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54-686: The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia ( dominum directum to the king of Denmark ); the Archbishopric of Riga ; the Bishopric of Courland ; the Bishopric of Dorpat ; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek ; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword . After the 1236 Battle of Saule ,

108-479: A free imperial city and the rest of the territory was split between two Polish-Lithuanian vassal states : the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Polish vassal) and the Duchy of Livonia (Lithuanian vassal). According to Henry of Livonia , Bishop Albert of Riga emphasized to Pope Innocent III the importance of his see as a crusading venue and its association with Mary , the Mother of Jesus when reporting to

162-480: A medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania . They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the ethnogenesis of present-day Latvians and Lithuanians . Curonians gave their name to the region of Courland ( Kurzeme ), Kuršėnai town, Curonian spit and many other localities. They spoke

216-565: A Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia. The Livonian Order was dissolved by the Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. The following year, the Livonian Diet decided to ask protection from Sigismund II Augustus (King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania ). With the end of government by the last Archbishop of Riga, William of Brandenburg , Riga became

270-466: A legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and Kvens (Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden: Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there. Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the Battle of Brávellir . Grobin (Grobiņa) was the main centre of

324-672: A new ethnic group, the so-called Curonised Livonians. The Curonians tightly resisted to the Livonian Crusade for a long time, contrary to the Latgallians who accepted Christianity with a light opposition. There are many sources that mention the Curonians in the 13th century when they were involved in the Northern Crusades . In 1210, the Curonians, with eight ships, were attacked by a German crusader fleet on

378-550: A peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as Vredecuronia or Peace Courland . The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders. The Curonians did not lay down their arms at that time. They used the famine as a pretext for claiming economical weakness and actually did not permit the monks to enter the country. Later, the Teutonic Order tried to use Curonian cavalry in

432-459: A separate segment of an army. A heavily armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield and a wide blade axe. Heavily armed troops would make a cavalry platoon. It is still not known what type of ships Curonians used: there are only guesses that it was similar to drakar . During the late Iron Age , the Curonians started to move from southern Courland to the north, assimilating a Finnic people who lived in northern Courland. They then formed

486-711: Is the apostolic nuncio , whose task it is to strengthen relations between the Holy See and the Catholic Church in a particular country and at the same time to act as the diplomatic representative of the Holy See to the government of that country. An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary , although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs

540-530: The Dictatus papae , a papal legate "presides over all bishops in a council, even if he is inferior in rank, and he can pronounce sentence of deposition against them". During the Middle Ages , a legatine council was the usual means that a papal legate imposed his directives. There are several ranks of papal legates in diplomacy, some of which are no longer used. The most common form of papal legate today

594-791: The Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the State of the Teutonic Order fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence. In 1561, during the Livonian War , Terra Mariana ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to the King of Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia , its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  – and thus eventually of

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648-473: The Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence, as it did not participate in the battle and suffered no casualties, having obtained a truce with Grand Duke Vytautas . In 1418, Pope Martin V nominated Johannes Ambundii to the position of Archbishop of Riga . He became known as the organizer of the Livonian confederation. Conflict commonly occurred between

702-532: The Cathars . The term legation is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective is legatine . In the High Middle Ages , papal legates were often used to strengthen the links between Rome and the many parts of Christendom . More often than not, legates were learned men and skilled diplomats who were not from

756-651: The Curonian language . The ethnic origin of the Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic group. Others hold that the Curonians were related to Old Prussians who belonged in the western Baltic group. The historical Curonians were described in contemporary sources as warriors, sailors and pirates. They are on the record having been involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish and Icelandic Vikings . In c.  750 , according to Norna-Gests þáttr saga from c.  1157 , Sigurd Ring ,

810-717: The Duchy of Estonia from Christopher II , the Livonian Order controlled about 67,000 square kilometers of the Old Livonia and the Church about 41,000 km (16,000 sq mi). The lands of the Order were divided into about 40 districts governed by a Vogt . The largest ecclesiastical state was the Archbishopric of Riga (18,000 km, 6,900 sq mi) followed by the Bishopric of Courland (4,500 km, 1,700 sq mi), Bishopric of Dorpat , and Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek . The nominal head of Terra Mariana as well as

