomi language exhibits a great amount of vowel syncope . Many places in

333-634: The French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War ). Pontiac's Rebellion was an attempt by Native Americans to push the British and other European settlers out of their territory. The Potawatomi captured every British frontier garrison but the one at Detroit. The Potawatomi nation continued to grow and expanded westward from Detroit, most notably in the development of

370-795: The Midwest have names derived from the Potawatomi language, including Waukegan , Muskegon , Oconomowoc , Pottawattamie County , Kalamazoo , and Skokie . Save the Dunes Save the Dunes Conservation Fund , originally known as Save the Dunes Council, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in Northwest Indiana whose mission is to protect and advocate for the Indiana Dunes, Lake Michigan , and

407-730: The Port of Indiana being created and the authorization of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. As a result of the more than century-long advocacy effort, on February 15, 2019, the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore became the Indiana Dunes National Park —the first national park in Indiana, and the country's 61st. In partnership with Hitchcock Design Group, Save the Dunes published Living in

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444-472: The Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi are considered the "youngest brother". Their people are referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi , a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples. In the 19th century, some bands of Potawatomi were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment. In the 1830s the federal government removed most from their lands east of

481-770: The Mississippi River to Indian Territory - first in Kansas, Nebraska, and last to Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes, in addition to the Potawatomi in Oklahoma. The English "Potawatomi" is derived from the Ojibwe Boodewaadamii(g) ( syncoped in the Ottawa as Boodewaadmii(g) ). The Potawatomi name for themselves ( autonym )

518-677: The Mississippi River. Often annuities and supplies were reduced, or late in arrival, and the Potawatomi suffered after their relocations. Those in Kansas were later removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma ). The removal of the Indiana Potawatomi was documented by a Catholic priest, Benjamin Petit , who accompanied the Indians on the Potawatomi Trail of Death in 1838. Petit died while returning to Indiana in 1839. His diary

555-402: The Potawatomi doodems (clans) being: They regard Epigaea repens as their tribal flower and consider it to have come directly from their divinity. Allium tricoccum is consumed in traditional Potawatomi cuisine. They mix an infusion of the root of Uvularia grandiflora with lard and use it as salve to massage sore muscles and tendons. They use Symphyotrichum novae-angliae as

592-763: The Potawatomi as a single tribe. They often had a few tribal leaders whom all villages accepted. The Potawatomi had a decentralized society, with several main divisions based on geographic locations: Milwaukee or Wisconsin area, Detroit or Huron River , the St. Joseph River , the Kankakee River , Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers , the Illinois River and Lake Peoria, and the Des Plaines and Fox Rivers . The chiefs listed below are grouped by geographic area. The removal period of Potawatomi history began with

629-515: The Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé (without syncope: Eneshenabé ; plural: Neshnabék ), a cognate of Ojibwe Anishinaabe (g) , meaning "original people." The Potawatomi teach their children about the "Seven Grandfather Teachings" of wisdom, respect, love, honesty, humility, bravery, and truth toward each other and all creation. Each principle teaches the equality and importance of their fellow tribesmen and respect for all of nature's creations. The story that underlies these teaches

666-656: The Potawatomi. The French period of contact began with early explorers who reached the Potawatomi in western Michigan. They also found the tribe located along the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. By the end of the French period, the Potawatomi had begun a move to the Detroit area, leaving the large communities in Wisconsin. The British period of contact began when France ceded its lands after its defeat by Britain in

703-803: The St. Joseph villages adjacent to the Miami in southwestern Michigan. The Wisconsin communities continued and moved south along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The United States treaty period of Potawatomi history began with the Treaty of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War and established the United States' interest in the lower Great Lakes. It lasted until the treaties for Indian removal were signed. The US recognized

740-667: The US government. Following the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, by which the tribe ceded its lands in Illinois, most of the Potawatomi people were removed to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. Many perished en route to new lands in the west on their journey through Iowa , Kansas, and Indian Territory, following what became known as the " Trail of Death ". Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodéwadmimwen or Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen or Neshnabémwen )

777-439: The US reduced the size of the reservations under pressure for land by incoming European Americans. The final step followed the Treaty of Chicago , negotiated in 1833 for the tribes by Caldwell and Robinson. In return for land cessions, the US promised new lands, annuities and supplies to enable the peoples to develop new homes. The Illinois Potawatomi were removed to Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi to Kansas , both west of

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814-477: The United States as power relations shifted between the nations, and they calculated effects on their trade and land interests. At the time of the War of 1812, a band of Potawatomi inhabited the area near Fort Dearborn , where Chicago developed. Led by the chiefs Blackbird and Nuscotomeg (Mad Sturgeon), a force of about 500 warriors attacked the United States evacuation column leaving Fort Dearborn. They killed most of

851-544: The civilians and 54 of Captain Nathan Heald 's force, and wounded many others. George Ronan , the first graduate of West Point to be killed in combat, died in this ambush. The incident is referred to as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . A Potawatomi chief named Mucktypoke ( Makdébki , Black Partridge), counseled his fellow warriors against the attack. Later he saved some of the civilian captives who were being ransomed by

888-495: The headwaters including part of Round Lake is protected by the 106 acre Little Calumet Headwaters Nature Preserve, part of the 160 acre Red Mill County Park, established in 2002. The East Arm Little Calumet River watershed is listed as impaired for "Mercury Fish Consumption Advisory, PCB Fish Consumption Advisory, and Pathogens". The lower part of the Little Calumet River, along with Salt Creek and Trail Creek ,

