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26-725: Livonian Chronicle may refer to one of the following chronicles: Livonian Rhymed Chronicle in poetic Middle High German By anonymous (1180–1290) By Bartholomäus Hoeneke (1340s) Livonian Chronicle of Henry ( Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae 1220s) in prose Latin Chronicon Livoniale by Hermann von Wartberge (up to 1378) in prose Latin By Hermann Helewegh (15th century) By Balthasar Russow (1578) By Johann Renner (1582) By Franz Nyenstede (1609) [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with

52-520: A Tischbuch (a document read to the members of the order during mealtimes). However, it has more recently been suggested that whilst the chronicle would have indeed been read aloud to an audience, this would not have occurred at mealtimes. Historian Alan V. Murray notes that the Order's own regulations stated that during mealtimes the knights were to be read sections of the Bible or the word of God, and that

78-626: A Middle High German verse history which describes the conquest of the eastern Baltic lands by German crusaders, notably the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights , and the Sword Brethren . Its primary function was to inspire the knights and legitimise the northern Crusades . As such, it is infused with elements of romance and exaggerated for the purpose of drama. The Rhymed Chronicle was previously believed to have been

104-510: A general assembly, which selected a grand master and other officials. The grandmaster served for life in the order. He chose a council and a military chief for each district castle, where the order's knights were living. Wenno von Rohrbach was the first master of the order (1204–1209), followed by Volkwin Schenk von Winterstein, who died in the Battle of Schaulen in 1236. In the beginning,

130-649: A short time. As rewards for secular knights in the Baltic area were not enough to ensure their long-term stance, Albert founded the Brotherhood in 1202 to aid the Bishopric of Livonia in the conversion of the pagan Livonians , Latgalians and Selonians living across the ancient trade routes from the Gulf of Riga eastwards. The Brotherhood had its headquarters at Fellin (Viljandi) in present-day Estonia , where

156-526: A siege, they took Fellin and negotiated a settlement with the condition that pagans accept baptism. The following year the order destroyed the Saccalian resistance in a battle where 2,000 Saccalians fell. Between 1211 and 1212, the Swordbrothers realised that winter was the best season for warfare due to frozen swamps, weak undergrowth, and difficulty of their enemies to cover their tracks. Also,

182-467: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Livonian Rhymed Chronicle The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle ( German : Livländische Reimchronik ) is a chronicle written in Middle High German by an anonymous author. It covers the period 1180 to 1343 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia (present-day south Estonia and Latvia ). The Rhymed Chronicle is

208-669: The Rhymed Chronicle would thus not have qualified as a Tischlesung (mealtime reading). The chronicle is written in High German, whereas the majority of German knights in Livonia at that time would have spoken Low German, and therefore likely would have struggled to understand what was being read to them. Murray suggests that this constraint may have encouraged the author to rely on simplistic language and repetitive structures in order to allow an audience to better understand

234-687: The Younger Livonian Rhymed Chronicle , was written in Low German by Bartholomäus Hoeneke, chaplain of the Master of the Livonian Order, around the end of the 1340s. It is this chronicle that narrates how Estonians supposedly slaughtered their own nobility and called the Livonian Order to Estonia, which, in turn, butchered them, on 1343. The original is lost, but prose paraphrases survive. Livonian Brothers of

260-635: The fortress of Treiden . In 1208, they founded the castle of Segewold in the Aa valley, and the castle of Wenden further upstream. The last one grew as a fortress and Master Wenno located the Headquarters of the Order there. Wickbert, a man loyal to Albert of Riga, was placed to manage the Wenden castle. Master Wenno removed him, but Wickbert fled to the protection of Albert of Riga and killed Wenno with an axe. In 1219, King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered

286-462: The north of Estonia with the help of Bishop Albert. In 1222, Estonia was partitioned between Valdemar II and Albert of Riga in an agreement unsatisfactory to the Swordbrothers. After that, they exploited the peasants until a revolt arose. The Pope rebuked the Order for the way they managed the conflict. Then, they tried to seize Danish land in Estonia until a papal legate made them give it back. When

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312-587: The Livonian crusade. Most of the confrontations consisted of raids. The Order built a fortified line along the Daugava that created a peaceful time in the region. Livonian people began to consider the Swordbrothers as efficient protectors. Despite that, some native leaders felt that the Order represented a challenge to their authority, as the case of King Vetseke , the original owner of the fortress of Koknese . King Vetseke massacred German workers who were rebuilding

