Misplaced Pages

#514485

89-656: The Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS) was founded in 2005. Renowned marine scientist and conservationist Frank Talbot , former director of the Australian Museum and the Smithsonian Natural History Museum was instrumental in its establishment, and was appointed as the founding chair in February 2006. He worked full-time in this position until his retirement on 31 December 2009, just before his 80th birthday, but continued as

178-728: A profession . Scientific institutions, like the National Academy of Sciences or the British Association for the Advancement of Science are examples of leading platforms for the public discussion of science. David Brewster , founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, believed in regulated publications in order to effectively communicate their discoveries, "so that scientific students may know where to begin their labours." As

267-412: A science of morality ). In 1990, Steven Hilgartner, a scholar in science and technology studies , criticized some academic research in public understanding of science . Hilgartner argued that what he called "the dominant view" of science popularization tends to imply a tight boundary around those who can articulate true, reliable knowledge. By defining a "deficient public" as recipients of knowledge,

356-654: A Scientist is written to his fellow scientists, and he says they need to "lighten up". He adds that scientists are ultimately the most responsible for promoting and explaining science to the public and media. This, Olson says, should be done according to a good grasp of social science ; scientists must use persuasive and effective means like story telling . Olson acknowledges that the stories told by scientists need not only be compelling but also accurate to modern science—and says this added challenge must simply be confronted. He points to figures like Carl Sagan as effective popularizers, partly because such figures actively cultivate

445-584: A board member. Talbot's research was world-renowned. He was a pioneer in the research in coral reef ecosystems , adding greatly to global understanding, including the urgent need for its protection and conservation. His groundbreaking research on coral reefs in the Red Sea and across the Indo-Pacific brought worldwide attention to these environments, in a time before there was widespread awareness of climate change and marine conservation . In 1970 he

534-593: A board member. Peter Steinberg was the first director and CEO of SIMS. From around 2010 to 2012, funded by the Commonwealth and NSW Governments as well as private donors to the tune of about A$ 20 million, a significant upgrade to the facilities was undertaken including offices, laboratories and aquaria. In 2012, Emma Johnston was director of the Sydney Harbour Research Program, a flagship research project for SIMS. In that year, she

623-677: A global, national or local community. The Metcalf Institute for Marine & Environmental Reporting at the University of Rhode Island produced a survey of these practices in 2020. "How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity" also lists several successful civic science projects and approaches. Complementary methods for including diverse voices include the use of poetry, participatory arts, film, and games, all of which have been used to engage various publics by monitoring, deliberating, and responding to their attitudes toward science and scientific discourse. While scientific study began to emerge as

712-525: A host of topics, not just science and technology but also defense, the euro , enlargement of the European Union, and culture. Eurobarometer's 2008 study of Europeans' Attitudes to Climate Change is a good example. It focuses on respondents' "subjective level of information"; asking "personally, do you think that you are well informed or not about...?" rather than checking what people knew. Science communication can be analyzed through frame analysis ,

801-447: A likeable image. At his commencement address to Caltech students, journalist Robert Krulwich delivered a speech entitled "Tell me a story". Krulwich says that scientists are actually given many opportunities to explain something interesting about science or their work, and that they must seize such opportunities. He says scientists must resist shunning the public, as Sir Isaac Newton did in his writing, and instead embrace metaphors

890-589: A popular discourse following the Renaissance and the Enlightenment , science was not widely funded or exposed to the public until the nineteenth century. Most science prior to this was funded by individuals under private patronage and was studied in exclusive groups, like the Royal Society . Public science emerged due to a gradual social change , resulting from the rise of the middle class in

979-600: A research method used to analyze how people understand situations and activities. Some features of this analysis are listed below. People make an enormous number of decisions every day, and to approach all of them in a careful, methodical manner is impractical. They therefore often use mental shortcuts known as " heuristics " to quickly arrive at acceptable inferences. Tversky and Kahneman originally proposed three heuristics, listed below, although there are many others that have been discussed in later research. The most effective science communication efforts take into account

