148-525: Libération ( French pronunciation: [libeʁɑsjɔ̃] ), popularly known as Libé ( pronounced [libe] ), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968 . Initially positioned on the far left of France's political spectrum, the editorial line evolved towards a more centre-left stance at
296-629: A cache of NSA documents . Scott Shane of The New York Times stated that the involvement "shows that despite its shoestring staff, limited fund-raising from a boycott by major financial firms, and defections prompted by Mr. Assange's personal troubles and abrasive style, it remains a force to be reckoned with on the global stage." In September 2013 Julian Assange announced the creation of the WikiLeaks counterintelligence unit. The project surveilled 19 surveillance contractors to understand their business dealings. According to Assange, they were "tracking
444-529: A catchphrase meaning communist activists should not tell the whole truth to the workers in order to avoid decline in their revolutionary enthusiasm. In 1954, just after Stalin's death, Sartre visited the Soviet Union, which he stated he found a "complete freedom of criticism" while condemning the United States for sinking into "prefascism". Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from
592-466: A private school in Paris. He studied and earned certificates in psychology, history of philosophy, logic, general philosophy, ethics and sociology, and physics, as well as his diplôme d'études supérieures [ fr ] (roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals. (His 1928 MA thesis under
740-654: A tribunal intended to expose U.S. war crimes , which became known as the Russell Tribunal in 1967. His work after Stalin's death, the Critique de la raison dialectique ( Critique of Dialectical Reason ), appeared in 1960 (a second volume appearing posthumously). In the Critique Sartre set out to give Marxism a more vigorous intellectual defense than it had received until then; he ended by concluding that Marx's notion of "class" as an objective entity
888-493: A "normal set-up". In the early 1980s it began to take advertisements and allowed external bodies to have a stake in its financing, which it had completely refused before, but continued to maintain a left leaning editorial stance. After several crises, Libération temporarily stopped being published in February 1981. It resumed publication on 13 May under a new format, with Serge July as new director. Although Libération
1036-514: A 2008 US military report that said leaks to WikiLeaks "could result in increased threats to DoD personnel, equipment, facilities, or installations". The report suggested a plan to identify and expose WikiLeaks' sources to "deter others from using WikiLeaks" and "destroy the center of gravity" of Wikileaks by attacking its trustworthiness. According to Clint Hendler writing in the Columbia Journalism Review , many reactions to
1184-583: A Latin American country and US intercept information for "over a hundred Internet companies". Assange stated that Domscheit-Berg had deleted video files of the Granai massacre by a US Bomber. WikiLeaks had scheduled the video for publication before its deletion. According to Andy Müller-Maguhn , it was an eighteen-gigabyte collection. Domscheit-Berg said he took the files from WikiLeaks because he did not trust its security. In Domscheit-Berg's book he wrote he
1332-509: A bleak picture of Libération 's future, as well as that of the press as a whole. Criticizing Rothschild's interference, Lallement quoted Sartre, who had famously said that "Money doesn't have any ideas". Later, on his blog, Lallement argued that Rothschild, who had had no historic attachment to the paper, was only interested in making money, not in the paper itself. On 6 July, Rothschild declared: " Libération needs help and moral, intellectual and financial support. Libération doesn't need
1480-548: A bourgeois substitute for real commitment in the world. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature but he declined it. He was the first Nobel laureate to voluntarily decline the prize, and remains one of only two laureates to do so. According to Lars Gyllensten , in the book Minnen, bara minnen ("Memories, Only Memories") published in 2000, Sartre himself or someone close to him got in touch with
1628-431: A covert political operative", thus betraying WikiLeaks' focus on exposing "corporate and government wrongdoing". In 2016 and 2017, WikiLeaks promoted several false conspiracy theories , most related to the 2016 United States presidential election . WikiLeaks promoted conspiracy theories about the murder of Seth Rich. Unfounded conspiracy theories, spread by some right-wing figures and media outlets, hold that Rich
SECTION 10
#17327727464961776-519: A delegation from the party, including its chairman John Shipton , visited Syria and met with President Bashar al-Assad . Shipton said the goal of the meeting was demonstrating "solidarity with the Syrian people and their nation", improving the party's understanding of the country's civil war and told a Syrian TV station that WikiLeaks would be opening an office in Damascus in 2014. The meeting with Assad
