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35-566: Liangxiang county was established during the Qin dynasty of 221 BCE to 206 BCE. Its name came from the Chinese saying '人物俱良', literally: "people and goods all gather in Liang", indicating significant economic activities in the past. As the land is relatively fertile and flat, it was suitable for agriculture, contributing to its prosperity. In 1958, Liangxiang county (良乡县) merged with Fangshan county and

70-446: A desalinating plant was established to provide drinking water to the island's residents. Airports are built on several islands under Sansha City, including Yongxing Island , Meiji Island , Yongshu Island and Zhubi Island , all of which have runways longer than 2,700 metres (3,000 yd) and are suitable for planes sizing up to 4E standards, theoretically capable of landing Boeing 777s as diversion airports . In practice, only

105-658: A "garrison command" in Sansha City. The troops would be responsible for managing the city's national defence mobilisation, military reserve, and carrying out military operations. On 24 July 2012, the PRC officially established the city of Sansha in Yongxing Island. Sansha City has two districts, Xisha District and Nansha District. Xisha District administers the Xisha and Zhongsha Islands and their surrounding waters, with

140-525: A consulate in Ho Chi Minh City . Days prior to the official establishment of the city in late July 2012, Vietnam again stated its opposition and was joined in its protests by the Philippines . The United States Department of State also weighed in on the issue stating, "we remain concerned should there be any unilateral moves of this kind that would seem to prejudge an issue." The chair of

175-781: A hospital are also present. Recently, a few universities including Capital Normal University , Beijing Institute of Technology , Capital University of Medical Sciences and Beijing Technology and Business University decided to open additional campuses in the new University Town of Liangxiang, which houses over 100,000 students. Public transportation access has improved since opening of the Fangshan line of Beijing Subway, with 4 stations within Liangxiang ( Liangxiang Nanguan , Liangxiang Univ. Town North , Liangxiang Univ. Town and Liangxiang Univ. Town West ). Beijing-Guangzhou Railway pass through Liangxiang. Liangxiang railway station

210-495: A local CCP committee. A county's is called the secretary ( 中共县委书记 ), the de facto highest office of the county. Policies are carried out via the people's government of the county, and its head is called the county governor ( 县长 ). The governor is often also one of the deputy secretaries in the CCP Committee. Sansha#Administrative divisions Sansha City ( Chinese : 三沙市 ; pinyin : Sānshā Shì )

245-451: A number of other ungrouped maritime features within the nine-dash line , although the PRC's de facto control over the area varies. The name " Sansha ", literally meaning "three sands", refers to the three archipelago districts of Xisha ( Chinese : 西沙 ; lit. 'west sand'), Zhongsha ( Chinese : 中沙 ; lit. 'central sand') and Nansha ( Chinese : 南沙 ; lit. 'south sand'). Sansha

280-488: A small town with over 1,400 residents, with a dual-use airport that has a 2,700 metres (3,000 yd) runway and two artificial harbors capable of docking sea vessels up to 5,000 tonnes. Due to territorial disputes in the South China Sea , foreign reaction to the city's establishment was not positive. The United States Department of State called the change in the administrative status "unilateral", and

315-489: A special class of counties in mainland China reserved for non- Han Chinese ethnic minorities . Autonomous counties are found all over China, and are given, by law, more legislative power than regular counties. There are 117 autonomous counties in mainland China. As the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is central to directing government policy in mainland China, every level of administrative division has

350-627: Is a prefecture-level city under the Hainan province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and is the southernmost and least populated prefecture in China by far, with the smallest land area but the largest maritime territory . The city's seat is located on Yongxing Island in the South China Sea , and administers (actually or nominally) several island groups , atolls , seamounts and

385-1438: Is located in Liangxiang. Bus lines 616, 646 and 917 can be used to get to Beijing city centre. Historical heritages such as Haotian Pagoda , Yue Yi Tomb, Liangxiang Confucius Temple (良乡文庙) and Xiuyunguan (岫云观 or 良乡离宫) are popular tourist attractions. In 2021, Liangxiang contained 2 communities and 16 administrative villages (行政村). Counties of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present Counties ( simplified Chinese : 县 ; traditional Chinese : 縣 ; pinyin : Xiàn ) are found in

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420-651: Is sometimes translated as " district " or " prefecture " when put in the context of Chinese history . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty ,

455-533: The Yongxing Island Airport see scheduled commercial services, onboard Boeing 737 operated by Hainan Airlines . The other airports are for military use only. The second stage of a greening project for Sansha was announced on 30 June 2014. It states: "According to the investment plan, 18 million yuan (about 2.92 million U.S. dollars) will be used to build desalination systems and grow trees on Xishazhou Island ( West Sand - NW Crescent Group) in

490-414: The third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan , a level that is known as " county level " and also contains autonomous counties , county-level cities , banners , autonomous banners and city districts . There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. The term xian

525-422: The 1960s to the 1980s. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both

560-520: The PRC claim as their own, the "city" is considered by some as controversial. In 2007, the Foreign Ministry of Vietnam protested against the city's proposed establishment, which had been recently approved by the PRC's State Council, as Vietnam claims two of the three island groups that comprise Sansha. This was later followed by student demonstrations at the Chinese embassy in Hanoi , and at

595-718: The South China Sea: the Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha Islands) and the Spratly Islands. This was to replace the county-level "Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority". The city of Wenchang would provide supplies and logistics to the to-be-established city. On 23 July 2012, the PRC Central Military Commission announced it had authorized the People's Liberation Army Guangzhou Military Command to form