864-585: The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215: "Sicut", inquit, "pater sancte, terram sanctam Ierosolimitanum, que est terra filii, sanctitatis tue studio fovere non desinis, sic Lyvoniam, que est terra matris, [...] derelinquere non debes." "Holy Father", he said, "as you have not ceased to cherish the Holy Land of Jerusalem, the country of the Son, [...] so also you ought not to abandon Livonia, the land of

918-700: The Livonian crusade , Curonians formed an alliance with the Semigallians , resulting in a joint attack against Riga in 1228. In the same time, according to the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle , Curonians and Samogitians were known as "bad neighbours". In the middle of the 13th century, the Curonian army included lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives and axes, formed into an infantry platoon. Archers constituted

972-878: The Papal States in (mostly central) Italy were governed by a papal legate. This has been the case in Benevento , in Pontecorvo (of Campagna e Marittima/of Frosinone) and in Viterbo . In four cases, including Bologna , this post was awarded exclusively to cardinals ; the Velletri post was created for Bartolomeo Pacca . The title could be changed to Apostolic Delegate , as happened in Frosinone (for Pontecorvo) in 1827. Curonians The Curonians or Kurs ( Latvian : kurši ; Lithuanian : kuršiai ) were

1026-574: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia . The island of Saaremaa became part of Denmark . Since the beginning of the 20th century Terra Mariana ( Estonian : Maarjamaa ) has been used as a poetic name or sobriquet for Estonia. In 1995 the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , a state decoration , was instituted to honor

1080-547: The Prussian Crusade , but Curonians were reluctant in this forced cooperation and revolted as a result in several cases. In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the Battle of Durbe , one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century. They were forced to fight on the crusader side. When the battle started, the Curonians abandoned the knights because the knights did not agree to free any Curonians captured from

1134-401: The deanship of that country's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority. Pro-nuncio was a term used from 1965 to 1991 for a papal diplomatic representative of full ambassadorial rank accredited to a country that did not accord him precedence over other ambassadors and ex officio deanship of the diplomatic corps. In those countries, the papal representative's precedence within

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1188-631: The (pope's) side", i.e. "intimately" trusted) is normally awarded to a priest of cardinal rank . It is an exceptional investiture and can either be focused or broad in scope. The legate a latere is the alter ego of the Pope, and as such, possesses full plenipotentiary powers. Literally "born legate", i.e. not nominated individually but ex officio , namely a bishop holding this rank as a privilege of his see, e.g. archbishops of Canterbury (pre- Reformation ), Prague , Esztergom , Udine , Salzburg , Gniezno and Cologne . The legatus natus would act as

1242-636: The Baltic Sea, near the coast of Gotland . The Curonians were victorious and German sources claim that 30 crusaders were killed. Also in July 1210, the Curonians attacked Riga , the main crusader stronghold in Livonia . A huge Curonian fleet arrived in the mouth of the Daugava and besieged the city. However, after a day of fighting, the Curonians were unable to break through the city walls. They crossed to

1296-623: The Curonians are Rimbert's Vita Ansgarii , the Livonian Chronicle of Henry , the Livländische Reimchronik , Egils Saga , and Saxo Grammaticus 's Gesta Danorum . In c.  1075 Adam of Bremen described the Curonians in his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum ( Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church ) as world-famous pagan diviners: ... gold is very plentiful there, the horses are of

1350-691: The Curonians during the Vendel Age . Chapter 46 of Egils Saga describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and Egill Skallagrímsson in Courland. Curonians established temporary settlements near Riga and in overseas regions including eastern Sweden and the islands of Gotland and Bornholm . Rimbert in his Vita Ansgari described early conflicts between the Curonians and vikings . In 854, Curonians rebelled and refused to pay tribute to Sweden. The rebellious Apuolė fortress

1404-411: The Curonians paid a silver ransom for each man in the fortress, pledged their loyalty to Sweden, and gave 30 hostages to guarantee future payments. The Curonians had a strong warrior culture and are considered to be eastern Baltic by some researchers, while others believe they were related to Old Prussians who belonged in the western Baltic group. Some of the most important written sources about