1924-568: A domestic target of the paramilitary Organisation armée secrète (OAS), escaping two bomb attacks in the early '60s. He later argued in 1959 that each French person was responsible for the collective crimes during the Algerian War of Independence . (He had an Algerian mistress, Arlette Elkaïm , who became his adopted daughter in 1965.) He opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and, along with Bertrand Russell and others, organized
2072-526: A judicial decision". In June 2015, Libération , working with WikiLeaks, reported that the United States National Security Agency had been secretly spying on the telephone conversations of presidents Jacques Chirac , Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande from at least 2006 through 2012. In 2005 Libération badly needed funds, and Serge July strove to convince the board to allow Édouard de Rothschild to buy
2220-476: A lack of internal transparency. Some journalists have alleged it had associations with the Russian government. Journalists have also criticised the organisation for promotion of conspiracy theories, and what they describe as exaggerated and misleading descriptions of the contents of leaks. The US CIA and United States Congress characterised the organisation as a " non-state hostile intelligence service " after
2368-541: A major influence on his own essay on phenomenological ontology . Because of poor health (he claimed that his poor eyesight and exotropia affected his balance), Sartre was released in April 1941. According to other sources, he escaped after a medical visit to the ophthalmologist. Given civilian status, he recovered his teaching position at Lycée Pasteur near Paris and settled at the Hotel Mistral. In October 1941, he
2516-596: A malware warning for "WikiLeaks.info", a "very loosely" affiliated website that "WikiLeaks.org" redirected to. The website said they could "guarantee that there is no malware on it". A series of resignations of key members of WikiLeaks began in September 2010, started by Assange's decision to release the Iraq War logs the next month, internal conflicts with other members and his response to sexual assault allegations. According to Herbert Snorrason, "We found out that
2664-532: A marketing department. Marketing was something he himself knew best. After Julian Assange was granted asylum and entered the Ecuadorian embassy in London in 2012, new CCTV cameras were installed and security personnel working for UC Global and Promsecurity recorded his activities and interactions, including with his legal team. In a 2017 email, the surveillance was justified with suspicions that Assange
2812-595: A meeting that the Socialisme et Liberté assassinate prominent war collaborators like Marcel Déat , but de Beauvoir noted his idea was rejected as "none of us felt qualified to make bombs or hurl grenades". The British historian Ian Ousby observed that the French always had far more hatred for collaborators than they did for the Germans, noting it was French people like Déat that Sartre wanted to assassinate rather than
2960-524: A number of years. From his first years in the École normale , Sartre was one of its fiercest pranksters . In 1927, his antimilitarist satirical cartoon in the revue of the school, coauthored with Georges Canguilhem , particularly upset the director Gustave Lanson . In the same year, with his comrades Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland, he organized a media prank following Charles Lindbergh 's successful New York City–Paris flight; Sartre & Co. called newspapers and informed them that Lindbergh
3108-438: A plan which suggested "[spreading] disinformation" and "disrupting" Glenn Greenwald 's support for WikiLeaks. Team Themis planned to expose the workings of WikiLeaks using disinformation and cyberattacks. The plans were not implemented and, after the emails were published, Palantir CEO Alex Karp issued a public apology to "progressive organizations ... and Greenwald" for his company's role. In December 2010 PayPal suspended
SECTION 20
#17327727464963256-584: A preference for a Republican victory in the 2016 election. Having released information about a broad range of organisations and politicians, WikiLeaks started by 2016 to focus almost exclusively on Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. In the 2016 U.S. presidential election , WikiLeaks only exposed material damaging to the Democratic National Committee and Hillary Clinton. According to The New York Times , WikiLeaks timed one of its large leaks so that it would happen on
3404-510: A public statement praising the paper's founder and expressing their worries about journalistic independence. Serge July left the paper on 30 June 2006. A debate between Bernard Lallement, the first administrator-manager of Libération and Edouard de Rothschild took place in Le Monde newspaper. In a column published on 4 July 2006, Lallement argued that July's departure was the end of an era where "writing meant something". Lallement painted
