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82-499: Numerous authors have presented a chain of evidence connecting Beth-Haram from the Book of Joshua ( Josh. 13:27 ), considered to be the same as Bethharan from Numbers ( Num. 32:36 ), with Talmudic Beit Ramata ( Hebrew : בית רמתה ) and Roman-period Betharamtha (Βηθαραμθα) or Betharamphtha . The traditional location of the Roman city is at Tell er-Rameh , a small hill rising in

164-656: A colonia status. In the time of Eusebius and St. Jerome the natives still called it Bethramtha. Livias was an episcopal see , a suffragan of the diocese Caesarea in Palaestina . Le Quien mentions three bishops: No longer a residential bishopric, Livias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Book of Joshua The Book of Joshua ( Hebrew : סֵפֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Sefer Yəhōšūaʿ , Tiberian : Sēp̄er Yŏhōšūaʿ ‍ ; Greek : Ιησούς του Ναυή ; Latin : Liber Iosue )

246-476: A suffragan diocese . In the Anglican Communion , a suffragan bishop is a bishop who is subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop (bishop ordinary) and so is not normally jurisdictional in their role. Suffragan bishops may be charged by a metropolitan to oversee a suffragan diocese and may be assigned to areas which do not have a cathedral . In the Catholic Church , a suffragan

328-432: A Byzantine church mosaic nearby. Archaeological evidence from Shuneh el-Janubiyyeh has shown the existence of a church in the diocese, dating from the sixth-eighth centuries. A third Byzantine church was discovered between Tall Kafrayn and Tell el-Hammam (2.6 km or 1.6 mi west of the latter), with a large mosaic floor, now being used as a Muslim cemetery. Josephus (AD 37–c. 100) and others describe Livias as

410-491: A city (πόλις polis ) of Perea , and specifically differentiate it from a small town (πόλίχνη polichnē ) or from its surrounding fourteen villages (κώμας kōmas ). A directional reference is the fifth milestone north of Livias located at Bethnambris ( Bethnamaris ; Bethnamran ) or Tall Nimrin ( TMP 749034E, 3532378N). According to Eusebius ' Onomasticon , Livias is five Roman miles (7.5 km/ 4.7 m) south of Tall Nimrin. These directional references, together with

492-536: A city later called by his son "Libias" from the Nabataeans ; it was then called Betharamphtha ( Hebrew : בית רמתה ). According Josephus , in the 1st century AD, Herod Antipas , Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea , fortified the city of "Betharamphtha" with strong walls and called it Julias after the wife of Augustus, whose birth name was Livia Drusilla, but who became known as Julia Augusta after adoption. Nero gave it with its fourteen villages to Agrippa II . In

574-421: A convention, but does not automatically succeed the diocesan bishop. However a suffragan's office does continue in the diocese until he or she chooses to retire. An assistant bishop is appointed by the diocesan bishop, and his or her office ends when the ordinary who appointed her or him leaves office. Some Anglican Church of Canada suffragan bishops are legally delegated responsibility by the diocesan bishop for

656-567: A lecture at Ben-Gurion's home, archaeologist Yigael Yadin argued for the historicity of the Israelite military campaign pointing to the conquests of Hazor , Bethel , and Lachish . Palestinian writer Nur Masalha claimed that Zionism had presented the 1948 Arab-Israeli War (which saw the creation of the State of Israel ) as a "miraculous" clearing of the land based on Joshua, and the Bible as

738-753: A mandate for the expulsion of the Palestinians. The biblical narrative of conquest has been used as an apparatus of critique against Zionism. For example, Michael Prior criticizes the use of the campaign in Joshua to favor "colonial enterprises" (in general, not only Zionism), which have been interpreted as validating ethnic cleansing . He asserts that the Bible was used to make the mistreatment of Palestinians more morally palatable. A related moral condemnation can be seen in "The political sacralization of imperial genocide: contextualizing Timothy Dwight's The Conquest of Canaan " by Bill Templer. This kind of critique

820-593: A portion to Joshua, by the commandment of the Lord. They gave to him the city for which he asked, Thamnath Sarach gave they him in Mount Ephraim, and Joshua built the city, and dwelt in it. And Joshua took the stone knives with which he had circumcised the children of Israel, which were in the way in the wilderness, and he placed them in Tamnath Sarach. By the end of chapter 21, the narrative records that