925-475: The importance of patience and listening. It follows the Water Spider's journey to retrieve fire so that the other animals can survive the cold. As the other animals step forth one after another to proclaim that they shall be the ones to retrieve the fire, the Water Spider sits and waits while listening to her fellows. As they finish and wrestle with their fears, she steps forward and announces that she will be

962-493: The moraine water drains to the Kankakee River . Numerous kettle lakes sit on the moraine. A great blue heron ( Ardea herodias ) rookery was protected and made part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in 1980. The herons, numbering 98 nesting pairs as of 2001, have made their home on the eastern portion of the wet woods along the Little Calumet River for more than 60 years. They return to

999-650: The now historic Bailly Homestead , a part of Indiana Dunes National Park , on the east bank of the Little Calumet River in Porter, Indiana . The Potawatomis brought the beaver pelts by canoe to Bailly in the spring of the year and then he shipped them to Mackinac , from whence they were traded to Montreal and then Europe. By 1830, the beavers were depleted and Bailly opened a tavern on the Fort Dearborn to Detroit Road (present day U.S. Hwy. 12 ). The fur trading era in northwestern Indiana had come to an end. Until 1926

1036-411: The one to bring fire back. As they laugh and doubt her, she weaves a bowl out of her web, using it to sail across the water to retrieve the fire. She brings back a hot coal out of which the animals make fire, and they celebrate her honor and bravery. The Potawatomi are first mentioned in French records, which suggest that in the early 17th century, they lived in what is now southwestern Michigan . During

1073-478: The region after wintering in the southeast and south central States. Beaver ( Castor canadensis ) were hunted for their fur since the era of the French trappers only to be extirpated from Indiana in the nineteenth century. In 1935 re-introductions of Wisconsin and Michigan beaver into Indiana were successful and the aquatic herbivorous mammal was spotted in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore beginning in 1968. Whitaker reported in 1994 that beaver were trapped in

1110-520: The rest of our lives, if necessary, to save the Dunes". Indiana Representative Charles A. Halleck aggressively challenged the council and their ally, Illinois Senator, Paul Douglas . Halleck carried an unwavering support for creating a port on the Lakeshore which would have removed the large central dunes of the Indiana Dunes . The battle between Douglas and Halleck ended in compromise, with

1147-778: The right, and then on the left by Reynolds Creek , Sand Creek, Coffee Creek, Salt Creek and by the Little Calumet River (west arm), then exits via the Burns Waterway into Lake Michigan . The watershed begins in the physiographic unit known as the Valparaiso Morainal Area. The Valparaiso Moraine , located south of the Lacustrine Plain , is an arc-shaped moraine complex that parallels the southern shore of Lake Michigan. The moraine divides LaPorte and Porter County into northern and southern drainage areas. The area north drains into Lake Michigan; south of

East Arm Little Calumet River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-470: The river continued west to Illinois as the Little Calumet River proper, but excavation of the Burns Waterway caused the flow from the eastern arm of the Little Calumet River to be diverted directly into Lake Michigan at Burns Harbor, Indiana . The East Arm of the Little Calumet River flows west under the Indiana Toll Road and into Round Lake at Holmesville, then is joined by Carver Ditch on

1221-768: The river north of Chesterton and that he had found signs of beaver in the lower portions of the river. Beaver create wetlands which remove sediment and pathogens and increase trout and salmon abundance as their ponds make ideal fish-rearing habitat. Research in the western United States, found that extensive loss of beaver ponds resulted in an 89% reduction in coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) smolt summer production and an almost equally detrimental 86% reduction in critical winter habitat carrying capacity . Contrary to popular myth, most beaver dams do not pose barriers to trout and salmon migration, although they may be restricted seasonally during periods of low stream flows. The nonvenomous northern water snake ( Nerodia sipedon ) inhabits

1258-533: The river, where it often winters in the rubble around bridges, and is often seen near Bailly's Homestead. In June 2015, the Little Calumet River East Branch Watershed Management Plan was produced via a partnership led by Save the Dunes . Portions of the lower river and its Salt Creek tributary are now protected by Indiana Dunes National Park . The Heron Rookery protects a mid-section and a portion of

1295-522: The surrounding natural areas for the health and vitality of the environment and the people who live, work, and recreate in Northwest Indiana. Watershed. The Save the Dunes council was established in June 1952 by Dorothy Richardson Buell when 21 women met at her home to create what became the campaign to establish the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Their credo was, "We are prepared to spend

1332-527: The treaties of the late 1820s, when the United States created reservations. Billy Caldwell and Alexander Robinson negotiated for the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potowatomi in the Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1829), by which they ceded most of their lands in Wisconsin and Michigan. Some Potawatomi became religious followers of the "Kickapoo Prophet", Kennekuk . Over the years,

1369-578: Was published in 1941, over 100 years after his death, by the Indiana Historical Society. Many Potawatomi found ways to remain, primarily those in Michigan. Others fled to their Odawa neighbors or to Canada to avoid removal to the west. There are several active bands of Potawatomi. Federally recognized Potawatomi tribes in the United States: La Chauvignerie (1736) and Morgan (1877) mention among

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