3552-417: A reflection of public opinion on the actions of the targets. Cyber-attacks and legal restrictions forced WikiLeaks to change server hosts several times by 2010. In December 2011 WikiLeaks launched Friends of WikiLeaks , a social network for supporters and founders of the website. Friends of WikiLeaks was designed for users to never have more than 12 friends, half local and half international. The site
3700-534: A reporter at The Intercept fired over the Reality Winner case . WikiLeaks has defended the practice with their vetting record, saying "police rewards produce results. So do journalistic rewards." Its website stated in 2015 that it had released 10 million documents online. Assange wrote on WikiLeaks in February 2016: "I have had years of experience in dealing with Hillary Clinton and have read thousands of her cables. Hillary lacks judgement and will push
3848-493: A requiem." Sixty-two employees—including 35 journalists, such as Antoine de Gaudemar, chief editor, Sorj Chalandon , who was awarded the Albert Londres Prize , both present since the 1973 creation of Libé , and Pierre Haski , deputy editor, present since 1981—were about to resign at end of January 2007 (on a total of 276 employees). With the 55 other employees who left the newspaper at the end of 2005, this made
3996-675: A resister who wrote. In 1945, after the war ended, Sartre moved to an apartment on the rue Bonaparte , where he was to produce most of his subsequent work and where he lived until 1962. It was from there that he helped establish a quarterly literary and political review , Les Temps modernes ( Modern Times ), in part to popularize his thought. He ceased teaching and devoted his time to writing and political activism. He would draw on his war experiences for his great trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté ( The Roads to Freedom ) (1945–1949). The first period of Sartre's career, defined in large part by Being and Nothingness (1943), gave way to
4144-411: A revolution. Sartre went to Cuba in the 1960s to meet Fidel Castro and spoke with Ernesto "Che" Guevara . After Guevara's death, Sartre would declare him to be "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age" and the "era's most perfect man". Sartre would also compliment Guevara by professing that "he lived his words, spoke his own actions and his story and the story of
4292-457: A second period—when the world was perceived as split into communist and capitalist blocs—of highly publicized political involvement. Sartre tended to glorify the Resistance after the war as the uncompromising expression of morality in action, and recalled that the résistants were a "band of brothers" who had enjoyed "real freedom" in a way that did not exist before nor after the war. Sartre
4440-526: A simple man with few possessions, actively committed to causes until the end of his life, such as the May 1968 strikes in Paris during the summer of 1968 during which he was arrested for civil disobedience . President Charles de Gaulle intervened and pardoned him, commenting that "you don't arrest Voltaire ". In 1975, when asked how he would like to be remembered, Sartre replied: I would like [people] to remember Nausea , [my plays] No Exit and The Devil and
4588-737: A single force between the blocs, not a third bloc, but an autonomous force which will refuse to allow itself to be torn into shreds between American optimism and Russian scientificism. About the Korean War, Sartre wrote: "I have no doubt that the South Korean feudalists and the American imperialists have promoted this war. But I do not doubt either that it was begun by the North Koreans". In July 1950, Sartre wrote in Les Temps Modernes about his and de Beauvoir's attitude to
Libération - Misplaced Pages Continue
4736-539: A source, breaking WikiLeaks' rules about source anonymity. Journalists suggested that Wikileaks may have made the statements to imply that Swartz was targeted by the US Attorney's Office and Secret Service in order to get at WikiLeaks. In 2013 the organisation assisted Edward Snowden leave Hong Kong. Sarah Harrison , a WikiLeaks activist, accompanied Snowden on the flight. According to US investigators, WikiLeaks played an active role in assisting Snowden to disclose
4884-425: A stake in the paper. The board agreed on 20 January 2005. Social conflicts arose shortly after. On 25 November 2005, the paper went on strike, protesting against the layoff of 52 workers. Rothschild, who had promised he would not interfere in editorial decisions, decided that he was not playing an active enough role in the paper's management. In May 2006 the paper announced a weekend magazine called Libé week-end , with
5032-409: A statement by Sartre explaining his refusal. He said he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award, and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution. Nevertheless, he was that year's prizewinner. Though his name was then a household word (as was "existentialism" during the tumultuous 1960s), Sartre remained