902-570: A reward. Joshua, in his old age and conscious that he is "going the way of all the earth", gathers the leaders of the Israelites together and reminds them of Yahweh's great works for them, and of the need to love Yahweh. The Israelites are told – just as Joshua himself had been told – that they must comply with "all that is written in the Book of the Law of Moses", neither "turn[ing] aside from it to

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984-407: A specific geographical area within the diocese. The Diocese of West Malaysia is divided into two "area dioceses", each with their own suffragan bishop. It is common for Anglican suffragan or assistant bishops to serve as acting bishop during a vacancy in the diocesan see (e.g., between the death or retirement of the bishop diocesan and their successor taking post). In order to achieve this,

1066-520: A speech about what must be done if Israel is to live in peace in the land. God commissions Joshua to take possession of the land and warns him to keep faith with the Mosaic covenant . God's speech foreshadows the major themes of the book: the crossing of the Jordan River and conquest of the land, its distribution, and the imperative need for obedience to the Law. Joshua's own immediate obedience

1148-468: A statement provided by Theodosius that "the city of Livias is across the Jordan, twelve [Roman] miles [17.75 km/ 11 m] from Jericho" (Wilkinson) to the east, provide east/west and north–south co-ordinates that when triangulated place Livias at Tall el-Hammam. The city of Betharan is twice mentioned in the Bible ( Numbers 32:36 ; Joshua 13:27 ). At about 80 BC, Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus captured

1230-690: A suffragan can be seen in Wales is Penrydd , established in 1537, when the Welsh dioceses were still within the Church of England. The Bishop of Swansea was a suffragan in the Diocese of St David's from 1890 till the erection of the diocese in 1923. Since disestablishment, Thomas Lloyd was suffragan Bishop of Maenan in the Diocese of St Asaph , when the bishop diocesan was also Archbishop of Wales . The Church of Ireland has no suffragan bishops, not even in

1312-446: Is a bishop who heads a diocese . His suffragan diocese , however, is part of a larger ecclesiastical province , nominally led by a metropolitan archbishop . The distinction between metropolitans and suffragans is of limited practical importance. Both are diocesan bishops possessing ordinary jurisdiction over their individual sees . The metropolitan has few responsibilities over the suffragans in his province and no direct authority over

1394-564: Is defeated at the Battle of the Waters of Merom with Yahweh's help. Hazor itself is then captured and destroyed. Chapter 11:16–23 summarises the extent of the conquest: Joshua has taken the entire land, almost entirely through military victories, with only the Gibeonites agreeing to peaceful terms with Israel. The land then "had rest from war" (Joshua 11:23, repeated at 14:15). Chapter 12 lists

1476-653: Is found in manuscripts such as Washington Manuscript I (5th century CE), and a reduced version of the Septuagint text is found in the illustrated Joshua Roll . The earliest complete copy of the book in Hebrew is in the Aleppo Codex (10th century CE). The overarching theological theme of the Deuteronomistic history is faithfulness and God's mercy, and their opposites, faithlessness and God's wrath. In

1558-495: Is framed as a royal installation. The people's pledge of loyalty to Joshua as the successor of Moses recalls royal practices. The covenant-renewal ceremony led by Joshua was the prerogative of the kings of Judah. God's command to Joshua to meditate on the "book of the law" day and night parallels the description of Josiah in 2 Kings 23:25 as a king uniquely concerned with the study of the law. The two figures had identical territorial goals; Josiah died in 609 BCE while attempting to annex

1640-483: Is more likely to translate as "circle of standing stones". The conquest begins with the battle of Jericho , followed by Ai (central Canaan), after which Joshua builds an altar to Yahweh at Mount Ebal in northern Canaan and renews the Covenant in a ceremony with elements of a divine land-grant ceremony, similar to ceremonies known from Mesopotamia . The narrative then switches to the south. The Gibeonites trick

1722-419: Is not new; Jonathan Boyarin notes how Frederick W. Turner blamed Israel's monotheism for the very idea of genocide, which Boyarin found "simplistic" yet with precedents. In her tenure as Minister of Education , Israeli leftist politician Shulamit Aloni often complained about the centrality of the book of Joshua in the curricula, as opposed to the secondaryness of humane and universal principles found in

