Little Children is a 2004 novel by American author Tom Perrotta that interweaves the dark stories of seven main characters, all of whom live in the same Boston suburb during the middle of a hot summer.
46-403: Little Children may refer to: Little Children (novel) , by Tom Perrotta Little Children (film) , based on the novel Little Children (soundtrack) , the official soundtrack of the film "Little Children" (song) , a 1964 hit for Billy J. Kramer Little Children (album) , the album containing it "Little Children", a song from
92-604: A "populist punitiveness" perspective. Many lawmakers feel that they will attract votes by appearing to be "tough on sex offenders". One discrepancy pointed out by critics is that John Walsh , father of Adam Walsh and supporter of the Adam Walsh Act , has admitted having a relationship with a 16-year-old girl while being in his early 20s and aware of age of consent being 17 in New York, meaning that, had he been convicted, John Walsh himself could be required to register as
138-534: A 20-year re-offense rate of less than 2.3 percent (versus 80 percent in the untreated control group), according to a large 1963 study involving a total of 1036 sex offenders by the German researcher A. Langelüddeke. This was much lower than otherwise expected, compared with overall sex offender recidivism rates . It is argued that in the U.S., sex offenders have been selected as the new realization of moral panics about sex , stranger danger , and national paranoia ,
184-411: A digital obscenity offense is child pornography . In the modern world of technology, many jurisdictions are reforming their laws to prevent the over-prosecution of sex offenders and focusing on crimes involving a victim. The term sexual predator is often used to describe a sex offender or any of the "tier offenders"; however, only the category just below sexually violent sexual predator is reserved for
230-449: A forbidden facility is built or a law is enacted after the offender takes up residency. Many aspects of the laws are criticised by reformists and civil right groups like National RSOL and Human Rights Watch , and treatment professionals as Atsa . Committing to a residence requires a convicted sex offender to be notified of registration regulations by local law enforcement if convicted after January 1, 2005. The offender must act upon
276-803: A girl. Larry suddenly approaches, ready to kill Ronald, but finds it in his heart to offer his condolences on May's death. Sarah just sits, baffled, wondering how she will raise her daughter, whom she feels she has greatly let down. Writing for The New York Times , Will Blythe praised the novel, noting that Little Children how a writer can be so "entertainingly vicious and yet so full of fellow feeling. Bracingly tender moments stud Perrotta's satire". Kirkus Reviews described Little Children as "Perrotta's best" novel and further remarked that, "the juxtapositions whereby Perrotta charts his several characters’ interconnected misadventures are handled with masterly authority." Sex offender A sex offender ( sexual offender , sex abuser , or sexual abuser )
322-433: A good boy." Todd's marriage to his gorgeous wife Kathy, a documentary filmmaker , is floundering. She resents being the primary breadwinner and continually pressures Todd to follow up on his law degree. Todd never really wanted to be a lawyer and has failed the bar exam twice already; he spends his "studying" time reliving his youth by watching a group of teenage skateboarders. Kathy later finds out about Todd's affair with
368-429: A local mall; the guilt became so unbearable that he collected his pension early. Now his wife has left him and taken their two sons. Larry, who loved his job and refuses to let go of it, is angry that Ronald "Ronnie" McGorvey, a sex offender convicted of exposing himself to children, is allowed to live in his neighborhood, and starts a one-man vendetta to drive him out. Ronnie, for his part, finds himself ostracized by
414-521: A more complete picture of the offender's risk can emerge, compared with static or dynamic factors used alone. There is no single assessment tool that clinicians must use for assessing sexual recidivism risk, but there are tools that are widely used, such as the Static-99R. The Static-99R is the most popular actuarial scale in the United States. } The Static-99R is a 10-item scale for ranking
460-433: A new address, changing their legal name, employment, volunteer activity, identifying information used online or enrollment status at a post-secondary educational institution. A web-based registration list may be found on county websites, which identifies adult convicted sex offenders who are sexually violent predators convicted of felony sexual acts, crimes of violence or failure to register as required. Legally, "any person who
506-532: A period of time. The level of recidivism in sexual offenders varies by surveys and by the types of sex offense. Some surveys reported it is lower than is commonly believed. However, according to the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) of the United States Department of Justice , observed recidivism rates of sex offenders are underestimated of actual reoffending. This is due to reasons such as
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#1732780003096552-484: A randomly selected sex offender would be correctly classified as higher risk than a randomly selected non sex offender with "modest" accuracy. In addition, the Static-99R does not account for every factor that makes a sex offender more likely to reoffend. Despite these shortcomings, the Static-99R is arguably the highest quality tool, in terms of methodological rigor, that is widely available to clinicians to assess sex offender risk of recidivism. A sex offender registry