5180-496: A supplement called Ecrans (covering television, internet and film), and another called R . (The latter was abandoned in September of the same year.) On 13 June 2006, Serge July told the editorial staff that Édouard de Rothschild was refusing to invest more money in the paper unless Louis Dreyfus (directeur général) and himself left the paper. July had accepted, believing the paper's future existence to depend on his decision. The journalists were shocked. The next day, they published
5328-404: A total of about 150 staff who had left since Rothschild's ownership, not including tens of resignations (including Florence Aubenas, Dominique Simonnot, Antoine de Baecque, Jean Hatzfeld) In May 2007, former Libération journalists, including Pierre Haski and Pascal Riché (Op-Ed editor of Libération ) created the news website Rue 89 . In 2014, the newspaper once again found itself in
5476-401: Is a form of necessity for freedom, which can never be given up." This theory relies upon his position that there is no creator, and is illustrated using the example of the paper cutter . Sartre says that if one considered a paper cutter, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because there
5624-455: Is a non-profit media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is funded by donations and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources. It was founded in 2006 by Julian Assange . Kristinn Hrafnsson is its editor-in-chief . Its website states that it has released more than ten million documents and associated analyses. WikiLeaks' most recent publication of original documents
5772-402: Is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence". This forms the basis for his assertion that because one cannot explain one's own actions and behavior by referring to any specific human nature, they are necessarily fully responsible for those actions. "We are left alone, without excuse." "We can act without being determined by our past which is always separated from us." Sartre maintained that
5920-593: Is not affiliated with any political party, it has, from its theoretical origins in the May 1968 turmoil in France, a left-wing slant. According to co-founder and former director Serge July, Libé was an activist newspaper that, however, does not support any particular political party, acts as a counter-power, and generally has bad relations with both left-wing and right-wing administrations. Libé 's opinion pages ( rebonds ) publish views from many political standpoints. An example of their proclaimed independent, "counter-power" slant
6068-636: Is sceptical of those theories and that he believes Russia to have initially obtained the DNC emails. In April 2017 the WikiLeaks Twitter account suggested that the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack , which international human rights organisations attributed to the Syrian government, was a false flag attack. WikiLeaks stated that "while western establishment media beat the drum for more war in Syria
Libération - Misplaced Pages Continue
6216-490: Is that people, as humans, are "condemned to be free". He explained, "This may seem paradoxical because condemnation is normally an external judgment which constitutes the conclusion of a judgment. Here, it is not the human who has chosen to be like this. There is a contingency of human existence. It is a condemnation of their being. Their being is not determined, so it is up to everyone to create their own existence, for which they are then responsible. They cannot not be free, there
6364-741: Is the reflection on a shared situation. In Italy, in France, in Benelux, in Sweden, in Norway, in Germany, in Greece, in Austria, everywhere we find the same problems and the same dangers ... But this cultural polity has prospects only as elements of a policy which defends Europe's cultural autonomy vis-à-vis America and the Soviet Union, but also its political and economic autonomy, with the aim of making Europe
6512-543: Is when in 1993 Libération leaked Socialist president François Mitterrand 's illegal wiretapping program. Libération is known for its sometimes alternative points of view on cultural and social events. For instance, in addition to reports about crimes and other events, it also chronicles daily criminal trials, bringing in a more human vision of petty criminals. As Serge July puts it, "the equation of Libération consisted in combining counter-culture and political radicalism". The editors' decision, in 2005, to support
6660-775: The Electoral Act . In 2015 WikiLeaks began issuing " bounties " of up to $ 100,000 for leaks. Assange had said in 2010 that WikiLeaks didn't but "would have no problem giving sources cash" and that there were systems in Belgium to let them. WikiLeaks has issued crowd-sourced rewards for the TTIP chapters, the TPP and information on the Kunduz massacre . WikiLeaks has issued other bounties for LabourLeaks, 2016 U.S. Presidential election -related information, and information to get