SECTION 10

#1732772181515

1068-555: A result, most science journalism also communicates in English or must use English sources, limiting the audience that science communication can reach. Just as science has historically excluded communities of Black, Indigenous and people of color, LGBTQ+ communities and communities of lower socioeconomic status or education, science communication has also failed to center these audiences. Science communication cannot be inclusive or effective if these communities are not involved in both

1157-518: A result, there were reform efforts to further the knowledge of the less educated. The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge , led by Henry Brougham , attempted to organize a system for widespread literacy for all classes. Additionally, weekly periodicals , like the Penny Magazine , were aimed to educate the general public on scientific achievements in a comprehensive manner. As

1246-405: A sign of potentially changing norms in the field. According to Lesen et al. (2016), art has been a tool increasingly used to attract the public to science. Either formally or in an informal context, an integration between artists and scientists could potentially raise awareness of the general public about current topics in science, technology, engineering and mathematics ( STEM ). The arts have

1335-633: A specific habitat. In 2022 SIMS became a partner in the "Seabirds to Seascapes" project, led by the NSW Department of Planning and Environment , along with the Taronga Conservation Society and NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service . The project includes replanting of seagrass meadows and kelp forests in nine or more locations in Sydney Harbour, in a bid to boost biodiversity and improve water quality in

1424-678: A successful career in the sciences in the nineteenth century. As a result, scientific journals such as Nature or National Geographic possessed a large readership and received substantial funding by the end of the nineteenth century as the popularization of science continued. Science can be communicated to the public in many different ways. According to Karen Bultitude, a science communication lecturer at University College London , these can be broadly categorized into three groups: traditional journalism, live or face-to-face events, and online interaction. Traditional journalism (for example, newspapers , magazines , television and radio ) has

1513-538: A type of science communication. Examples of outreach include science journalism and health communication . Since science has political, moral, and legal implications, science communication can help bridge gaps between different stakeholders in public policy, industry, and civil society. Science communicators are a broad group of people: scientific experts, science journalists, science artists, medical professionals , nature center educators, science advisors for policymakers, and everyone else who communicates with

1602-565: A vital role dealing with issues like climate change and ocean warming". President of the museum trust, Brian Hartzer , wrote that his legacy would "live on through the countless lives he touched, the ecosystems he worked to preserve, and the institutions he helped transform". The Australian Museum holds the Talbot Oration each year, so named to honour his legacy. The inaugural oration was given in June 2021 by Tim Flannery , whose address

1691-584: A wide range of actors in public deliberations. Another disadvantage of traditional journalism is that, once a science story is taken up by mainstream media, the scientist(s) involved no longer has any direct control over how his or her work is communicated, which may lead to misunderstanding or misinformation. Research in this area demonstrates how the relationship between journalists and scientists has been strained in some instances. On one hand scientists have reported being frustrated with things like journalists oversimplifying or dramatizing of their work, while on

1780-553: Is affected by the same implicit inequities embedded in the production of science research. It has traditionally centered Western science and communicated in Western language. Māori researcher Linda Tuhiwai Smith details how scientific research is "inextricably linked to European imperialism and colonialism". The field's focus on Western science results in publicizing "discoveries" by Western scientists that have been known to Indigenous scientists and communities for generations, continuing

1869-410: Is an example of a field whose research can have direct and obvious implications for individuals. Governments and societies might also benefit from more scientific literacy, since an informed electorate promotes a more democratic society . Moreover, science can inform moral decision making (e.g., answering questions about whether animals can feel pain , how human activity influences climate , or even

SECTION 20

#1732772181515

1958-649: Is difficult to control how content is picked up by others, and regular attention and updating is needed. When considering whether or not to engage in science communication online, scientists should review what science communication research has shown to be the potential positive and negative outcomes. Online communication has given rise to movements like open science , which advocates for making science more accessible. However, when engaging in communication about science online, scientists should consider not publicizing or reporting findings from their research until it has been peer-reviewed and published, as journals may not accept