598-475: A recorded case of abduction or abuse by a registered sex offender on Halloween. Academics, treatment professionals, and law reform groups such as National Association for Rational Sexual Offense Laws and Women Against Registry criticize current sex offender laws as based on media-driven moral panic and "public emotion", rather than a real attempt to protect society. This can motivate legislators to pass knee-jerk laws to address public hysteria, echoing
644-451: A severe or repeated sex offender: sexual predator. In the United States, the Adam Walsh Act (AWA) proposed to provide funding to each jurisdiction which would agree to incorporate its Act into their law. In the few jurisdictions accepting the agreement, there are Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III sex offenders. Individuals convicted of petty crimes not covered by the AWA are still liable to abide by
690-478: A sex offender's relative risk of sexual recidivism compared other offenders. This scale is based on demographic and criminal history data, for example, age at release and number of prior sex offenses. Researchers have shown that the Static-99R is valid across a wide range of individuals (in terms of demographics, such as race/ethnicity). However, the Static-99R has only a modest ability to discriminate correctly between sex offenders and non sex offenders. This means that
736-414: A sex offender. Since passage of the Adam Walsh Act , Walsh himself has criticized the law, stating "You can't paint sex offenders with a broad brush." Critics point out that contrary to media depictions, abductions by predatory offenders are very rare and 93% of child sexual abuse is committed by someone the child knows: a family member, a family friend or someone in a position of authority. According to
782-418: A skateboarding trick in front of the teenage skaters, and realizes that he doesn't see a future with Sarah. Sarah takes Lucy to the local playground late at night while waiting for Todd, but Todd never shows up. Just when she starts to lose hope, Ronald appears, crying over his mother's death. Much to her own surprise, she feels sympathy for him, until he admits that he has given in to his compulsions and killed
828-490: A sort of last resort for couplehood; it is even hinted that she married him only because she feared that she would be stuck in her dead-end job as a Starbucks barista forever if she didn't. When she discovers his addiction to online pornography , she is more apathetic than repulsed. Todd is a handsome young father whom the neighborhood women have nicknamed the "Prom King." One of the other mothers dares Sarah: "Five bucks if you get his phone number." While jokingly discussing
874-646: Is a person who has committed a sex crime . What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature; however, some sex offenders have simply violated a law contained in a sexual category. Some of the serious crimes which result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are sexual assault , statutory rape , bestiality , child sexual abuse , incest , and rape . Some sex offenders are deemed too dangerous to society to be released and are subjected to civil confinement – indefinite continuing incarceration, which
920-625: Is a sexually violent predator and any person who is convicted as an adult...has a duty to register for the remainder of his or her natural life". Exceptions to this include deferred sentencing for the offense or petition of the court for termination of registration. Behavior modification programs have been shown to reduce recidivism in sex offenders. Often, such programs use principles of applied behavior analysis . Two such approaches from this line of research have promise. The first uses operant conditioning approaches (which use reward and punishment to train new behavior, such as problem-solving) and
966-650: Is a system in place in a number of jurisdictions designed to allow authorities to keep track of the residence and activity of sex offenders (including those released from prison). In some jurisdictions (especially in the United States), information in the registry is made available to the public via a website or other means. In many jurisdictions, registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions (including housing). Those on parole (or probation) may be subject to restrictions not applicable to other parolees or probationers. These include restrictions on being in
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#17327800030961012-528: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Little Children (novel) The novel received critical praise, spurring The New York Times to declare Perrotta "an American Chekhov whose characters even at their most ridiculous seem blessed and ennobled by a luminous human aura." The novel was featured on numerous "Best Books of 2004" lists, including The New York Times Book Review , Newsweek , National Public Radio , and People magazine. In 2006,
1058-722: Is enacted and enforced on a state-by-state basis. Most states also restrict where convicted sex offenders can live after their release, prohibiting residency within a designated distance of schools and daycare centers (usually 1,000–2,000 feet (300–610 m)). Guided by the 2007 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act , sex offenders must avoid such areas as schools, bus stops, gyms, recreation centers, playgrounds, parks, swimming pools, libraries, nursing homes, and places of worship by 500 to 2,500 feet (150 to 760 m). However, residence stipulations vary from state to state. Some states (such as Arkansas, Illinois, Washington and Idaho) do not require sex offenders to move from their residences if