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1804-558: Is seen in his speeches to the Israelite commanders and to the Transjordanian tribes, and the Transjordanians' affirmation of Joshua's leadership echoes Yahweh 's assurances of victory. Rahab , a Canaanite woman of the Bible , sets in motion the entrance into Canaan by the Israelites. To avoid repeating failed attempts by Moses to have notable men of Israel predict the success rate of entry into Canaan mentioned in

1886-775: Is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament , and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history , the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile . It tells of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan, the destruction of their enemies, and the division of the land among the Twelve Tribes , framed by two set-piece speeches,

1968-579: The Book of Judges , the Books of Samuel , and the Books of Kings , the Israelites become faithless and God ultimately shows his anger by sending his people into exile. But in Joshua Israel is obedient, Joshua is faithful, and God fulfills his promise and gives them the land as a result. Yahweh's war campaign in Canaan validates Israel's entitlement to the land and provides a paradigm of how Israel

2050-460: The Books of the Prophets . Her attempt to change the Bible study program was unsuccessful. Suffragan A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations . In the Catholic Church , a suffragan bishop leads a diocese within an ecclesiastical province other than the principal diocese, the metropolitan archdiocese ; the diocese led by the suffragan is called

2132-559: The Church of England who have oversight of parishes and clergy that reject the ministry of priests who are women, usually across a whole province, are known as provincial episcopal visitors (PEVs) (or "flying bishops"). This concession was made in 1992 following the General Synod's vote to ordain women to the priesthood. The first PEV was John Gaisford , bishop of Beverley , who was consecrated on 7 March 1994. An early example of

2214-586: The First Jewish-Roman War the Roman general Placidus captured it in 68, and the town was used to resettle deserters who had joined the Roman ranks. After the revolt was quelled, the area was returned to Agrippa . He died without heir, and his territories were annexed to Judaea province. In later reorganizations of Roman provinces , it was included in Syria Palaestina (135), Palaestina (286) and Palaestina Prima (425), never gaining

2296-631: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , who replaced Yadin as the supervisor of excavations at Hazor in 1990, believed that recently unearthed evidence of violent destruction by burning verifies the Biblical account of the city's conquest by the Israelites. In 2012, a team led by Ben-Tor and Sharon Zuckerman discovered a scorched palace from the 13th century BC in whose storerooms they found 3,400-year-old ewers holding burned crops. Sharon Zuckerman did not agree with Ben-Tor's theory, and claimed that

2378-492: The book of Numbers , Joshua tasks two regular men with entering Jericho as spies. They arrive at Rahab's house and spend the night. The king of Jericho, having heard of possible Israelite spies, demands that Rahab reveal the men. She tells him that she is unaware of their whereabouts, when in reality, she hid them on her roof under flax. The next morning, Rahab professes her faith in God to the men and acknowledges her belief that Canaan

2460-401: The metropolitan bishop commissions a suffragan/assistant (usually the full-time bishop senior by consecration) who becomes the episcopal commissary , but may be referred to by any number of phrases (since the commission is held from the metropolitan archbishop, she may be called archbishop's commissary ; the most usual current term in the Church of England being Acting Bishop of Somewhere). In

2542-533: The return of Judean exiles in Ezra-Nehemiah but compared to the former, the Judeans merely refrained from intermarrying the "Canaanites". These "Canaanites" were most likely non-exiled Judeans, who were contaminated with "foreign influence". Obedience versus disobedience is a constant theme of the work. Obedience ties in the Jordan crossing, the defeat of Jericho and Ai , circumcision and Passover, and

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2624-407: The "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city of Ai , an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE. Some alternate sites for Ai, such as Khirbet el-Maqatir or Khirbet Nisya, have been proposed which would partially resolve

2706-515: The 26 so named. The appointment of bishops suffragan became much more common thereafter. Some Church of England suffragan bishops are legally delegated responsibility by the diocesan bishop for a specific geographical area within the diocese. Such formal arrangements were piloted by the experimental London scheme in 1970. For example, the Bishop of Colchester is an area bishop in the Diocese of Chelmsford . Such area schemes are presently found in

2788-476: The 6th century BCE. The prevailing scholarly view is that Joshua is not a factual account of historical events. The apparent setting of Joshua in the 13th century BCE corroborates with the Bronze Age Collapse , which was indeed a time of widespread city-destruction. However, with a few exceptions ( Hazor , Lachish ), the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and

