God
93-616: Liturgical Latinisation is the process of adoption of Latin liturgical rites by non-Latin Christian denominations , particularly within Eastern Catholic liturgy . Throughout history, liturgical Latinisation was manifested in various forms. During the Early Middle Ages , it occurred during the process of conversion of Gothic Christianity , and also during the process of reincorporation of Celtic Christianity . During
186-633: A Short Critical Study of the Novus Ordo Missae , commonly known as the " Ottaviani Intervention ". In it, they described the new Missal as "a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Holy Mass, as it was formulated by the Council of Trent ". The mind behind the document is alleged to be theologian Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers , who later became a sedeprivationist bishop and
279-736: A declaration whose implementation made the Second Vatican Council "a milestone for Catholic, Protestants , [and] the Orthodox ". In 1964, Pope Paul VI, who had succeeded John XXIII the previous year, established the Consilium ad exsequendam Constitutionem de Sacra Liturgia , the Council for Implementing the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy . The instruction Inter oecumenici of 26 September 1964, issued by
372-485: A greater grace , either in itself (a minority view) or only accidentally (the majority view). The Tridentine Missal speaks of celebrating versus populum , and gives corresponding instructions for the priest when performing actions that in the other orientation involved turning around in order to face the people. In The Spirit of the Liturgy , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI ) attributed to
465-677: A more literal translation. However, when in February 2009 the Holy See declared that the change should have waited until the whole of the Missal had been translated, the bishops' conference appealed, with the result that those parishes that had adopted the new translation of the Order of Mass were directed to continue using it, while those that had not were told to await further instructions before doing so. In December 2016, Pope Francis authorized
558-711: A reduced cycle of native-language propers and hymns. The Zaire Use is an inculturated variation of the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. It has been used to a very limited extent in some African countries since the late 1970s to early 1980s. Similarly to the Zaire Use, the Vatican approved certain adaptations for Indigenous Mexican groups in 2024. This use is only for
651-460: A stable ministry – as opposed to the inherited practice of the deacon being almost entirely (except for a few, limited cases) a transitional phase in cursu honorum to the priesthood. Nonetheless, the practice of bishops and priests assuming the vestments and roles of deacons does continue in some papal ceremonies. When the deacon proclaimed the Gospel at Mass, it was no longer proclaimed facing
744-768: Is a use of the Roman Rite, rather than a unique rite itself. During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, especially the Eucharistic Prayer, it is closest to other forms of the Roman Rite, while it differs more during the Liturgy of the Word and the Penitential Rite. The language used, which differs from that of the ICEL translation of the Roman Rite of Mass, is based upon the Book of Common Prayer , originally written in
837-665: Is also considered to be of later, non-Roman origin, would have excluded even the Sanctus and the intercessions. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 1969 states that Eucharistic Prayer II is "useful on weekdays." The Third Eucharistic Prayer's structure follows the Roman Canon . It is based on the 4th-century Anaphora of St Basil . Both the Third and Fourth Eucharistic Prayers were created by Cipriano Vagaggini of
930-686: Is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy." Since then, the term Ordinary Form (abbreviated OF) is used to distinguish this form of the Roman Rite of Mass from the 1962 edition of the Tridentine Mass , the Extraordinary Form (EF), because in his motu proprio Pope Benedict declared the latter an "extraordinary form" of the Roman Rite. Pope Francis further emphasized
1023-602: Is in local diocesan parishes since 1969–1970. In response to requests from various quarters, Pope Paul VI authorized the composition of new Eucharistic Prayers, which were examined by himself and by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , and which he authorized for use in 1968. The original Bugnini draft, drawing from the skeleton which is typically thought to be the lost Apostolic Tradition of Hyppolitus but
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#17327754400631116-644: Is less than total. We are Catholic in every sense." Also called "Indian Masses", a number of variations on the Roman Rite developed in the Indian missions of Canada and the United States. These originated in the 17th century, and some remained in use until the Second Vatican Council. The priest's parts remained in Latin, while the ordinaries sung by the choir were translated into the vernacular (e.g., Mohawk, Algonquin, Micmac, and Huron). They also generally featured
1209-710: Is no blessing at the end of Mass. The Order of Saint Benedict has never had a rite of the Mass peculiar to it, but it keeps its very ancient Benedictine Rite of the Liturgy of the Hours . In Africa Proconsulare , located in present-day Tunisia (of which Carthage was the capital), the African Rite was used before the 7th-century Arab conquest. It was very close to the Roman Rite – so much so that Western liturgical traditions have been classified as belonging to two streams,