630-582: The US Senate Foreign Relations East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee, Jim Webb , also made a statement regarding Sansha and questioned whether the city's creation was a violation of international law. While Senator Webb stated that the establishment of Sansha was China "creating a governmental system out of nothing", the Chinese government has included the island groups that comprise Sansha in its administrative structure since 1959. Before these island groups were under

665-524: The administration of Sansha consisting of Yongxing Dao (Woody Island) and other islands in the South China sea was transferred to Hainan . This coincided with the establishment of Hainan as a separate administrative region. In September 1988, the authority's name was officially changed to the "Hainan Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority". On 25 December 2006, Woody Island 'census-town's' first-ever "Residents' and Fishermen's Congress"

700-697: The day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. During the Republican period, counties were the second level administrative divisions of its provinces. After the Chinese Civil War, counties became subordinate to prefectural level cities while the previous structure is retained. The counties became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after the provinces became streamlined in 1998, but they were fully abolished in 2018. Autonomous counties ( 自治县 ; zìzhìxiàn ) are

735-464: The district government located on Yongxing Town. Nansha District administers the Nansha Islands and their surrounding waters, with the district government located on Yongshu Jiao . Sansha is governed by a municipal congress of 60 delegates directly elected, with a standing committee of 15 members. It is further subdivided into 2 districts at county-level, 3 towns/management committees at

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770-596: The establishment of a "city" on Woody Island was first publicized on 19 November 2007 in a report by Mingpao , a Hong Kong-based newspaper, through a telephone interview with a Mr. Zhang of the Propaganda Department of Wenchang , Hainan. This report claimed that a county-level city was to be established by the PRC State Council in November 2007 to administer three disputed archipelagos in

805-467: The establishment of a separate " Guangdong Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Authority" as a county-level administrative division on Woody Island (Yongxing Dao). However, the island continued to support a threadbare population of fisherfolk at that time. In March 1959, this authority was upgraded to an administrative office in the name of "Guangdong Province Paracels, Spratlys, and Zhongsha Islands Revolutionary Committee". In October 1984,

840-400: The hope of turning the island into a new oasis." The article makes references to the greening of: It also mentions substantial infrastructure upgrades to Woody Island, including waste-water treatment, garbage aggregation and treatment, desalination (1 million litres/day) and upgrades to photovoltaic equipment. Because Sansha's jurisdiction comprises island groups that several nations besides

875-516: The island. In November 2016, the Hainan government started to allow large companies to register themselves in Sansha, by providing extensive tax benefits to them. This resulted in 157 large national and multinational companies registering themselves in Sansha. In 2016, a government school and a public library were opened in the island, primarily for children of the islanders. In the same year,

910-473: The islands in the Paracel and Spratly groups, is less than 5 square miles (13 km ). Nationally, Sansha is the smallest prefecture-level city, by both population and land area, but the largest by total area, and is also the southernmost prefecture-level city of the PRC. By January 2016, work was well advanced on developing a military base with a large harbour and a 2,644 metres (8,675 ft) runway, with

945-479: The move has received criticism from nations engaged in the South China Sea dispute , particularly the Philippines and Vietnam . The centre of government for Sansha is located on Woody Island (Yongxing Dao) in the Paracels, where about 1,000 Chinese (PRC) reside. With a land area of 210ha, Woody Island is the largest contiguous land area in the South China Sea . The total land area of Sansha, which includes

980-587: The move has received criticism from nations engaged in the South China Sea dispute, particularly the Philippines as well as Vietnam and the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan), which claims the island. In March 1953, as talks were proceeding with the French on the handing over of Hainan and territories south of Guangdong to the People's Republic of China , the Chinese State Council authorized

1015-401: The nominal administration of Sansha, they were nominally administered by an administrative office under the provincial government of Hainan . Western reaction to the 2012 declaration of the Chinese government elevating the administrative status of Sansha was not positive. The United States Department of State called the change in the administrative status of the territory " unilateral ", and

1050-559: The number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from

1085-464: The reclaimed land covering 558 hectares (1,380 acres). A civilian test flight to the runway was conducted by a China Southern Airlines passenger jet on 13 July 2016. On 16 February 2016, the New York Times reported that China had deployed HQ‑9 surface‑to‑air missiles on the island. In late 2016, photographs emerged which suggested that Mischief Reef was armed with anti-aircraft weapons and

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1120-430: The township-level, and further into 11 residential communities at village-level, based on the island groups: The Sansha city has a registered population of 621 (as per 2020) and a resident population of around 1,800, in addition to an unknown number of military garrison personnels. They tend to practice fishing, and selling products to the occasional cruise ship ( MV Qionghai 3 and MV Sansha 1 ) whose tourists visit

1155-624: Was created on 24 July 2012, and administers a group of 260 islands, reefs and beaches located in the Spratly Islands (Nansha), Paracel Islands (Xisha), and Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha Islands). Reports in the China Daily stated that the establishment of Sansha was simply an upgrade of its administrative status from the previous county-level administration to prefecture-level . Subsequent developments have turned Sansha City (located on Xisha District 's Yongxing Island ) into

1190-531: Was held. Three representatives at the township and village levels were selected to represent the census-town's Neighborhood Committee of the North and South Villages. The Neighborhood Committee began work on Woody Island the following day with an office at the Border Guards of the Paracels' Police Station. These were the first ever actual subdivisions created within the county-level authority. The prospect of

1225-531: Was renamed Liangxiang town (良乡镇). On January 24, 2002, another merger, this time with Guandao (官道镇), took place. The new Liangxiang township became the political, cultural and economic centre of Fangshan district and houses the district seat . 6th Ring Road and Jingshi Expressway have exist connecting to Liangxiang. A small military airport is situated next to one of the exits, in the northwest. Basic facilities such as postal offices, telecommunication offices, 2 day care centers, 14 primary and secondary schools and

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