2870-524: The Anglican Church of Australia, someone (not always a bishop) acting as diocesan bishop is the administrator of the diocese and a bishop so commissioned is called the bishop administrator. In 2013, between the retirement of Nigel McCulloch and the confirmation of David Walker as bishop of Manchester , both of that diocese's suffragan bishops ( Chris Edmondson , bishop of Bolton , and Mark Davies , bishop of Middleton , who were consecrated on

2952-679: The Anglican Communion are nearly identical in their role to auxiliary bishops in the Roman Catholic Church. English diocesan bishops were commonly assisted by bishops who had been consecrated to sees which were in partibus infidelium (titular sees that had in most cases been conquered by Muslims) before the English Reformation . The separation of the English Church from Rome meant that this

3034-671: The Israelites into entering an alliance with them by saying that they are not Canaanites . Despite this, the Israelites decide to keep the alliance by enslaving them instead. An alliance of Amorite kingdoms headed by the Canaanite king of Jerusalem attacks the Gibeonites but they are defeated with Yahweh 's miraculous help of stopping the Sun and the Moon , and hurling down large hailstones (Joshua 10:10–14). The enemy kings were eventually hanged on trees. The Deuteronomist author may have used

3116-592: The Jerusalem Bible as "Two Additions"): There were no Levitical cities given to the descendants of Aaron in Ephraim, so theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch supposed the land may have been at Geba in the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin : "the situation, 'upon the mountains of Ephraim', is not at variance with this view, as these mountains extended, according to Judges 4:5, etc., far into

3198-490: The Jordan is unclean and that the tribes who live there have secondary status. Land is the central topic of Joshua. The introduction to Deuteronomy recalled how Yahweh had given the land to the Israelites but then withdrew the gift when Israel showed fear and only Joshua and Caleb had trusted in God. The land is Yahweh's to give or to withhold, and the fact that he has promised it to Israel gives Israel an inalienable right to take it. For exilic and post-exilic readers,

3280-404: The Jordan to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh , and then describes how Joshua divided the newly conquered land of Canaan into parcels, and assigned them to the tribes by lot . Joshua 14:1 also makes reference to the role of Eleazar the priest (ahead of Joshua) in the distribution process. The description serves a theological function to show how the promise of

3362-579: The Lord who had delivered them from Egypt , or the gods which their ancestors had served on the other side of the Euphrates, or the gods of the Amorites in whose land they now lived. The people chose to serve the Lord, a decision which Joshua recorded in the Book of the Law of God. He then erected a memorial stone "under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the Lord" in Shechem. The oak is associated with

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3444-575: The Oak of Moreh where Abram had set up camp during his travels in this area. Thus "Joshua made a covenant with the people", literally "cut a covenant", a phrase common to the Hebrew , Greek , and Latin languages. It derives from the custom of sacrifice , in which the victims were cut in pieces and offered to the deity invoked in ratification of the engagement. The people then returned to their inheritance, i.e., their allocated lands. The Book of Joshua closes with three concluding items (referred to in

3526-570: The Zionist idea, and with the need to redefine its identity. David Ben-Gurion saw in the war narrative of Joshua an ideal basis for a unifying national myth for the State of Israel, framed against a common enemy, the Arabs . He met with politicians and scholars such as Biblical scholar Shemaryahu Talmon to discuss Joshua's supposed conquests and later published a book of the meeting transcripts; in

3608-402: The book, takes the initiative in conquering the land, and Yahweh's power wins the battles. For example, the walls of Jericho fall because Yahweh fights for Israel, not because the Israelites show superior fighting ability. The potential disunity of Israel is a constant theme, the greatest threat of disunity coming from the tribes east of the Jordan. Chapter 22:19 even hints that the land across

3690-504: The burning was the result of the city's numerous factions opposing each other with excessive force. In her commentary for the Westminster Bible Companion series, Carolyn Pressler suggested that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ("what passages teach about God") and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. Richard Nelson explained that

3772-508: The correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence"). He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor by Yigael Yadin . Archaeologist Amnon Ben-Tor of