1104-423: Is supposed to, but does not always, provide meaningful treatment to the offender. Sex offender registration laws in the United States may also classify less serious offenses as sexual offenses requiring sex offender registration . In some states public urination , having sex on a beach, or unlawful imprisonment of a minor also constitute sexual offenses. In looking at various types of offenses, an example of
1150-409: The U.S. Department of Justice , sex offender recidivism is 5.3%, the lowest for any type of crime except homicide. Critics say that, while originally aimed at the worst offenders, as a result of moral panic the laws have gone through series of amendments, many named after the victim of a highly publicized predatory offense, expanding the scope of the laws to low-level offenders, and treating them
1196-588: The OJP following 9,691 male sex offenders released from prisons in 15 US states in 1994 indicated that within the first 3 years following their release, rearrest and reconviction rates for new sex offenses were 5.3 and 3.5 percent, respectively; that is, about 1 in 19 of released sex offenders were arrested within three years for another sex crime. The same study found that during the same 3 years from release, 68 percent of released non-sex offenders were re-arrested for any crime (and 47.8 percent reconvicted), while 43 percent of
1242-634: The Texas State Auditor released a report showing that sex offenders who completed the Texas Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP) were 61 percent less likely to commit a new crime. Chemical castration is used in some countries and U.S. states to treat male sex offenders. Unlike physical castration, it is reversible by stopping the medication. For male sex offenders with severe or extreme paraphilias, physical castration appears to be effective. It results in
1288-405: The bet, Todd and Sarah engage in a kiss that becomes more passionate than the ruse called for, leading to an affair between the two, who "happen" to cross each other at the local pool and bring their children to nap together while they have sex on the living room floor. Larry is a retired police officer. Three years before, he left the force after shooting a Black teenager brandishing a toy gun at
1334-616: The clinician subjectively integrates the factors to reach assessment conclusions like "low," "moderate," or "high" risk. Furthermore, clinicians may also use unstructured sexual recidivism risk assessments, where they do not use any structured guidelines to aid in their risk assessment. Researchers and practitioners consider some factors as "static", in that they do not change with time, such as number of prior sex offenses, victim gender, and deviant sexual arousal, and some other factors as "dynamic", such as an offender's compliance with supervision and treatment. By examining both types of factors,
1380-400: The community, and the one date that his mother forces him to go on is ruined when he gives in to temptation and masturbates while watching children. Larry eventually gets into a shoving match with Ronnie's mother, May, who has a fatal stroke. Bertha, a school crossing guard and May's best friend, takes Ronnie to the hospital, where May has written him a note that reads only "Please, please be
1426-487: The eponymous album Brian Wilson Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Little Children . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Children&oldid=683857673 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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1472-420: The frequency with which sex crimes are not reported to police, the disparity between the number of sex offenses reported and those solved by arrest, and the disproportionate attrition of certain sex offenses and sex offenders within the criminal justice system. For example, Grotpeter and Elliot (2002) found that only 2.5% of sexual assaults and 10% of serious sexual assaults resulted in an arrest. A 2002 study by
1518-442: The most methodologically rigorous because they contain explicit empirical risk factors, defined in advance, that are combined mechanically using explicitly defined guidelines into a score or risk category, and then linked to a recidivism probability estimate. Structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools are among the least methodologically rigorous risk assessment tools, because these tools specify items to be considered, and ultimately
1564-432: The new folk devils or boogeymen . People convicted of any sex crime are "transformed into a concept of evil, which is then personified as a group of faceless, terrifying, and predatory devils", who are, contrary to scientific evidence, perceived as a constant threat, habitually waiting for an opportunity to attack. Consequently, sex offenders are brought up by media on Halloween , despite the fact that there has never been
1610-627: The new offense within a year or less from their prison discharge. Within three years of release, 2.5 percent of released rapists were rearrested for another rape, and 1.2 percent of those who had served time for homicide were arrested for a new homicide. Sex offenders were about four times more likely than non-sex offenders to be arrested for another sex crime after their discharge from prison (5.3 percent of sex offenders, versus 1.3 percent of non-sex offenders). In 1991, an estimated 24 percent of those serving time for rape and 19 percent of those serving time for sexual assault had been on probation (or parole) at