2047-597: Is influenced by systemic inequalities that impact both inreach and outreach. Writing in 1987, Geoffery Thomas and John Durant advocated various reasons to increase public understanding of science , or scientific literacy . More trained engineers and scientists could allow a nation to be more competitive economically. Science can also benefit individuals. Science can simply have aesthetic appeal (e.g., popular science or science fiction ). Living in an increasingly technological society, background scientific knowledge can help to negotiate it. The science of happiness

2136-466: Is live or face-to-face events, such as public lectures in museums or universities, debates , science busking, "sci-art" exhibits, Science Cafés and science festivals . Citizen science or crowd-sourced science (scientific research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional scientists) can be done with a face-to-face approach, online, or as a combination of the two to engage in science communication. Research has shown that members of

2225-420: Is more personal and allows scientists to interact with the public, allowing for two-way dialogue. Scientists are also better able to control content using this method. Disadvantages of this method include the limited reach, it can also be resource-intensive and costly and also, it may be that only audiences with an existing interest in science will be attracted. Another opportunity for budding science communicators

2314-421: Is one-way, so there can be no dialogue with the public, and science stories can often be reduced in scope so that there is a limited focus for a mainstream audience, who may not be able to comprehend the bigger picture from a scientific perspective. However, there is new research now available on the role of newspapers and television channels in constituting "scientific public spheres" which enable participation of

2403-537: Is said to be unique in that it is a large-scale project that aims to restore different habitat types at the same time, to restore seascapes in Sydney Harbour. The four projects had operated independently before, but the holistic approach could be used as a template for other restorations in Australia and around the world. The project also has a strong focus on science communication and community engagement . Traditionally, restoration of environments have been focused on

2492-529: Is the idea of how public debate can affect public opinion. A relevant and highly public example of this is climate change . A science communication study appearing in The New York Times proves that "even a fractious minority wields enough power to skew a reader's perception of a [science news] story" and that even "firmly worded (but not uncivil) disagreements between commenters affected readers' perception of science." This causes some to worry about

2581-446: Is the speaker who best demonstrates FameLab's 3 C's – Content, Clarity and Charisma. The third category is online interaction; for example, websites , blogs , wikis and podcasts can be used for science communication, as can other social media or forms of artificial intelligence like AI-Chatbots. Online methods of communicating science have the potential to reach huge audiences, can allow direct interaction between scientists and

2670-443: Is through FameLab . This programme was created by Cheltenham Festivals in 2005 and is the largest science communication competition and training programme in the world. FameLab discovers, trains and promotes the best new voices in science (including social sciences), technology, engineering and maths. Participants have just three minutes to convey a scientific concept of their choice to an audience and expert panel of judges. The winner

2759-493: The National Academy of Sciences , and Science Booster Clubs, coordinated by the National Center for Science Education . Similar to how evidence-based medicine gained a foothold in medical communication decades ago, researchers Eric Jensen and Alexander Gerber have argued that science communication would benefit from evidence-based prescriptions since the field faces related challenges. In particular, they argued that

Sydney Institute of Marine Science - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-670: The University of Durham in the UK, before moving to Zanzibar in 1954 to take up a position with the British Colonial Service as a fisheries scientist. From 1959 (when he earned his PhD) until 1962 he worked as a marine Biologist at the South African Museum in Cape Town , before being promoted to the position of assistant director of the museum. In 1964 he moved with his family to Australia, taking up

2937-469: The public awareness of and interest in science , influencing people's attitudes and behaviors, informing public policy , and engaging with diverse communities to address societal problems. The term "science communication" generally refers to settings in which audiences are not experts on the scientific topic being discussed ( outreach ), though some authors categorize expert-to-expert communication ("inreach" such as publication in scientific journals ) as