1302-507: Is permitted, "steps should be taken so that the faithful may also be able to say or to sing together in Latin those parts of the Ordinary of the Mass which pertain to them." As noted above, three new Eucharistic Prayers were introduced as alternatives to the Roman Canon (known as "Eucharistic Prayer I" within the missal), which had for 1,600 years been the only Eucharistic Prayer of the Roman Rite. After Sacrosanctum concilium , between
1395-547: The Rituale Romanum . Furthermore, in the usus antiquor the deacon 's role was rarely used apart from the subdeacon . In the Mass of Paul VI, the deacon was now to be included (if he was present), at any level of solemnity, and not just the solemn form of the Mass. Furthermore, it was often the practice in the usus antiquor , that the role of the deacon and subdeacon were filled by clerics who were actually ordained as priests or bishops (additionally, sometimes
1488-566: The motu proprio Ministeria Quaedam . A procession is now allowed at the Offertory or Presentation of the Gifts, when bread, wine, and water are brought to the altar. The homily has been made an integral part of the Mass instead of being treated as an adjunct, and the ancient Prayer of the Faithful has been restored. The exchange of a sign of peace before Communion, previously limited to
1581-513: The Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas . The adaptations include a new "ministry of incensation," to administer incense (distinct from the thurifer ), as well the "Principal," a layperson who guides the congregation in prayer at certain moments. It was the second time after Vatican II that adaptations of the Mass have been approved. The Use of Sarum is a variant on the Roman rite originating in
1674-539: The Archdiocese of Braga in northern Portugal . The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei (PCED) considers it a local Use of the Roman Rite, rather than an independent rite. The Mozarabic Rite, which was prevalent throughout Spain in Visigothic times, is now celebrated only in limited locations, principally the cathedral of Toledo . The Carthusian rite is in use in a version revised in 1981. Apart from
1767-470: The Archdiocese of Milan , Italy , and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. The language used is now usually Italian, rather than Latin. With some variant texts and minor differences in the order of readings, it is similar in form to the Roman Rite. Its classification as Gallican-related is disputed. The Rite of Braga is used, but since 18 November 1971 only on an optional basis, in
1860-587: The Baroque period, and pews , have been adopted also in certain Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches and are today the object of controversy or have been abandoned. Latin liturgical rites Schools Relations with: Latin liturgical rites , or Western liturgical rites , is a large family of liturgical rites and uses of public worship employed by the Latin Church ,
1953-560: The Catholic Church . It was promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1969 and its liturgical books were published in 1970; those books were then revised in 1975, they were revised again by Pope John Paul II in 2000, and a third revision was published in 2002. It largely displaced the so-called Tridentine Mass , the latest edition of which had been published in 1962 under the title Missale Romanum ex decreto SS. Concilii Tridentini restitutum ('The Roman Missal restored by decree of
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#17327754400632046-585: The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments stated that "There is no preference expressed in the liturgical legislation for either position. As both positions enjoy the favor of law, the legislation may not be invoked to say that one position or the other accords more closely with the mind of the Church." The rubrics of the Roman Missal now prescribe that the priest should face
2139-534: The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , the department of the Roman Curia that Ottaviani had earlier headed, to examine the Short Critical Study. It responded on 12 November 1969 that the document contained many affirmations that were "superficial, exaggerated, inexact, emotional, and false". However, some of its observations were taken into account in preparing the definitive version of
2232-532: The Council of Trent when the rite was fixed to forestall any heretical accretions. Missale Romanum made particular mention of the following significant changes from the previous edition of the Roman Missal: In his 1962 apostolic constitution Veterum sapientia on the teaching of Latin , Pope John XXIII spoke of that language as the one the church uses: "The Catholic Church has a dignity far surpassing that of every merely human society, for it
2325-529: The Crusades , it was introduced to Eastern Christians . After the creation of various Eastern Catholic Churches , several forms and degrees of liturgical Latinisation were adopted by some of those Churches, in order to make their liturgical customs resembling more closely the practices of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church . This particular process continued up to the 18th and 19th centuries, until it
2418-643: The Diocese of Salisbury , which had come to be widely practised in England and Scotland until its suppression during the English Reformation and replaced by the Book of Common Prayer , which was heavily influenced by it, in the then-schismatic Church of England , and its usage among the remaining Catholics was gradually supplanted by the Tridentine Mass . The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated most often in