6808-650: The 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike , titling it Collateral Murder , in which Iraqi Reuters journalists and several civilians were killed by a U.S. helicopter crew. It published thousands of US military field logs from the war in Afghanistan and Iraq war , diplomatic cables from the United States and Saudi Arabia , and emails from the governments of Syria and Turkey . WikiLeaks has also published documents exposing corruption in Kenya and at Samherji , cyber warfare and surveillance tools created by
6956-667: The 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir . Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois , in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity ( mauvaise foi , literally, ' bad faith ') and an " authentic " way of " being " became
7104-590: The CIA , and surveillance of the French president by the National Security Agency . During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign , WikiLeaks released emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and from Hillary Clinton's campaign manager , showing that the party's national committee had effectively acted as an arm of the Clinton campaign during the primaries , seeking to undercut
7252-600: The Café de Flore between intellectuals had changed, as the fear that one of them might be a mouche (informer) or a writer of the corbeau (anonymous denunciatory letters) meant that no one really said what they meant anymore, imposing self-censorship. Sartre and his friends at the Café de Flore had reasons for their fear; by September 1940, the Abwehr alone had already recruited 32,000 French people to work as mouches while by 1942
7400-532: The Communist Party . For a time in the late 1940s, Sartre described French nationalism as "provincial" and in a 1949 essay called for a "United States of Europe". In an essay published in the June 1949 edition of the journal Politique étrangère , Sartre wrote: If we want French civilization to survive, it must be fitted into the framework of a great European civilization. Why? I have said that civilization
7548-581: The French Navy , and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer). When Sartre was two years old, his father died of an illness, which he most likely contracted in Indochina . Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in Meudon , where she raised Sartre with help from her father Charles Schweitzer, a teacher of German who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age. When he
SECTION 50
#17327727464967696-541: The Icelandic Modern Media Initiative legislation to establish a "journalism safe haven" in Iceland . In June, the parliament voted unanimously for the resolution. WikiLeaks originally used a wiki format website, and was changed when it relaunched in May 2010. The blogger Ryan Singel claimed that after the website relaunched, its cryptographic security had degraded. In October 2010
7844-678: The Institut français d'Allemagne in Berlin where he studied Edmund Husserl 's phenomenological philosophy. Aron had already advised him in 1930 to read Emmanuel Levinas 's Théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl ( The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology ). The neo-Hegelian revival led by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in the 1930s inspired a whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit . In 1939, Sartre
7992-548: The Sorbonne and later went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions, initiating a romantic relationship, though they were not monogamous . The first time Sartre took the agrégation , he failed. He took it a second time and virtually tied for first place with Beauvoir, although Sartre was eventually awarded first place, with Beauvoir second. From 1931 until 1945, Sartre taught at various lycées of Le Havre (at
8140-474: The Stalinist repressions and purges . Sartre argued that "the masses were not ready to receive the truth". In 1969 Sartre, along with other fifteen prominent French writers, including Louis Aragon and Michel Butor , signed the letter of protest against the expulsion of "the writer most representative of the great Russian tradition, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – already a victim of Stalinist repression", from
8288-766: The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) was criticized by many of its readers, who later decided to vote "no" to a treaty seen as too neoliberal , lacking social views deemed necessary to the solid foundation of a "European nation". On 11 December 2010, Libération started hosting a mirror of the WikiLeaks website, including the United States diplomatic cables and other document collections, in solidarity with WikiLeaks, in order to prevent it from being "suffocated" by "governments and companies that were trying to block [WikiLeaks'] functioning without even