3026-402: The working classes the ability to purchase them. No longer reserved for the elite, affordable and informative texts were made available to a mass audience. Historian Aileen Fyfe noted that, as the nineteenth century experienced a set of social reforms that sought to improve the lives of those in the working classes, the availability of public knowledge was valuable for intellectual growth. As

3115-414: The "deficit model" or "deficit concept" of science communication and published a series of articles answering the question "In science communication, why does the idea of a public deficit always return?" in different ways; for example, Carina Cortassa's essay argued that the deficit model of science communication is just a special case of an omnipresent problem studied in social epistemology of testimony ,

3204-572: The Australian Museum Members program, for members of the general public to learn more and be involved in the museum's activities. He recruited top scientists, and, thanks to greater government funding, the staff doubled in number to 150. After resigning from the museum in June 1975, Talbot became the foundation professor of environmental studies at Macquarie University in Sydney . In 1982 he moved countries again, taking up

3293-622: The Australian Museum holds the annual Talbot Oration in his honour. Frank Hamilton Talbot was born in Pietermaritzburg , South Africa on 3 January 1930. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg in 1949, followed by an MSc at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in 1951. In 1959 he earned a PhD at UCT. In 1952 he was appointed a demonstrator at Kings College at

3382-589: The Australian Museum. More than 100 scientists and graduate students are associated with the institute. The institute is located near the Sydney Heads , at Chowder Bay and Georges Heights , Mosman , in historic buildings leased from the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust . It includes a seawater aquarium used for research purposes, with sophisticated capabilities. The aims of SIMS include "developing, activating and communicating

3471-775: The US, Jon Miller is the name most associated with such work and well known for differentiating between identifiable "attentive" or "interested" publics (that is to say science fans) and those who do not care much about science and technology. Miller's work questioned whether the American public had the following four attributes of scientific literacy: In some respects, John Durant's work surveying British public applied similar ideas to Miller. However, they were slightly more concerned with attitudes to science and technology, rather than just how much knowledge people had. They also looked at public confidence in their knowledge, considering issues such as

3560-465: The advantage of reaching large audiences; in the past, this is way most people regularly accessed information about science. Traditional media is also more likely to produce information that is high quality (well written or presented), as it will have been produced by professional journalists. Traditional journalism is often also responsible for setting agendas and having an impact on government policy . The traditional journalistic method of communication

3649-508: The audience for scientific texts expanded, the interest in public science did as well. "Extension lectures" were installed in some universities, like Oxford and Cambridge , which encouraged members of the public to attend lectures. In America, traveling lectures were a common occurrence in the nineteenth century and attracted hundreds of viewers. These public lectures were a part of the lyceum movement and demonstrated basic scientific experiments , which advanced scientific knowledge for both

Sydney Institute of Marine Science - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-528: The book to them. [...] First the general reader, the layman [...] second the expert [and] third the student". Many criticisms of the public understanding of science movement have emphasized that this thing they were calling the public was somewhat of an (unhelpful) black box. Approaches to the public changed with the move away from the public understanding of science. Science communication researchers and practitioners now often showcase their desire to listen to non-scientists as well as acknowledging an awareness of

3827-422: The communication of science reached a wider audience, due to the professionalization of science and its introduction to the public sphere , the interest in the subject increased. There was a change in media production in the nineteenth century. The invention of the steam-powered printing press enabled more pages to be printed per hour, which resulted in cheaper texts. Book prices gradually dropped, which gave

3916-628: The creation and dissemination of science information. One strategy to improve inclusivity in science communication is by building philanthropic coalitions with marginalized communities. The 2018 article titled "The Civic Science Imperative" in the Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR) outlined how civic science could expand inclusion in science and science communication. Civic science fosters public engagement with science issues so citizens can spur meaningful policy, societal or democratic change. This article outlined

4005-511: The cycle of colonial exploitation of physical and intellectual resources. Collin Bjork notes that science communication is linked to oppression because European colonizers "employed both the English language and western science as tools for subjugating others". Today, English is still considered the international language of science and 80% of science journals in Scopus are published in English. As