2511-538: The Holy See issued the Instruction Liturgiam authenticam , including the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or
2604-513: The Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955. The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) was followed by a general revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments, including the Eucharist . As before, each new typical edition of a liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by
2697-545: The Nicene Creed . The Mass of Paul VI thus became the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II. The Liturgical Movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which arose from the work of Dom Prosper Guéranger , a former abbot of Solesmes Abbey , encouraged the laity to live the liturgy by attending services (not only Mass) often, understanding what they meant, and following the priest in heart and mind. Liturgical reforms took place under Pius XII, specially in 1955, when
2790-623: The Pontifical Athenaeum of Saint Anselm at Rome in 1966. A council at Lambeth in 1281 directed that the people were to be given unconsecrated wine. The Council of Trent taught that only the priest who celebrated Mass was bound by divine law to receive Communion under both species , and that Christ, whole and entire, and a true sacrament are received under either form alone, and therefore, as regards its fruits, those who receive one species only are not deprived of any grace necessary to salvation ; and it decreed: "If anyone says that
2883-606: The Sacred Congregation of Rites while the Council was still in session, and coming into effect on 7 March 1965 made significant changes to the existing liturgy. The 1967 document Tres abhinc annos , the second instruction on the implementation of the Council's Constitution on the Liturgy, made only minimal changes to the text, but simplified the rubrics and the vestments. Concelebration and Communion under both kinds had meanwhile been permitted. By October 1967,
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2976-473: The 16th century. Prior to the establishment of the personal ordinariates , parishes in the United States were called "Anglican Use" and used the Book of Divine Worship , an adaptation of the Book of Common Prayer . The Book of Divine Worship has been replaced with the similar Divine Worship: The Missal for use in the ordinariates worldwide, replacing the official term "Anglican Use" with "Divine Worship". Anglican liturgical rituals, whether those used in
3069-547: The Carthusian Rite (see above ). Religious orders of more recent origin have never had special rites. The following previously existing rites continue to be used on a limited basis by the permission of ecclesiastical superiors: Mass of Paul VI God Schools Relations with: The Mass of Paul VI , also known as the Ordinary Form or Novus Ordo , is the most commonly used liturgy in
3162-781: The Consilium had produced a complete draft revision of the Mass liturgy, known as the Normative Mass, and this revision was presented to the Synod of Bishops that met in Rome in that month. The bishops attended the first public celebration of the revised rite in the Sistine Chapel. When asked to vote on the new liturgy, 71 bishops voted placet ('approved'), 43 voted non-placet ('not approved'), and 62 voted placet iuxta modum ('approved with reservations'). In response to
3255-548: The Missal and remove the most controversial parts from it; Cardinal Ottaviani later stated to be satisfied by the amendments. In his preface to the French edition of The Reform of the Roman Liturgy by Klaus Gamber , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI , said: "In the place of liturgy as the fruit of development came fabricated liturgy. We abandoned the organic, living process of growth and development over
3348-604: The Most Holy Council of Trent'). The editions of the Mass of Paul VI Roman Missal (1970, 1975, 2002) have as title Missale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum ('The Roman Missal renewed by decree of the Most Holy Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican'), followed in the case of the 2002 edition by auctoritate Pauli PP. VI promulgatum Ioannis Pauli PP. II cura recognitum (' promulgated by
3441-685: The North African-Rome tradition, and the Gallican (in the broad sense) tradition encompassing the rest of the Western Roman Empire, including northern Italy. The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures (possibly Antiochian ) and texts not exempt from Roman influence, that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland , Scotland ,
3534-524: The Offertory), as a properly deacon's part. However, in practice the intentions in the Oratio Universalis are still commonly read by laypersons (sometimes even when deacons are present, contrary to directives). The Oratio Universalis may be sung in the style of a litany, with provided music in the 2002 Missale Romanum . The deacon's duties at the Offertory also changed. Absent
3627-682: The Pastoral Provision be transferred to the Ordinariate. Bishop Steven Lopes of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter has requested that terms such as "Anglican Use" and "Anglican Ordinariate" be avoided, saying "Our clergy and faithful do not like being called Anglican, both because this is insensitive to actual Anglicans, and because it is a subtle way of suggesting that their entrance into full communion
3720-419: The Roman Catholic Church, especially some Western Orthodox Christian communities in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches , e.g. Celtic Orthodoxy – have attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite, the historical accuracy of which is debated. Historical evidence of this rite is found in the remnants of the Stowe (Lorrha) Missal . The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to