8436-564: The Union of Soviet Writers . In 1973 he argued that "revolutionary authority always needs to get rid of some people that threaten it, and their death is the only way". A number of people, starting from Frank Gibney in 1961, classified Sartre as a " useful idiot " due to his uncritical position. Sartre came to admire the Polish leader Władysław Gomułka , a man who favored a "Polish road to socialism" and wanted more independence for Poland, but
8584-459: The United States , Taiwan , Europe , Australia , and South Africa . In January 2007 WikiLeaks organizer James Chen told TIME that "We are serious people working on a serious project... three advisors have been detained by Asian government, one of us for over six years." WikiLeaks said that its "primary interests are oppressive regimes in Asia, the former Soviet bloc, sub-Saharan Africa and
8732-417: The concierge forced the door, you would find two chairs standing close together in the hall with the fag-ends of German cigarettes on the floor between their legs. If the wife or mother of the man who had vanished had been present at his arrest, she would tell you that he had been taken away by very polite Germans, like those who asked the way in the street. And when she went to ask what had happened to them at
8880-805: The offices in the Avenue Foch or the Rue des Saussaies she would be politely received and sent away with comforting words" [No. 11 Rue des Saussaies was the headquarters of the Gestapo in Paris]. Sartre wrote the feldgrau ("field grey") uniforms of the Wehrmacht and the green uniforms of the Order Police which had seemed so alien in 1940 had become accepted, as people were numbed into accepting what Sartre called "a pale, dull green, unobtrusive strain, which
9028-406: The referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe the same year, alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers. In its early days, it was noted for its irreverent and humorous style and unorthodox journalistic culture. All employees, including management, received the same salary. In addition to traditional editor's notes, known as Note de la rédaction and marked as N.D.L.R., it included
SECTION 60
#17327727464969176-467: The 2016 U.S. elections . Conservative commentators such as Sean Hannity and Ann Coulter speculated about this possibility on Twitter, and Rush Limbaugh discussed it on his radio show. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that Vault 7 showed that "the CIA could get access to such 'fingerprints' and then use them." In The Washington Post the cybersecurity researcher Ben Buchanan writes that he
9324-558: The 2016 presidential campaign" was "arguably even more consequential" than the Iraq War documents leak , the Afghan War documents leak and the United States diplomatic cables leak . According to Joscelyn, "Assange made it his goal in 2016 to counter the 'American liberal press,' which he accused of supporting Clinton. He aimed to turn that same press against her. Ultimately, with Russia's help, Assange succeeded." In November 2017 it
9472-457: The British newspaper, The Independent , at least a dozen key supporters of WikiLeaks left the website during 2010. Several staffers who broke with Assange joined with Domscheit-Berg to start OpenLeaks , a new leak organisation and website with a different management and distribution philosophy. Sarah Harrison , who stayed with WikiLeaks, later told Andrew O'Hagan she did not agree with
9620-474: The Germans, and also contributed to both legal and illegal literary magazines. In his essay "Paris under the Occupation ", Sartre wrote that the "correct" behaviour of the Germans had entrapped too many Parisians into complicity with the occupation, accepting what was unnatural as natural: The Germans did not stride, revolver in hand, through the streets. They did not force civilians to make way for them on
9768-557: The Good Lord , and then my two philosophical works, more particularly the second one, Critique of Dialectical Reason . Then my essay on Genet , Saint Genet . ... If these are remembered, that would be quite an achievement, and I don't ask for more. As a man, if a certain Jean-Paul Sartre is remembered, I would like people to remember the milieu or historical situation in which I lived, ... how I lived in it, in terms of all
9916-608: The Lycée de Le Havre, the present-day Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre) [ fr ] , 1931–1936), Laon (at the Lycée de Laon, 1936–37), and, finally, Paris (at the Lycée Pasteur , 1937–1939, and at the Lycée Condorcet , 1941–1944; see below ). In 1932, Sartre read Voyage au bout de la nuit by Louis-Ferdinand Céline , a book that had a remarkable influence on him. In 1933–34, he succeeded Raymond Aron at
10064-585: The Middle East" but it "also expects to be of assistance to those in the West who wish to reveal unethical behaviour in their own governments and corporations". WikiLeaks was usually represented in public by Julian Assange, who has described himself as "the heart and soul of this organisation". Assange formed an informal advisory board in the early days of WikiLeaks, with journalists, political activists and computer specialists as members. In 2007 WikiLeaks said