4094-629: The design of its seawalls . It entails covering parts of the seawalls with specially-designed tiles that mimic natural microhabitats - with crevices and other features that more closely resemble natural rocks. In September 2021, the Living Seawalls project was announced as a finalist for the international environment award the Earthshot Prize . In 2022 the NSW Government committed A$ 4.5 million to Project Restore. The project

4183-462: The educated and uneducated viewers. Not only did the popularization of public science enlighten the general public through mass media , but it also enhanced communication within the scientific community . Although scientists had been communicating their discoveries and achievements through print for centuries, publications with a variety of subjects decreased in popularity. Alternatively, publications in discipline-specific journals were crucial for

4272-508: The effects of living in the confined space. Talbot also held various positions on boards and committees, including: Talbot died on 15 October 2024, aged 94. Many scientists paid tribute to his friendship and achievements, including science journalist and president emeritus of the Australian Museum Trustees Robyn Williams ; scientist Tim Flannery ; Des Griffin, who succeeded Talbot as director of

4361-535: The fluid and complex nature of (post/late) modern social identities. At the very least, people will use plurals: publics or audiences. As the editor of the scholarly journal Public Understanding of Science put it in a special issue on publics: We have clearly moved from the old days of the deficit frame and thinking of publics as monolithic to viewing publics as active, knowledgeable, playing multiple roles, receiving as well as shaping science. (Einsiedel, 2007: 5) However, Einsiedel goes on to suggest both views of

4450-466: The gender of those ticking "don't know" boxes. We can see aspects of this approach, as well as a more "public engagement with science and technology" influenced one, reflected within the Eurobarometer studies of public opinion. These have been running since 1973 to monitor public opinion in the member states, with the aim of helping the preparation of policy (and evaluation of policy). They look at

4539-531: The harbour. SIMS provided habitat support for a study conducted by researchers from the University of Sydney about the behaviour of juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish , which are a major threat to coral reefs. The report was published in May 2024. Frank Talbot Frank Hamilton Talbot AM (3 January 1930 – 15 October 2024) was a South-African born Australian ichthyologist and marine biologist . He

SECTION 50

#1732772181515

4628-531: The help of drama coaches (they use the acting techniques of Viola Spolin ). Matthew Nisbet described the use of opinion leaders as intermediaries between scientists and the public as a way to reach the public via trained individuals who are more closely engaged with their communities, such as "teachers, business leaders, attorneys, policymakers, neighborhood leaders, students, and media professionals". Examples of initiatives that have taken this approach include Science & Engineering Ambassadors, sponsored by

4717-468: The impartiality of science organizations in politics can lead to crises of public understanding of science. He cited examples of denialism (for instance, climate change denial ) to support this worry. Journalist Robert Krulwich likewise argued in 2008 that the stories scientists tell compete with the efforts of people such as Turkish creationist Adnan Oktar . Krulwich explained that attractive, easy to read, and cheap creationist textbooks were sold by

4806-464: The internet has rapidly increased in prominence. In 2016, 55% of Americans reported using the internet as their primary source to learn about science and technology, compared to 24% reporting TV and 4% reporting newspapers were their primary sources. Additionally, traditional media outlets have dramatically decreased the number of, or in some cases eliminated, science journalists and the amount of science-related content they publish. The second category

4895-401: The job of science communication might be to help non-scientists feel they are not excluded as opposed to always included; that they can join in if they want, rather than that there is a necessity to spend their lives engaging. The process of quantifiably surveying public opinion of science is now largely associated with the public understanding of science movement (some would say unfairly). In

4984-482: The lack of collaboration between researchers and practitioners is a problem: "Ironically, the challenges begin with communication about science communication evidence." The overall effectiveness of the science communication field is limited by the lack of effective transfer mechanisms for practitioners to apply research in their work and perhaps even investigate, together with researchers, communication strategies, Jensen and Gerber said. Closer collaboration could enrich

