Misplaced Pages

#192807

30-400: Archaeological evidence indicates a cultic centre here in pre-Antiquity. The castle was first mentioned in 1202, but is of older origin. At the end of the 13th century, the castle burned; the northeast part was demolished and never rebuilt. The remainder of the castle was torn down in the 16th century after the 1511 Idrija earthquake , leaving only the three-storey Romanesque chapel built between

60-664: A moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum EMS intensity of X ( very destructive ). The epicenter was near the town of Idrija (now in Slovenia ), although some place it in Friuli . The earthquake affected a large territory between Carinthia , Friuli , present-day Slovenia and Croatia . An estimated 3,000 people were killed and damage was considered severe. The earthquake was felt as far as in Switzerland and present-day Slovakia . A number of castles and churches were razed to

90-518: A Gothic vault build after 1470. The lower chapel was than dedicated to St. Eligius, decorated again after 1771 with frescos by Janez Potočnik. The entire chapel was rebuilt in Baroque style around 1700. Inside there are also remnants of Gothic and Baroque frescos. Countess Veronika, who was stingy, once lived in Little Castle. One day three priests visited her, asking her for money to renovate

120-596: A NW–SE trending fault gives the best match to the observations. Trenching across two of the larger dextral strike-slip faults, the Idrija Fault and the Predjama Fault have found evidence for past earthquakes but in neither case are the dates consistent with the timing of the 1511 event. Trenching has also been carried out on the ~25 km long Borgo Faris–Cividale Fault and the associated Colle Villano Thrust. These investigations found evidence for two events,

150-447: A basin, can amplify ground motions as much as ten times. Where an earthquake is not recorded on seismographs an isoseismal map showing the intensities felt at different areas can be used to estimate the location and magnitude of the quake. Such maps are also useful for estimating the shaking intensity, and thereby the likely level of damage, to be expected from a future earthquake of similar magnitude. In Japan this kind of information

180-488: A high level of damage to this mining town. There is, however, no evidence of significant earthquake damage in Idrija in contemporary accounts, possibly reflecting the fact that almost all of the buildings were built of wood. A major landslide in Idrija that dammed a stream and flooded the mercury mine happened at around the period of the earthquake but there is no evidence that directly links the two events. The town of Bovec

210-451: Is no instrumental record. Ground shaking can be caused in various ways (volcanic tremors, avalanches, large explosions, etc.), but shaking intense enough to cause damage is usually due to rupturing of the Earth's crust known as earthquakes . The intensity of shaking depends on several factors: Site response is especially important as certain conditions, such as unconsolidated sediments in

240-399: Is used when an earthquake occurs to anticipate the severity of damage to be expected in different areas. The intensity of local ground-shaking depends on several factors besides the magnitude of the earthquake, one of the most important being soil conditions. For instance, thick layers of soft soil (such as fill) can amplify seismic waves, often at a considerable distance from the source. At

270-531: The 11th and 15th centuries. One can still see the remnants of defensive walls and the recently restored defensive tower. The first chapel of St. Margaret with a crypt, the presbytery of today's lower chapel, was built around 1100. When the nave was added, the Romanesque portal with a lunette was displaced. In the 13th century the chapel's second floor was built, dedicated to Bartholomew the Apostle , with

300-454: The 16th Century was counted from sunset, not midnight and a single event is now accepted. Modelling of possible earthquake sources compared to the distribution of damage also supports a single event. Another earthquake said to have affected the area on August 8, 1511, has also been discounted due to a lack of any evidence in contemporary sources. The Idrija earthquake occurred at about 15:00–15:30 local time on March 26, 1511. The magnitude of

330-520: The Mercalli Scale, a new 12-grade scale. Significant improvements were achieved, mainly by Charles Francis Richter during the 1950s, when (1) a correlation was found between seismic intensity and the Peak ground acceleration (PGA; see the equation that Richter found for California). and (2) a definition of the strength of the buildings and their subdivision into groups (called type of buildings )

SECTION 10

#1732771850193

360-469: The base of the Earth's crust towards San Francisco and Oakland. A similar effect channeled seismic waves between the other major faults in the area. The first simple classification of earthquake intensity was devised by Domenico Pignataro in the 1780s. The first recognizable intensity scale in the modern sense of the word was drawn up by the German mathematician Peter Caspar Nikolaus Egen in 1828. However,

390-658: The building of a shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Venice, the Madonna del Terremoto. Also in Venice, the Patriarch blamed the earthquake on sodomy and this led to new legislation against this practice among Venetian institutions. The Patriarch organized a series of processions through the city. In Udine, disused wells were reopened, in an apparent attempt to allow dispersal of the Earth's internal vapors, which were at

420-656: The castles in Kamnik , Neuberg, Prežek (in Gorjance), Smlednik , Šteberk , Turjak and Udine . Several major buildings were badly damaged in Ljubljana . The regional palace used by Carniola officials was rendered uninhabitable. The monastery of the Teutonic Knights was badly damaged. The Vicedom's palace and other solidly constructed houses were also badly affected. The city walls partially collapsed and many of

450-613: The church. Veronika replied that she would rather turn into a snake than to give them money. No sooner had she finished speaking when lightning struck her and she became half snake and half human. She can only be saved by seven-year boy who will whip her three times on the back. In return, he will be given a treasure by her. 46°13′28.44″N 14°36′43″E  /  46.2245667°N 14.61194°E  / 46.2245667; 14.61194 1511 Idrija earthquake The 1511 Idrija earthquake ( Slovene : idrijski potres or potres na Idrijskem ) occurred on 26 March 1511 with