1458-469: The Franks and Charlemagne. However, this crusade was not officially announced until 1197 or 1198, but the first account of this crusade is in a letter by Pope Innocent III . At the start of the 13th century, German crusaders from Gotland and the northern Holy Roman Empire conquered the Livonian and Latgallian lands along the Daugava and Gauja rivers. The stronghold of Riga (capital of modern Latvia)

1512-513: The Latvian side during the Livonian War , the descendants of the Curonian nobility , although downgraded to peasant status, fought the Russians, as Johann Renner's chronicle reports: The Russians protected themselves boldly, and they knocked out a Curonian peasant Fenrich (who, although only a peasant, is called by them the Curonian king) from his horse. The Curonian language became extinct by

1566-530: The Livonian Order's defeat in the Battle of Wiłkomierz , claiming the lives of the Master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its Livonian neighbours. The Livonian confederation agreement ( eiine fruntliche eyntracht ) was signed in Walk on 4 December 1435, by the archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and vassals, and

1620-558: The Mother [...] "Terra Mariana" appears as an achievement in the historical strategy video game Europa Universalis IV . Papal legate A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus ) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church , or representatives of the state or monarchy. He is empowered on matters of Catholic faith and for

1674-457: The North. The last to be subjugated and Christianised were Oeselians , Curonians and Semigallians . This crusade differed from many other crusades because, in this case, the Pope allowed people intending to go on a crusade to the Holy Land to go instead to crusade in Livonia. Members of this crusade were made to wear the insignia of the cross as well, which showed that they were legally bound to

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1728-457: The Order, the bishops, and the powerful Hanseatic cities throughout the existence of medieval Livonia. To solve internal disputes, the Livonian Diet or Landtag gathered in 1419 at the initiative of Archbishop Ambundii. The city of Walk was chosen as the site of the Diet. The Diet comprised members of the Livonian Order, Livonian Bishops, vassals and city representatives. On 1 September 1435

1782-453: The Pope's representative in his province, with a legatus a latere only being sent in extraordinary circumstances. Although limited in their jurisdiction compared to legati a latere , a legatus natus was not subordinate to them. Literally "sent legate", possessing limited powers for the purpose of completing a specific mission. This commission is normally focused in scope and of short duration. Some administrative (temporal) provinces of

1836-673: The Samogitian camp. Peter von Dusburg alleged that the Curonians even attacked the Knights from the rear. The Estonians and other local people soon followed the Curonians and abandoned the Knights and that allowed the Samogitians to gain victory over the Livonian Order . It was a heavy defeat for the Order and uprisings against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and Prussian lands. Curonian resistance

1890-570: The beginning of the 14th century Denmark was no longer a powerful state and the local German nobility had effectively become the rulers of the territory. After the Estonians of Harju started a rebellion in 1343 ( St. George's Night Uprising ) the Teutonic order occupied the territories. The overthrow of Danish rule came two days after the Order had defeated the Estonian revolt. The Danish viceroy

1944-441: The best. All the houses are full of pagan soothsayers, diviners, and necromancers, who are even arrayed in a monastic habit. Oracular responses are sought there from all parts of the world, especially by Spaniards and Greeks. It was common for the Curonians to carry out joint raids and campaigns together with Estonians ( Oeselians ). According to some opinions, they took part in attacking Sweden's main city Sigtuna in 1187. During

1998-514: The city of Riga was the Archbishop of Riga as the apex of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In 1240, Valdemar II created the Bishopric of Reval in the Duchy of Estonia by reserving (contrary to canon law) the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successor kings of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate to the See of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and

2052-402: The corps is exactly on a par with that of the other members of ambassadorial rank, so that he becomes dean only on becoming the senior member of the corps. For countries with which the Holy See has no diplomatic relations, an apostolic delegate is sent to serve as a liaison with the Catholic Church in that country, though not accredited to its government. This highest rank (literally "from

2106-603: The country they were accredited to. For example, the Italian-born Guala Bicchieri served as papal legate to England in the early 13th century and played a major role in both the English government and church at the time. By the Late Middle Ages it had become more common to appoint native clerics to the position of legate within their own country, such as Cardinal Wolsey acting as legate to