5073-431: The museum; and Australian Museum chief scientist and director of AMRI, Kris Helgen. The Australian Museum wrote on their website: "Professor Talbot was a visionary whose contributions to both academia and public education have left an enduring legacy." The current director of the museum wrote: "Frank was a legend in the international museum and science world and has provided inspiration and a model for how museums can play

5162-433: The nineteenth century. As scientific inventions, like the conveyor belt and the steam locomotive entered and enhanced the lifestyle of people in the nineteenth century, scientific inventions began to be widely funded by universities and other public institutions in an effort to increase scientific research. Since scientific achievements were beneficial to society, the pursuit of scientific knowledge resulted in science as

5251-460: The other hand journalists find scientists difficult to work with and ill-equipped to communicate their work to a general audience. Despite this potential tension, a comparison of scientists from several countries has shown that many scientists are pleased with their media interactions and engage often. However, the use of traditional media sources, like newspapers and television, has steadily declined as primary sources for science information, while

5340-404: The other side's priorities, needs and possible solutions, Jensen and Gerber argued; bridging the gap and fostering closer collaboration could allow for mutual learning, enhancing the overall advancements of science communication as a young field. In the preface of The Selfish Gene , Richard Dawkins wrote: "Three imaginary readers looked over my shoulder while I was writing, and I now dedicate

5429-427: The popularizing of science in the public, questioning whether the further popularization of science will cause pressure towards generalization or sensationalism. Marine biologist and film-maker Randy Olson published Don't Be Such a Scientist: Talking Substance in an Age of Style . In the book he describes how there has been an unproductive negligence when it comes to teaching scientists to communicate. Don't be Such

SECTION 60

#1732772181515

5518-489: The position of Curator of Fishes at the Australian Museum in Sydney . In 1965, he was appointed director of the museum, a position he held for 10 years from 1966, following the retirement of Gilbert Whitley . Under his leadership, the museum became a world leader in biodiversity , natural history, and conservation education. Under his guidance first the One Tree Island Research Station at

5607-741: The position of director of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco , United States, where he stayed until 1989, when he was appointed director of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. (the first and as of 2024 only Australian to do so ). Upon completing his term in 1994, he was appointed emeritus director of the museum. In 1995, Talbot

5696-643: The positione. Initial funding came from both state and federal governments, and the Ian Potter Foundation and Thyne Reid Foundation provided additional support to create the facilities. The SIMS Foundation is responsible for raising funds from charitable organisations, grants, and private donors. SIMS' fields of research include: The Sydney Harbour Research Program was a major project for SIMS, led by director Emma Johnston . It aimed for high-quality cross-disciplinary research that included an effective community outreach program. Project Restore

5785-623: The power of creating emotional links between the public and a research topic and create a collaborative atmosphere that can "activate science" in a different way. Learning through the affection domain, in contrast to the cognitive domain, increases motivation and using the arts to communicate scientific knowledge this way could increase dramatically engagement. By using Twitter , scientists and science communicators can discuss scientific topics with many types of audiences with various points of view. Studies published in 2012 by Gunther Eysenbach shed light on how Twitter not only communicates science to

5874-568: The principles of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI). DEI in science communication can take many forms, but will always: include marginalized groups in the goal setting, design and implementation of the science communication; use experts to determine the unique values, needs and communication style of the community being reached; test to determine the best way to reach each segment of a community; and include ways to mitigate harm or stress for community members who engage with this work. Efforts to make science communication more inclusive can focus on

5963-403: The problem of "epistemic asymmetry", which arises whenever some people know more about some things than other people. Science communication is just one kind of attempt to reduce epistemic asymmetry between people who may know more and people who may know less about a certain subject. Biologist Randy Olson said in 2009 that anti-science groups can often be so motivated, and so well funded, that