338-740: The Order defeated him and took him as a prisoner. Pope Gregory IX asked the Brothers to defend Finland from the Novgorodian attacks in his letter of November 24, 1232. However, no known information regarding the knights' possible activities in Finland has survived. ( Sweden eventually conquered Finland following the Second Swedish Crusade in 1249.) The Order was decimated in the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) in 1236 against Lithuanians and Semigallians . This disaster led

364-754: The Sword Following their defeat by the Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the surviving Brothers merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and became known as the Livonian Order . The Baltic German Livonian Brothers had a set of rules adopted from the Knights Templar , requiring them to be of noble birth and to take vows of obedience, poverty, and celibacy. The order also included soldiers, artisans, and clerics as members. The Knights made up

390-524: The Swordbrothers to expand to the north of the Daugava river, along the Livonian Aa stream , brought the Order into a confrontation with Bishop Albert. Albert wanted to extend to the south of the river and did not have an interest in Estonia , previously promised to King Valdemar II of Denmark. Master Wenno advanced to the north without the permission of Bishop Albert. First, the Order took and occupied

416-521: The built castles to maintain control along the Daugava . However, garrison duties did not imply ownership. Albert of Riga established that one-third of any new territory could be retained by the order. Meanwhile, the rest of the territory was handed over to the bishop. Albert , Bishop of Riga (also called Prince-Bishop of Livonia ) (or possibly Theoderich von Treyden) realised that a standing army in Livonia would be more useful than crusaders staying

442-401: The fortress. He was punished after that. In 1211, several threats around Livonian prompted Albert of Riga to reinforce the defences. For safeguarding the northern flank, Albert organised an invasion of southern Estonia. The Swordbrothers were the core of the crusader army, allied with Russians, loyal Livs and Letts, and led by Engelbert von Thisenhusen , brother-in-law of Albert of Riga. After

468-668: The help of the Swordbrothers after a local Semigallian tribe was devastated by the Lithuanians . The brotherhood was reluctant to go to war due to the absence of bishop Albert. However, Viesthard successfully persuaded the Swordbrothers. They prepared an ambush against the Lithuanians that were returning with the booty, where the Lithuanian leader was beheaded. In 1206, the Duke Vladimir of Polozk demanded tribute from

494-549: The history being told in a dialect with which they were not familiar. Murray argues it is likely the document was intended to appeal to the secular crusaders who volunteered for service with the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and Teutonic Order , based on the general brevity of religious themes within the chronicle, and the focus on military expeditions and the order's martial success. A second rhyme chronicle, known as

520-472: The inhabitants of the Daugava when the terms of service of the crusaders expired. The Swordbrothers, with the help of the remaining crusaders, beat the Russian troops that arrived suddenly to Daugava. In 1207, the Swordbrothers faced an attack from Lithuania launched during the winter. The Swordbrothers and allies stayed at the castle of Lennewarden on the north of the Daugava. The Lithuanian army challenged

546-412: The knights could use frozen rivers as high-speed paths. The Order used these advantages in their campaigns until 1218, when they conquered southern Estonia, meanwhile they beat off counter-attacks from Russians and Lithuanians. In 1230, Kurland was conquered and converted by the order. From its foundation, the indisciplined Order tended to ignore its supposed vassalage to the bishops. The desires of

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572-523: The main duty of the Livonian Brothers was to protect priests and missionaries. The characteristics of the territory brought a moral challenge for the crusaders because the land of the Livs and Letts had not previously been Christian. Therefore, they did not have any justification to attack them. The division of conquered territory also was a problem faced by the order. Swordbrothers were to garrison

598-407: The order to battle and was defeated by the Order. This victory served to show the value of the castle line along the river. The chain of castles allowed successful communication. Meanwhile, the local militia could assemble at the nearest fort to the raiders' return route and attack them. The Swordbrothers had superiority in heavy cavalry. For that reason, natives tried to avoid pitched battles during

624-537: The papal legate left, the Swordbrothers took the Danish land again. They also invaded the territory of Bishop Albert and levied tolls on traffic on the Daugava. After the death of Albert of Riga in 1229, ecclesiastical authorities considered that the Order was no longer useful. The papal legate Bernard of Aulne decided that they should be suppressed, and he tried to recapture the Danish Castle at Reval . However,

650-475: The same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livonian_Chronicle&oldid=1259593120 " Category : Set index articles Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

676-462: The walls of the Master's castle still stand. Other strongholds included Wenden (Cēsis) , Segewold (Sigulda) and Ascheraden (Aizkraukle) . The commanders of Fellin, Goldingen (Kuldīga) , Marienburg (Alūksne) , Reval (Tallinn) , and the bailiff of Weißenstein (Paide) belonged to the five-member entourage of the Order's Master. In 1205, the first battle of the Livonian brothers occurred. The Semigallian duke Viesthard visited Riga to request

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