3813-427: The Roman Rite under the conditions indicated in the motu proprio Traditionis Custodes . These practices emanate from the liturgical reforms of the Council of Trent , from which the word "Tridentine" is derived. Following its description in Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI , the ritual use of liturgical books promulgated before Vatican II is often referred to as the Extraordinary Form. The Anglican Use
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3906-426: The Roman Rite, most with Gallican elements, some with Byzantine liturgical and traditional elements. Some religious orders celebrated Mass according to rites of their own, dating from more than 200 years before the papal bull Quo primum . These rites were based on local usages and combined elements of the Roman and Gallican Rites. Following the Second Vatican Council , they have mostly been abandoned, except for
3999-410: The Roman Rite. The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham was set up for England and Wales on 15 January 2011; the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter for the United States and Canada on 1 January 2012; and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross for Australia on 15 June 2012. As of 2017 it was decreed that all parishes in the United States established under
4092-415: The Sign of Peace is being given, it is permissible to say, The peace of the Lord be with you always , to which the reply is Amen " ( GIRM , 154). There are two distinct forms of criticisms of the liturgical reform: criticisms of the text of the revised Missal and criticisms of ways in which the rite has been celebrated in practice. In 1969 Cardinals Alfredo Ottaviani and Antonio Bacci sent to Pope Paul VI
4185-410: The United States, under a Pastoral Provision in 1980, personal parishes were established that introduced adapted Anglican traditions to the Catholic Church from members' former Episcopal parishes. That provision also permitted, as an exception and on a case-by-case basis, the ordination of married former Episcopal ministers as Catholic priests. As personal parishes, these parishes were formally part of
4278-439: The Walls ) that were under no such constraints of terrain, and the same arrangement remained the usual one until the 6th century. In this early layout, the people were situated in the side aisles of the church, not in the central nave. While the priest faced both the altar and east throughout the Mass, the people would face the altar (from the sides) until the high point of the Mass, where they would then turn to face east along with
4371-402: The addition of 13 new feasts of saints, a new preface of martyrs, several new Mass formulas, including five of the Blessed Virgin Mary, two votive Masses (one of which was taken from the 1962 Roman Missal ), and complete formulas for the ferial days of Advent and Eastertide. Prayers over the faithful are added to the Lenten Mass formulas and the Apostles' Creed is provided as an alternative to
4464-429: The aftermath of the Council of Trent , in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the breviaries and missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries in favor of the Roman Missal and Roman Breviary . Many local rites that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the 19th century, in favor of the Tridentine Mass and other Roman Rite rituals. In
4557-483: The authority of Pope Paul VI and revised at the direction of Pope John Paul II'). In its official documents, the Catholic Church identifies the forms of the Roman Rite Mass by the editions of the Roman Missal used in celebrating them. Thus Pope Benedict XVI referred to this form of the Roman Rite Mass by linking it, in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of 7 July 2007, with "the Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1970" or, in his accompanying letter of
4650-420: The bishops' concerns, some changes were made to the text. Pope Paul VI and the Consilium interpreted this as lack of approval for the Normative Mass, which was replaced by the text included in the book Novus Ordo Missae (The New Order of Mass) in 1969. On 25 September 1969, two retired cardinals, 79-year-old Alfredo Ottaviani and 84-year-old Antonio Bacci , wrote a letter with which they sent Pope Paul VI
4743-451: The centuries and replaced it – as in a manufacturing process – with a fabrication, a banal on-the-spot product." As Pope Benedict, he later wrote: "There is no contradiction between the two editions of the Roman Missal. In the history of the liturgy there is growth and progress, but no rupture." The Society of Saint Pius X has argued that the promulgation of the revised liturgy was legally invalid due to alleged technical deficiencies in
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#17327754400634836-414: The centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition (the edition to which other printings are to conform) of the Roman Missal (see Tridentine Mass ) and of the other liturgical books superseded the previous one. The 20th century saw more profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary and altered the rubrics of the Mass. Pope Pius XII significantly revised
4929-416: The changes in the people's parts of the revised English translation of the Order of Mass from 28 November 2008, when the Missal as a whole was not yet available. Protests were voiced on grounds of content and because it meant that Southern Africa was thus out of line with other English-speaking areas. One bishop claimed that the English-speaking conferences should have withstood the Holy See's insistence on