480-533: The damage caused by the 1511 earthquake in contemporary and later sources are complicated by other historical events that affected the area at about the same time. This was a period of great upheaval due to a series of battles between the League of Cambrai and Venetian forces that led to the eventual defeat of the Venetians. This, together with earlier raids by Turkish forces, may have caused significant damage that

510-570: The east, in the Dinaric Alps . Several large earthquakes have been described as occurring before, during or after the 1511 event. Reanalysis of contemporary records has, however, reduced the number of events. A possible foreshock in 1510 has been attributed to errors introduced in sources written well after the event. Two main shocks on the same day, relying on separate Italian and Slovenian sources have been reconciled as local time in Italy in

540-409: The effects of bombardment of the port by Venetian forces in 1508. Some of the castles, such as Divja Loka were abandoned, in some cases, such as at Udine, a new castle was built on the ruins of the old. The damage to the castle and other important buildings in Škofja Loka were repaired quickly under Philipp von der Pfalz, the princebishop of Freising. Religious reactions to the earthquake included

570-464: The event has been estimated from the distribution of seismic intensities to be about 6.9 M w  . A lower magnitude of M w   6.3 has been estimated, based on a revision of the intensities, particularly in Slovenia. The causative fault remains uncertain, although modelling of expected seismic intensities from different potential fault sources has shown that strike-slip faulting along

600-485: The first modern mapping of earthquake intensity was made by Robert Mallet , an Irish engineer who was sent by Imperial College, London, to research the December 1857 Basilicata earthquake , also known as The Great Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857. The first widely adopted intensity scale, the 10-grade Rossi–Forel scale , was introduced in the late 19th century. In 1902, Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli , created

630-689: The ground in a large area from northeast Italy to western Croatia. The area affected by the earthquake lies within the Julian Alps , close to the border between Italy and Slovenia. The ongoing convergence between the African plate and Eurasian plate leads to active faulting in this part of the Alps. The type of faulting varies from thrust faulting in the west of the area, in the Southern Alps to dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faulting to

SECTION 20

#1732771850193

660-460: The most recent of which occurred in the 15th to 17th Century period, consistent with the 1511 event. The length of the fault zone is also consistent with the proposed lower magnitude estimate of 6.3. Eyewitness accounts mention a prolonged series of aftershocks lasting for several weeks and up to a year after the mainshock. Further earthquakes were noted on March 28, April 19, May 15, June 5, June 6, June 24, June 25 and October 3. Descriptions of

690-442: The observed effects of the shaking, such as the degree to which people or animals were alarmed, and the extent and severity of damage to different kinds of structures or natural features. The maximal intensity observed, and the extent of the area where shaking was felt (see isoseismal map, below), can be used to estimate the location and magnitude of the source earthquake; this is especially useful for historical earthquakes where there

720-474: The same time, sedimentary basins will often resonate, increasing the duration of shaking. This is why, in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , the Marina district of San Francisco was one of the most damaged areas, though it was nearly 100 kilometres (60 mi) from the epicenter. Geological structures were also significant, such as where seismic waves passing under the south end of San Francisco Bay reflected off

750-450: The time blamed for triggering earthquakes. Sources Seismic intensity Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake . They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales , which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible shaking. Intensity scales are based on

780-504: The towers were badly damaged. In Friuli the most severe damage was at Čedad, Humin and Osovka . Polhov Gradec , Škofja Loka, Smlednik , Kamnik , Tržič , Postojna and in places outside the current Slovenian borders. Some damage was reported from Trieste in contemporary accounts and evidence has recently been discovered of significant damage in Piran . Further afield, in Zagreb , damage

810-580: Was later interpreted as due to the earthquake. At the same time the area was affected by disease and famine, complicating casualty estimates. Two important contemporary records come from Jurij von Egkh , the imperial representative for the Hapsburgs in Carniola , and the Venetian historian and diarist Marino Sanudo . The earthquake has become known as the Idrija earthquake as later sources attributed

840-648: Was made. Then, the seismic intensity was evaluated based on the degree of damage to a given type of structure. That gave the Mercalli Scale, as well as the European MSK-64 scale that followed, a quantitative element representing the vulnerability of the building's type. Since then, that scale has been called the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MMS) and the evaluations of the seismic intensities are more reliable. In addition, more intensity scales have been developed and are used in different parts of

870-455: Was said to have been devastated. The Predel road was blocked by a major landslide. At Tolmin two castles were destroyed, there was also damage at Čedad ( Cividale del Friuli ), Beljak ( Villach ), Krmin ( Cormons ), Gradisca d'Isonzo , Monfalcone and Gorizia . Many other castles suffered significant damage, including those at Bled , Divja Loka (near Škofja Loka ), Duplje, Glanz , Gutenburg , Hošperk (near Planina ), Hudi, Kamen, one of

900-525: Was significant enough that residents were exempted from taxes for three years. Some later accounts of the earthquake have suggested that it triggered a significant tsunami. The earthquake's epicenter was well onshore, but some onshore earthquakes do trigger submarine landslides that can cause tsunamis. The re-examination of contemporary accounts have failed to find any support for a tsunami, with damage to defensive towers in Trieste being instead attributed to

#192807