2160-510: The court of Henry VIII of England . The reason for this switch in policy could be attributed to a change in attitude on the eve of the Reformation ; by this point, foreign men representing the papacy would be more likely to reinforce dissent than bring Christendom closer together. Papal legates often summoned legatine councils , which dealt with church government and other ecclesiastical issues. According to Pope Gregory VII , writing in

2214-509: The crusade. After the success of the crusade, the German- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into feudal principalities by William of Modena. This division of medieval Livonia was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword , both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued

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2268-590: The deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils. The states of the Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War of 1558–1582. In 1559, the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek and Courland Johannes V von Münchhausen (1542–1560) sold his lands to King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers . The Danish king gave the territory to his younger brother Duke Magnus of Holstein who in 1560 landed with an army on Ösel . In 1561,

2322-537: The independence of Estonia. Terra Mariana ( Latvian : Māras zeme) is also used as a poetic name for Latgale region. The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were the last part of Europe to be Christianized by the Roman Catholic Church . In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for a crusade against the pagans in Northern Europe . This crusade is often compared to the crusade of

2376-655: The order, the secular nobles of German descent who ruled the fiefs and the citizens of the Hanseatic town of Riga. Two major civil wars were fought in 1296–1330, 1313–1330, and in 1343–1345 the Estonian revolt resulted in the annexation of the Danish Duchy of Estonia within the Teutonic Ordensstaat. The most important ally of the Livonian Order was the German nobility in the Danish Duchy of Estonia. In

2430-592: The other bank of the Daugava to burn their dead and mourn for three days. Later they lifted the siege and returned to Courland. In 1228, the Curonians together with the Semigallians again attacked Riga. Although they were again unsuccessful in storming the city, they destroyed a monastery in Daugavgriva and killed all the monks there. In 1230, the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler ( rex ) Lammekinus  [ lv ; lt ] , signed

2484-401: The same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , to which the Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant

2538-465: The settlement of ecclesiastical matters. The legate is appointed directly by the Pope—the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate is usually sent to a government, a sovereign or to a large body of believers (such as a national church) or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an ecumenical council , a crusade to the Holy Land, or even against a heresy such as

2592-461: The surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as the Livonian Order . In 1346 the Livonian Order bought the Duchy of Estonia from Denmark. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval . Following its defeat in

2646-410: The territories of several indigenous tribes : Finnic -speaking Estonians and Livs , and Baltic -speaking Latgalians , Selonians , Semigallians and Curonians . Medieval Livonia was intermittently ruled first by the Brothers of the Sword, since 1237 by the semi-autonomous branch of Teutonic knights called Livonian Order and the Roman Catholic Church . By the mid 14th century, after buying

2700-406: Was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During this era, the election of bishops was never established in Reval, and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to the Teutonic Order in 1346. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle for superiority in the rule over the lands by the Church,

2754-402: Was established in 1201, and in 1202 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword was formed. In 1218 Pope Honorius III gave Valdemar II of Denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Additionally Albert of Riga , leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King Philip of Swabia and asked permission to attack the Estonians from

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2808-497: Was finally subdued in 1266 when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga . Southern Curonians from Megowa, Pilsaten and Ceclis lands gradually assimilated and ceased to be known as a distinct ethnos by the 16th century. An intense period of Samogitian-Curonian bilingualism is posited because a Curonian linguistic substratum is evident in the Northern Samogitian dialect , an important part of Samogitian ethnic self-identification. On

2862-427: Was first attacked by the Danes, who were hoping to make the town pay tribute to Denmark. The locals were victorious and gained much war loot. After learning of Danish failure, King Olof of Sweden organized a large expedition into Curonian lands. Olof first attacked, captured, and burned Grobiņa before besieging Apuolė. According to Rimbert, 15,000 locals defended themselves for eight days but then agreed to surrender:

2916-515: Was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro-German vassals. The castles in Reval and Wesenberg were handed over to the Order by the German nobility party on 16 May 1343 and the castle at Narva in 1345. In 1346, the Estonian territories (Harria and Vironia) were sold by the king of Denmark for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order . The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346. The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in

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