3854-654: The dioceses of: Area schemes have previously existed in Worcester diocese (1993–2002; Worcester (overseen by the diocesan), Dudley), Salisbury diocese (1981–2009; Ramsbury, Sherborne), Lincoln diocese (2010 – 31 January 2013; Grantham, Grimsby) and Chichester diocese (1984–2013; Chichester (overseen by the diocesan), Lewes, Horsham). Other suffragans have or have had informal responsibility for geographical areas (e.g. in Winchester , Peterborough , and York), but these are not referred to as area bishops . Only

3936-582: The discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted. In 1951, Kathleen Kenyon showed that Jericho was from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2100–1550 BCE), not the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1200 BCE). Kenyon argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement. In 1955, G. Ernest Wright discussed

4018-492: The faithful outside of his own diocese. However he is competent to conduct pastoral visits and he can perform sacred functions, as if he were a bishop in his own diocese in all churches of the Metropolitan province, but he is first to inform the diocesan bishop if the church is the cathedral. Bishops who assist diocesan bishops are usually called auxiliary bishops . If the assisting bishop has special faculties (typically

4100-400: The first by God commanding the conquest of the land, and, at the end, the second by Joshua warning of the need for faithful observance of the Law ( torah ) revealed to Moses . The strong consensus among scholars is that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel and most likely reflects a much later period. The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2–11,

4182-753: The former Israel to his own kingdom of Judah. Some of the parallels with Moses can be seen in the following, and not exhaustive, list: The Book of Joshua deals with the conquest of the Land of Israel and its settlement, which are politically charged issues in Israeli society . In her article "The Rise and Fall of the Book of Joshua in Public Education in the Light of Ideological Changes in Israeli Society," Israeli biblical scholar Leah Mazor analyzes

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4264-506: The fulfilment of God's promise of land, rest and supremacy over the enemies of the Israelites was complete. The tribes to whom Moses had granted land east of the Jordan are authorized to return home to Gilead (here used in the widest sense for the whole Transjordan district), having faithfully 'kept the charge' of supporting the tribes occupying Canaan. They are granted "riches... with very much livestock, with silver , with gold , with bronze , with iron , and with very much clothing" as

4346-606: The geographically large dioceses. Suffragan bishops are fairly common in larger dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA), but usually have no responsibility for a specific geographical part of a diocese. ECUSA is not within the jurisdiction of the English law that requires diocesan and suffragan bishops to be appointed as bishop to a specific place, and so suffragans are not given

4428-429: The history of the book and reveals a complex system of references to it expressed in a wide range of responses, often extreme, moving from narrow-minded admiration, through embarrassment and thunderous silence to a bitter and poignant critique. The changes in the status of the Book of Joshua, she shows, are the manifestations of the ongoing dialogue that Israeli society has with its cultural heritage, with its history, with

4510-401: The land was realized in the biblical narrative; its origins are unclear, but the descriptions may reflect geographical relations among the places named. The wording of Joshua 18:1–4 suggests that the tribes of Reuben, Gad, Judah , Ephraim and Manasseh received their land allocation some time before the "remaining seven tribes", and a 21-member expedition set out to survey the remainder of

4592-498: The land among the tribes (13:1–22:34) IV. Conclusion (23:1–24:33) Chapter 1 commences "after the death of Moses " and presents the first of three important moments in Joshua marked with major speeches and reflections by the main characters; here first God , and then Joshua , make speeches about the goal of conquest of the Promised Land ; in chapter 12, the narrator looks back on the conquest; and in chapter 23 Joshua gives

4674-437: The land was both the sign of Yahweh's faithfulness and Israel's unfaithfulness, as well as the centre of their ethnic identity. In Deuteronomistic theology, "rest" meant Israel's unthreatened possession of the land, the achievement of which began with the conquests of Joshua. Joshua "carries out a systematic campaign against the civilians of Canaan – men, women and children – that amounts to genocide ." This practice

4756-533: The land with a view to organising the allocation to the tribes of Simeon , Benjamin , Asher , Naphtali , Zebulun , Issachar and Dan . Subsequently, 48 cities with their surrounding lands were allocated to the Tribe of Levi . Omitted in the Masoretic Text , but present in the Septuagint , is a statement that: Joshua completed the division of the land in its boundaries, and the children gave

4838-573: The narrative now turns to the second: to "put the people in possession of the land." Joshua is "old, advanced (or stricken) in years" by this time. This land distribution is a "covenantal land grant": Yahweh , as king, is issuing each tribe its territory. The " Cities of Refuge " and Levitical cities are attached to the end, since it is necessary for the tribes to receive their grants before they allocate parts of it to others. The Transjordanian tribes are dismissed, affirming their loyalty to Yahweh. The book reaffirms Moses' allocation of land east of