6052-997: The public about science. They often use entertainment and persuasion techniques including humour , storytelling , and metaphors to connect with their audience's values and interests. Science communication also exists as an interdisciplinary field of social science research on topics such as misinformation, public opinion of emerging technologies, and the politicization and polarization of science. For decades, science communication research has had only limited influence on science communication practice, and vice-versa, but both communities are increasingly attempting to bridge research and practice. Historically, academic scientists were discouraged from spending time on public outreach, but that has begun to change. Research funders have raised their expectations for researchers to have broader impacts beyond publication in academic journals. An increasing number of scientists, especially younger scholars, are expressing interest in engaging

6141-488: The public are "monolithic" in their own way; they both choose to declare what something called the public is. Some promoters of public understanding of science might have ridiculed publics for their ignorance, but an alternative "public engagement with science and technology" romanticizes its publics for their participatory instincts, intrinsic morality or simple collective wisdom. As Susanna Hornig Priest concluded in her 2009 introduction essay on science's contemporary audiences,

6230-478: The public but also affects advances in the science community. Alison Bert, editor in chief of Elsevier Connect , wrote a 2014 news article titled "How to use social media for science" that reported on a panel about social media at that year's AAAS meeting, in which panelists Maggie Koerth-Baker , Kim Cobb , and Danielle N. Lee noted some potential benefits and drawbacks to scientists of sharing their research on Twitter. Koerth-Baker, for example, commented on

6319-521: The public seek out science information that is entertaining, but also helping citizens to critically participate in risk regulation and S&T governance. Therefore, it is important to bear this aspect in mind when communicating scientific information to the public (for example, through events combining science communication and comedy, such as Festival of the Spoken Nerd, or during scientific controversies). The advantages of this approach are that it

6408-407: The public through social media and in-person events, though they still perceive significant institutional barriers to doing so. Science communication is closely related to the fields of informal science education , citizen science , and public engagement with science , and there is no general agreement on whether or how to distinguish them. Like other aspects of society, science communication

6497-461: The public, and the content is always accessible and can be somewhat controlled by the scientist. Additionally, online communication of science can help boost scientists' reputation through increased citations, better circulation of articles, and establishing new collaborations. Online communication also allows for both one-way and two-way communication, depending on the audience's and the author's preferences. However, there are disadvantages in that it

6586-483: The role that heuristics play in everyday decision-making. Many outreach initiatives focus solely on increasing the public's knowledge, but studies have found little, if any, correlation between knowledge levels and attitudes towards scientific issues. Inclusive science communication seeks to build equity by prioritizing communication that is built with and for marginalized groups that are not reached through typical top-down science communication. Science communication

6675-497: The science we need, for the oceans we want, throughout the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030), and beyond. SIMS is a not-for-profit, unlisted company , overseen by a board of directors and a director/CEO. Its Scientific Advisory Committee guides its research. In early 2021, Martina Doblin, professor of oceanography at UTS, was appointed director and CEO of SIMS. As of November 2024 she remains in

6764-465: The scientists get to emphasize their own identity as experts, according to Hilgartner. Understood in this way, science communication may explicitly exist to connect scientists with the rest of society, but science communication may reinforce the boundary between the public and the experts (according to work by Brian Wynne in 1992 and Massimiano Bucchi in 1998 ). In 2016, the scholarly journal Public Understanding of Science ran an essay competition on

6853-653: The southern end of the Great Barrier Reef , and then the Lizard Island Research Station at the northern end, were established (around 1965 and in 1973 respectively ). In 1968 he created a new Department of Environmental Studies at the museum. In the same year, he helped to establish the National Photographic Index of Birds project. In 1972, he founded The Australian Museum Society (TAMS), which continues as

6942-457: The spectrum of science communication research and increase the existing methodological toolbox, including more longitudinal and experimental studies . Evidence-based science communication would combine the best available evidence from systematic research, underpinned by established theory, as well as practitioners' acquired skills and expertise, reducing the double-disconnect between scholarship and practice. Neither adequately take into account