5022-452: The church, Rome prevailed and nine years later a new English translation, closer to that of the Latin and consequently approved by the Holy See, was adopted by English-speaking episcopal conferences . Most episcopal conferences set the first Sunday in Advent (27 November) 2011 as the date when the new translation would come into use. However, the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland) put into effect
5115-400: The clergy at High Mass , is permitted (not made obligatory) at every Mass, even for the laity. "As for the actual sign of peace to be given, the manner is to be established by Conferences of Bishops in accordance with the culture and customs of the peoples. However, it is appropriate that each person, in a sober manner, offer the sign of peace only to those who are nearest." ( GIRM , 82.) "While
5208-473: The connection between them, may be more clearly manifested, and that devout and active participation by the faithful may be more easily achieved. For this purpose the rites are to be simplified, due care being taken to preserve their substance; elements which, with the passage of time, came to be duplicated, or were added with but little advantage, are now to be discarded; other elements which have suffered injury through accidents of history are now to be restored to
5301-440: The current English translation was promulgated in 2010 and was introduced progressively from September 2011. Two earlier typical editions of the Missal were issued in 1970 (promulgated in 1969) and 1975. The liturgy contained in the 1570–1962 editions of the Roman Missal is frequently referred to as the Tridentine Mass : all these editions placed at the start the text of the papal bull Quo primum in which Pope Pius V linked
5394-456: The deacon presents the chalice to the priest, who offers it alone, saying "Benedictus Es..." From its promulgation in 1969 to 1972 the Mass of Paul VI had briefly included a subdeacon , whose task it was to "serve at the altar and to assist the priest and deacon. In particular he prepares the altar and the sacred vessels and reads the epistle." However, it was soon eliminated due to the suppression of subdeaconate by Pope Paul VI in 1972 in
5487-411: The deacon, but could (optionally) be read. Having been lost by the time of the Leonine Sacramentary in 560 A.D., the Oratio Universalis ( a.k.a. Prayer of the Faithful ) was restored to its former location after the Creed and before the Offertory (indicated in the usus antiquor by the priest turning immediately before the Offertory, and saying Oremus and the immediately proceeding to
5580-465: The edition of 1975. The 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages. Under the terms of Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI , the Mass of Paul VI , which followed Vatican II, is known as the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite. The Tridentine Mass , as in the 1962 Roman Missal, and other pre-Vatican II rites are still authorized for use within
5673-469: The fact, causing political pressure. Benedictine member of the Consilium Cipriano Vagaggini , while noting what he called the Roman Canon's "undeniable defects", concluded that its suppression was unthinkable; he proposed that it be retained but that two further Eucharistic Prayers be added. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 1969 states that the "Eucharistic Prayer I" (the Roman Canon) may always be used, including on Sundays, but it rarely
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#17327754400635766-411: The first Sunday of Advent at the end of that year as the date on which it would enter into force. However, because he was dissatisfied with the edition that was produced, the revised Missal itself was not published until the following year, and full vernacular translations appeared much later. The revisions called for by Vatican II were guided by historical and Biblical studies that were not available at
5859-450: The holy Catholic Church was not moved by just causes and reasons that laymen and clerics when not consecrating should communicate under the form of bread only, or has erred in this, let him be anathema." While the Council had declared that reception of Communion under one form alone deprived the communicant of no grace necessary to salvation, the 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia states theologians had surmised that receiving both forms may confer
5952-428: The importance of the Ordinary Form in this capacity with his 2021 motu proprio Traditionis custodes , referring to it as "the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Roman Rite ." The current official text in Latin is that in the third typical edition of the Roman Missal , published in 2002 and reprinted with corrections and updating in 2008. Translations into the vernacular languages have appeared;
6045-439: The influence of Saint Peter's Basilica the fact that other churches in Rome are built with the apse to the west and also attributed to topographical circumstances that arrangement for Saint Peter's. However, the arrangement whereby the apse with the altar is at the west end of the church and the entrance on the east is found also in Roman churches contemporary with Saint Peter's (such as the original Basilica of Saint Paul Outside
6138-411: The issuance of his edition of the Roman Missal to the Council of Trent . Only in the 1962 edition is this text preceded by a short decree, Novo rubricarum corpore , declaring that edition to be, from then on, the typical edition, to which other printings of the Missal were to conform. The Roman Missal promulged by John Paul II differs in many points from that promulged by Paul VI. The changes include