4920-645: The needs of the centralised monarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of an exodus from Egypt , belief in a national god as "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities, social stratification and ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes. Fragments of Joshua dating to the Hasmonean period were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (4QJosh and 4QJosh , found in Qumran Cave 4 ). The Septuagint (Greek translation)

5002-524: The ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time. The archaeological evidence shows that Jericho and Ai were not occupied in the Near Eastern Late Bronze Age . Ai was first excavated by Judith Marquet-Krause . According to Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible , the story of the conquest represents the nationalist propaganda of the 8th century BCE kings of Judah and their claims to

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5084-556: The plain beyond Jordan, about twelve miles from Jericho . In 2011 Graves and Stripling proposed that, while Tell er-Rameh was the commercial and residential center of Livias, the area around Tell el-Hammam , which grew in the Early Roman period, was the administrative epicenter of the city. This suggestion is based on the evidence from Tell el-Hammam excavations: a large Roman bath complex ( thermae , 35x50m), several hot springs, aqueduct, Roman coins, Roman glass, Roman pottery, and

5166-808: The public display and reading of the Law. Disobedience appears in the story of Achan ( stoned for violating the herem command), the Gibeonites , and the altar built by the Transjordan tribes. Joshua's two final addresses challenge the Israel of the future (the readers of the story) to obey the most important command of all, to worship Yahweh and no other gods. Joshua thus illustrates the central Deuteronomistic message, that obedience leads to success and disobedience to ruin. The Deuteronomistic history draws parallels in proper leadership between Moses , Joshua and Josiah . God's commission to Joshua in chapter 1

5248-501: The right hand or to the left" (i.e. by adding to the law, or diminishing from it). Joshua meets again with all the people at Shechem in chapter 24 and addresses them a second time. He recounts the history of God's formation of the Israelite nation, beginning with " Terah , the father of Abraham and Nahor , [who] lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods." He invited the Israelites to choose between serving

5330-474: The right to succeed the diocesan bishop) he would be called a coadjutor bishop . Since they are not in charge of a suffragan diocese, they are not referred to as "suffragan bishops". In the Anglican churches, the term applies to a bishop who is assigned responsibilities to support a diocesan bishop . For example, the bishop of Jarrow is a suffragan to the diocesan bishop of Durham . Suffragan bishops in

5412-448: The same day, therefore neither had seniority) served as acting bishop co-equally. In 2014–2015, during the vacancy between the episcopates of Paul Butler and Paul Williams , the diocese's sole suffragan bishop, Tony Porter , bishop of Sherwood , became acting bishop of Southwell and Nottingham ; however, when he resigned the commission due to ill health, Richard Inwood (retired bishop of Bedford and an honorary assistant bishop of

5494-487: The small dioceses of Portsmouth and of Sodor and Man do not have a suffragan bishop. Until 2016/2017, the dioceses of Newcastle and of Leicester each had a stipendiary assistant bishop instead of suffragans, but these have since been replaced with suffragan bishops. The Diocese of Truro has had at some periods an assistant bishop; these have included John Wellington (formerly bishop of Shantung ) and Bill Lash , both retired from sees abroad. Suffragan bishops in

5576-589: The story of the conquest; these chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua likely written late in the reign of king Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE), but the book was not completed until after the fall of Jerusalem to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and possibly not until after the return from the Babylonian exile in 539 BCE. Many scholars interpret the book of Joshua as referring to what would now be considered genocide. I. Transfer of leadership to Joshua (1:1–18) II. Entrance into and conquest of Canaan (2:1–12:24) III. Division of

5658-400: The territory of Benjamin". In some manuscripts and editions of the Septuagint , there is an additional verse relating to the apostasy of the Israelites after Joshua's death. The Book of Joshua is an anonymous work . The Babylonian Talmud , written in the 3rd to 5th centuries CE, attributed it to Joshua himself, but this idea was rejected as untenable by John Calvin (1509– 64 ), and by

5740-412: The territory of the Kingdom of Israel ; incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of king Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE). The Book of Joshua was probably revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 BCE. In the 1930s Martin Noth made a sweeping criticism of