1656-523: The notification within five business days of receipt. If and when an offender is released from incarceration, they must confirm their registration status within five business days. Registration data includes the offender's sex, height, weight, date of birth, identifying characteristics (if any), statutes violated, fingerprints and a current photograph. An offender's email addresses, chat room IDs and instant-messaging aliases must be surrendered to authorities. In Colorado, an offender must re-register when moving to
1702-416: The novel was adapted into an Academy Award -nominated film of the same name starring Kate Winslet , Jennifer Connelly , and Patrick Wilson . Sarah, who once considered herself a feminist , wonders how she allowed herself to be reduced to a stay-at-home mother, constantly at the playground with three other Stepford -esque mothers whom she can't stand. Her husband, Richard, is much older than she is, and
1748-460: The presence of minors, living in proximity to a school or daycare center, owning toys (or other items of interest to minors), or receiving a mark on their passport that informs authorities of destination countries for international travel. Israel's sex offender registry is accessible only to security officials, rather than to the general public. Megan's Law , in the U.S., is designed to sanction sex offenders and reduce their recidivism rate. The law
1794-646: The previous regulations denoting them as a sex offender (or habitual sex offender, sexual predator, sexually violent sexual predator, or child-victim offender). In the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries, a convicted sex offender is often required to register with the respective jurisdiction's sex offender registry . In the U.S., registry databases are often open to the public. Sexual offenders are sometimes classified by level. The highest-level offenders generally must register for their entire lives; low-level offenders may only need to register for
1840-643: The quality of the studies that link various factors to sexual recidivism risk vary widely in terms of methodological rigor. For example, some studies link certain factors to sexual recidivism risk through clinical anecdotal evidence , which are sometimes criticized as less methodologically rigorous than other studies have used empirical approaches, including experimental methods . There are at least four classifications of structured sexual recidivism risk assessment tools: empirical actuarial, mechanical, adjusted actuarial, and structured professional judgement. Of these classifications, empirical actuarial tools are
1886-511: The rather plain Sarah, and is more insulted than angry that Todd would go for someone less attractive. After Sarah watches Todd win a game for his neighborhood football team, they plan to leave their spouses. As Sarah prepares to leave with her daughter Lucy, Richard calls her from San Diego (where he claimed he was on business) and says that he is leaving her for a porn starlet called "Slutty Kay". Todd, meanwhile, injures himself while attempting
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1932-490: The released sex offenders were rearrested for any crime (and 24 percent reconvicted). According to the OJP, the recidivism rate for sex offenders has been shown to be lower than any other crime except murder in New York State. Another report from the OJP which studied the recidivism of prisoners released in 1994 in 15 states (accounting for two-thirds of all prisoners released in the United States that year) reached
1978-538: The same conclusion. The recidivism rate for chikans and voyeurs is considerably higher than for other sex offenses, according to the Crime White Paper 2015 published by the Ministry of Justice of Japan . The survey reported 85.0% of the molesters and 64.9% of the voyeurs had a prior conviction for a sex offense. Of released sex offenders who allegedly committed another sex crime, 40 percent perpetrated
2024-454: The second uses respondent conditioning procedures, such as aversion therapy . Many of the behaviorism programs use covert sensitization and/or odor aversion: both are forms of aversion therapy, which have had ethical challenges. Such programs are effective in lowering recidivism by 15–18 percent. The use of aversion therapy remains controversial, and is an ethical issue related to the professional practice of behavior analysis . In 2007,
2070-480: The time of the offense for which they were in state prison. Approximately 4,300 child molesters were released from prisons in 15 U.S. states in 1994. An estimated 3.3 percent of these 4,300 were rearrested for another sex crime against a child within 3 years of release from prison. Among child molesters released from prison in 1994, 60 percent had been in prison for molesting a child 13 years old or younger. The median age of victims of those imprisoned for sexual assault
2116-742: Was less than 13 years old; the median age of rape victims was about 22 years. Child molesters were, on average, five years older than violent offenders who committed their crimes against adults. Nearly 25 percent of child molesters were age 40 or older, but about 10 percent of inmates with adult victims were in that age group. Various methods can be used to assess individual sex offenders' recidivism risk. Some risk assessment tools consider factors that have been empirically linked by research to sexual recidivism risk. These factors include biological and demographic markers, criminogenic correlates, behavioral and developmental indicators, and clinical markers that have been shown to be associated with reoffending. } However,
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