6231-406: The largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , that originated in Europe where the Latin language once dominated. Its language is now known as Ecclesiastical Latin . The most used rite is the Roman Rite . The Latin rites were for many centuries no less numerous than the modern Eastern Catholic liturgical rites . The number of Latin rites and uses is now much reduced. In
6324-408: The liturgy of Holy Week was reformed. The liturgy was the first matter considered by the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965. On 4 December 1963, the Council issued a Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy known as Sacrosanctum Concilium , section 50 of which read as follows: The rite of the Mass is to be revised in such a way that the intrinsic nature and purpose of its several parts, as also
6417-511: The local Catholic diocese , but accepted as members any former Anglican who wished to make use of the provision. On 9 November 2009, Pope Benedict XVI established a worldwide provision for Anglicans who joined the church. This process set up personal ordinariates for former Anglicans and other persons entering the full communion of the Catholic Church. These ordinariates would be similar to dioceses, but encompassing entire regions or nations. Parishes belonging to an ordinariate would not be part of
6510-448: The local diocese. These ordinariates are charged with maintaining the Anglican liturgical, spiritual and pastoral traditions, and they have full faculties to celebrate the Eucharist and the other sacraments, the Liturgy of the Hours and other liturgical functions in accordance with the liturgical books proper to the Anglican tradition, in revisions approved by the Holy See . This faculty does not exclude liturgical celebrations according to
6603-430: The movement to return to authentic Eastern liturgical practice, theology and spirituality. Implementation has varied amongst the Eastern Catholic Churches, however, with some remaining more Latinised than the others. In a somewhat similar development, practices once associated only with the West, such as polyphonic choirs, icons in the style of the Western Renaissance , as in the Cretan School of painting, or even of
6696-539: The nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." The following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released. In 2002 the leadership of the ICEL was changed, under insistence from the Roman Congregation for Divine Worship and to obtain a translation that was as close as possible to the wording of the Latin original. In spite of push-back by some in
6789-489: The new Order of the Mass. In 1974, Annibale Bugnini announced that the Novus Ordo Missae was "a major conquest of the Roman Catholic Church." Ottaviani would later acknowledge his satisfaction with the new missal after reassurance by Paul VI in a letter dated February 17, 1970. Pope Paul VI promulgated the revised rite of Mass with his apostolic constitution Missale Romanum of 3 April 1969, setting
6882-570: The new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources. Among other differences from the Roman Order of Mass, the deacon prepares the gifts while the Epistle is being sung, the celebrating priest washes his hands twice at the offertory and says the eucharistic prayer with arms extended in the form of a cross except when using his hands for some specific action, and there
6975-489: The northern part of England and perhaps even Wales , Cornwall and Somerset , before being authoritatively replaced by the Roman Rite in the early Middle Ages . "Celtic" is possibly a misnomer and it may owe its origins to Augustine's re-evangelisation of the British Isles in the 6th century. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive. Some Christians – typically groups not in communion with
7068-604: The ordinariates of the Catholic Church or in the various prayer books and missals of the Anglican Communion and other denominations, trace their origin back to the Sarum Use , which was a variation of the Roman Rite used in England before introduction during the reign of Edward VI of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer , following the break from the Roman church under the previous monarch Henry VIII . In
7161-454: The other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned. The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used. Like other liturgical rites , it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium, during half of its existence (see Pre-Tridentine Mass ). The forms that Pope Pius V , as requested by the Council of Trent , established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in
7254-536: The people at six points of the Mass. The priest celebrating the Tridentine Mass was required to face the people, turning his back to the altar if necessary, eight times. The revised Roman Missal states that it is "more appropriate as a sign that on an altar on which Mass is celebrated there not be a tabernacle in which the Most Holy Eucharist is reserved", in which case it is "preferable that
7347-481: The priest. In its guidelines for the arrangement of churches, the current Roman Missal directs: "The altar should be built apart from the wall, in such a way that it is possible to walk around it easily and that Mass can be celebrated at it facing the people, which is desirable wherever possible." The English also states that both the construction of the altar away from the wall and the celebration versus populum are "desirable wherever possible." A 2000 statement by