5822-424: The then-recent 701 BCE campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in the Kingdom of Judah as his model; the hanging of the captured kings is in accordance with Assyrian practice of the 8th century BCE. With the south conquered the narrative moves to the northern campaign. A powerful multi-national (or more accurately, multi-ethnic) coalition headed by the king of Hazor , the most important northern city,

5904-415: The time of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted. There is now general agreement that it was composed as part of a larger work, the Deuteronomistic history , stretching from the Book of Deuteronomy to the Books of Kings , composed first at the court of king Josiah in the late 7th century BCE, and extensively revised in

5986-408: The title of any particular city within the diocese. For example, Bishop Barbara Harris was titled simply “Suffragan Bishop of Massachusetts ”. Coadjutor and assistant bishops are different episcopal offices than suffragan . A coadjutor is elected by a diocesan convention to become the diocesan bishop (also called "the ordinary") upon the ordinary's retirement. A suffragan is also elected by

6068-406: The usefulness of the Book of Joshua for history. Noth was a student of Albrecht Alt , who emphasized form criticism (whose pioneer had been Hermann Gunkel in the 19th century) and the importance of etiology . Alt and Noth posited a peaceful movement of the Israelites into various areas of Canaan, in contradiction to the Biblical account. American archaeologist William F. Albright questioned

6150-424: The vanquished kings on both sides of the Jordan River : the two kings who ruled east of the Jordan who were defeated under Moses' leadership (Joshua 12:1–6; cf. Numbers 21), and the 31 kings on the west of the Jordan who were defeated under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 12:7–24). The list of the 31 kings is quasi-tabular: Having described how the Israelites and Joshua have carried out the first of their God's commands,

6232-482: Was John Sterne , bishop of Colchester , who died in post in 1607/8. No more suffragans were appointed for more than 250 years, until the consecration of Henry Mackenzie as bishop of Nottingham on 2 February 1870. At that point, the sees of suffragans were still limited to the 26 towns named in the 1534 Act; the Suffragans Nomination Act 1888 allowed the creation of new suffragan sees besides

6314-515: Was divinely reserved for the Israelites from the beginning. Because of Rahab's actions, the Israelites are able to enter Canaan. The Israelites cross the Jordan River through a miraculous intervention of God with the Ark of the Covenant and are circumcised at Gibeath-Haaraloth (translated as hill of foreskins ), renamed Gilgal in memory. Gilgal sounds like Gallothi , "I have removed", but

6396-481: Was fundamentally a religious conflict," writing further for the need to understand what the reports teach "so that they make some sense to us in the whole." Miller writes further that the "Deuteronomistic history in Joshua through Second Kings is a story of constant or recurring apostasy" and that for the Israelites, maintaining their allegiance with Yahweh "required, in their sight, removal of all temptation." Nissim Amzallag sees similarities between Joshua's conquest and

6478-608: Was known as herem , as described in Deuteronomy 20:17, which entailed no treaties with the enemy, no mercy , and no intermarriage . "The extermination of the nations glorifies Yahweh as a warrior and promotes Israel's claim to the land," while their continued survival "explores the themes of disobedience and penalty and looks forward to the story told in Judges and Kings." The divine call for massacre at Jericho and elsewhere can be explained in terms of cultural norms (Israel

6560-449: Was no longer possible. The Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 allowed for the creation of new sees to allow these assistant bishops, who were named as suffragan. Before then, the term suffragan referred to diocesan bishops in relation to their metropolitan. The first bishops consecrated under that Act were Thomas Manning , bishop of Ipswich , and John Salisbury , bishop of Thetford , on 19 March 1536. The last Tudor suffragan bishop in post

6642-486: Was not the only Iron Age state to practice herem ) and theology (e.g. to ensure Israel's purity, fulfill God's promise, judge the Canaanites for their "sexual misconduct"). Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy, writes that "there is no real way to make such reports palatable to the hearts and minds of contemporary readers and believers," and that the "tension between the Israelites and its neighbors

6724-402: Was to live there: twelve tribes, with a designated leader, united by covenant in warfare and in worship of Yahweh alone at a single sanctuary, all in obedience to the commands of Moses as found in the Book of Deuteronomy . The Book of Joshua takes forward Deuteronomy's theme of Israel as a single people worshipping Yahweh in the land God has given them. Yahweh, as the main character in

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