7031-445: The strategies of supporting effective science communication and engagement, building diverse coalitions, building flexibility to meet changing goals, centering shared values, and using research and feedback loops to increase trust. However, the authors of the 2020 SSIR article "How Science Philanthropy Can Build Equity" warned that these approaches will not combat systemic barriers of racism, sexism, ableism, xenophobia or classism without

7120-539: The thousands to schools in Turkey (despite their strong secular tradition) due to the efforts of Oktar. Astrobiologist David Morrison has spoken of repeated disruption of his work by popular anti-scientific phenomena, having been called upon to assuage public fears of an impending cataclysm involving an unseen planetary object—first in 2008, and again in 2012 and 2017. Science popularization figures such as Carl Sagan and Neil deGrasse Tyson are partly responsible for

7209-428: The view of science or a specific science discipline within the general public. However, the degree of knowledge and experience a science popularizer has can vary greatly. Because of this, some science communication can depend on sensationalism . As a Forbes contributor put it, "The main job of physics popularizers is the same as it is for any celebrity: get more famous." Another point in the controversy of popular science

7298-564: The way Galileo did; Krulwich suggests that metaphors only become more important as the science gets more difficult to understand. He adds that telling stories of science in practice, of scientists' success stories and struggles, helps convey that scientists are real people. Finally, Krulwich advocates for the importance of scientific values in general, and helping the public to understand that scientific views are not mere opinions, but hard-won knowledge. Actor Alan Alda helped scientists and PhD students get more comfortable with communication with

7387-475: The work after it has been circulated under the " Ingelfinger rule ". Other considerations revolve around how scientists will be perceived by other scientists for engaging in communication. For example, some scholars have criticized engaged, popular scholars using concepts like the Sagan effect or Kardashian Index . Despite these criticisms, many scientists are taking to communicating their work on online platforms,

7476-621: Was appointed adjunct professor at the Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University. He played a key role in the establishment of the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), a partnership among four Sydney universities, in 2005, and in February 2006 was appointed founding chair. He worked full-time in this position until his retirement on 31 December 2009, just before his 80th birthday, but continued as

7565-443: Was created to combine existing UNSW and SIMS restoration programs, including Operation Crayweed, Operation Poisodonia, Living Seawalls, and Fish Habitat enhancement. The project is led by SIMS, in a collaboration with UNSW Sydney, Macquarie, and Sydney Univerisity. The Living Seawalls project, which was launched in 2018, aims to help many of the marine species in the harbour to flourish, thus enhancing its biodiversity , by modifying

7654-400: Was former director of the Australian Museum and the only Australian to have become director of the Smithsonian Natural History Museum . His research and his work at the institutions he led have had a lasting impact on science, academia, and public education, and the Lizard Island Research Station , founded by him in 1973, continues his work. He has had two species of fish named after him, and

7743-699: Was involved in a significant environmental survey of Lord Howe Island , which included scientists from the Australian Museum, the Royal Botanic Gardens , the National Parks and Wildlife Service , and the CSIRO . In 1971 he joined NASA 's Tektite II program, in which a group of " Aquanauts " lived in an underwater capsule on the seabed of the Virgin Islands for over two weeks. The scientists researched fish activity and monitored

7832-719: Was named NSW Scientist of the Year for Excellence in Biological Sciences (Plant, Agriculture and Environment) in the NSW Science and Engineering Awards. SIMS is a collaborative research and training institute based on a partnership among its four founding Sydney universities: Macquarie, UNSW, Sydney University, and UTS, and now includes additional partner universities, the University of Wollongong and University of Western Sydney , as well as collaborations with several state and federal government departments, along with

7921-534: Was titled "The Climate Cure". At least two species of fish were named in honour of Talbot: Talbot was married for 70 years to Sue Talbot (died 2020), a marine scientist. They were survived by their daughter and three sons. Talbot co-authored and co-edited several books, including: Science communication Science communication encompasses a wide range of activities that connect science and society . Common goals of science communication include informing non-experts about scientific findings, raising

#514485