7440-585: The same date to the bishops of the church, "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II". The now less frequently used names 'Mass of Paul VI' and 'Pauline Mass' refer to Pope Paul VI , who promulgated the first edition (which was followed by later editions promulgated by Pope John Paul II ). In his letter to bishops which accompanied his 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum , Pope Benedict XVI wrote that "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II, obviously
7533-474: The second half of the 20th century, most of the religious orders that had a distinct liturgical rite chose to adopt in its place the Roman Rite as revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council (see Mass of Paul VI ). A few such liturgical rites persist today for the celebration of Mass, since 1965–1970 in revised forms, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating
7626-520: The side of the sanctuary, also known as liturgical North, (symbolizing the announcement of the Gospel to the unevangelized), but rather from the ambo towards the people. Furthermore, the priest no longer had to read the Gospel before the deacon proclaimed it, the subdeacon (being soon eliminated) no longer held the Book of the Gospels ( a.k.a. Evangelium ), and the Gospel no longer had to be sung by
7719-419: The subdeacon after 1972, the deacon was responsible for placing both the wine and the water into the chalice (instead of having the subdeacon place the water in the chalice). After presenting the chalice to the priest, the deacon formerly (in the usus antiquor ) would support either the priest's arm or the base of the chalice and saying with the priest, "Offerimus tibi..." , but in the Missal of Paul VI,
7812-417: The subdeacon's role was performed by minor clerics who were not yet subdeacons, a practice called a straw subdeacon). However, the Missal of Paul VI required that the role of the deacon be filled by one who was, in fact, a deacon (and not a priest or bishop). This restriction of the role of the deacon to clerics who were, in fact, only deacons makes sense in light of the restoration of the Latin deaconate to
7905-671: The sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite (above) and the Mozarabic Rite , which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it. Several local rites of limited scope existed, but are now defunct. More properly these are uses or variants of
7998-472: The tabernacle be located": The Missal does direct that the tabernacle be situated "in a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, conspicuous, worthily decorated, and suitable for prayer". In the usus antiquor ( a.k.a. Tridentine Form) the liturgical role of the deacon was largely limited to his role in the missa solemnis ( a.k.a. the Solemn High Mass) and some rites in
8091-618: The text of the " Short Critical Study on the New Order of Mass ". The cardinals warned the New Order of the Mass "represented, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session XXII of the Council of Trent ". The study that they transmitted said that on many points the New Mass had much to gladden the heart of even the most modernist Protestant. Paul VI asked
8184-456: The vigor which they had in the days of the holy Fathers, as may seem useful or necessary. Sacrosanctum Concilium further provided that (amongst other things) a greater use of the Scriptures should be made at Mass, communion under both kinds for the laity (under limited circumstances), and that vernacular languages should be more widely employed (while retaining the use of Latin),
8277-457: The wording of Missale Romanum . However, the Society has later stated that the Mass of Paul VI is valid, though illicit . The International Commission on English in the Liturgy worked for 17 years on a new translation, presented in 1998, formed in response to critiques of the earlier translation. However, their proposed translation ran afoul of new leadership in Rome. On 28 March 2001,
8370-750: The years 1963 and 1968 there were private initiatives by liberal reformers to either revise the Roman Canon, or to create new Eucharistic Prayers. Hans Küng and Karl Amon both published articles demanding this. In addition, the Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands under Johannes Bluyssen , around 1965–1966, did not wait for the Canon to be permitted in the vernacular and started experimenting with their own translations and adding new "Eucharistic Prayers", then asking for permission from Rome to do so after
8463-483: Was excommunicated. Pope Paul VI asked the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , the department of the Roman Curia that Ottaviani had earlier headed, to examine the Short Critical Study. It responded on 12 November 1969 that the document contained many affirmations that were "superficial, exaggerated, inexact, emotional and false". Nonetheless, the contents of the Intervention were used by Paul VI to amend
8556-595: Was forbidden by Pope Leo XIII in 1894 with his encyclical Orientalium dignitas . Latinisation is a contentious issue in many churches and has been considered responsible for various schisms . In recent years the Eastern Catholic churches have been returning to ancient Eastern practices in accord with the Second Vatican Council 's decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum . The decree mandated that authentic Eastern Catholic practices were not to be set aside in favour of imported Latin practices. This further encouraged
8649-529: Was founded by Christ the Lord. It is altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular." However, the only mention of the liturgy in that document was in relation to the study of Greek . The Second Vatican Council stated in Sacrosanctum Concilium , 36: At the same time, Sacrosanctum Concilium 54 makes clear that, though the vernacular
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