10212-408: The Paris Kommandantur was receiving an average of 1,500 letters per day sent by the corbeaux . Sartre wrote under the occupation Paris had become a "sham", resembling the empty wine bottles displayed in shop windows as all of the wine had been exported to Germany, looking like the old Paris, but hollowed out, as what had made Paris special was gone. Paris had almost no cars on the streets during
10360-516: The Soviet Union: As we were neither members of the [Communist] party nor its avowed sympathizers, it was not our duty to write about Soviet labor camps; we were free to remain aloof from the quarrel over the nature of this system, provided that no events of sociological significance had occurred. Sartre held that the Soviet Union was a "revolutionary" state working for the betterment of humanity and could be criticized only for failing to live up to its own ideals, but that critics had to take in mind that
10508-452: The Soviet Writers' Union "still had the opportunity of rehabilitating themselves by writing better books". Sartre's comments on Hungarian revolution of 1956 are quite representative to his frequently contradictory and changing views. On one hand, Sartre saw in Hungary a true reunification between intellectuals and workers only to criticize it for "losing socialist base". In 1964 Sartre attacked Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" which condemned
10656-475: The Soviet state needed to defend itself against a hostile world; by contrast Sartre held that the failures of "bourgeois" states were due to their innate shortcomings. The Swiss journalist François Bondy wrote that, based on a reading of Sartre's numerous essays, speeches and interviews "a simple basic pattern never fails to emerge: social change must be comprehensive and revolutionary" and the parties that promote
10804-526: The State Department. Assange did not release the alleged documents. Assange also said that a volunteer was arrested in March and questioned about WikiLeaks. According to Assange, police said that authorities had spied on and photographed a private WikiLeaks meeting. WikiLeaks later admitted that the interrogation did not happen as originally suggested. According to the deputy head of news for RUV ,
10952-604: The Swedish Academy in 1975 with a request for the prize money, but was refused. In 1945, he had refused the Légion d'honneur . The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and warning that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread; on 23 October, Le Figaro published
11100-647: The Third World into revolution while also praising more moderate Communist leaders like Gomułka. As an anti-colonialist, Sartre took a prominent role in the struggle against French rule in Algeria, and the use of torture and concentration camps by the French in Algeria. He became an eminent supporter of the FLN in the Algerian War and was one of the signatories of the Manifeste des 121 . Consequently, Sartre became
11248-504: The Trump campaign would lose. WikiLeaks asked Trump Jr. to share a WikiLeaks tweet with the made-up quote "Can't we just drone this guy?" which True Pundit said Hillary Clinton made about Assange. WikiLeaks also shared a link to a site that would help people to search through WikiLeaks documents. Trump Jr. shared both. After the election, WikiLeaks also requested that the president-elect push Australia to appoint Assange as ambassador to
11396-511: The US . Trump Jr. provided this correspondence to congressional investigators looking into Russian interference in the 2016 election. Assange repeated his offer of being ambassador to the US after the messages became public, publicly tweeting to Donald Trump Jr. that "I could open a hotel style embassy in DC with luxury immunity suites for whistleblowers. The public will get a turbo-charged flow of intel about
11544-574: The United States into endless, stupid wars which spread terrorism. ... she certainly should not become president of the United States." In a 2017 interview by Amy Goodman , Julian Assange said that choosing between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump is like choosing between cholera or gonorrhea . "Personally, I would prefer neither." WikiLeaks editor Sarah Harrison stated that the site was not choosing which damaging publications to release, rather releasing information available to them. In conversations that were leaked in February 2018, Assange expressed
11692-483: The Wehrmacht meant he had been complicit in the Occupation. Ousby wrote: "But, in however humble a fashion, everyone still had to decide how they were going to cope with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to react when a German soldier stopped him in the street and asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential as they might sound at first. They were emblematic of how
11840-455: The Wehrmacht which led Sartre to remark "We could not be natural ". French was a language widely taught in German schools and most Germans could speak at least some French. Sartre himself always found it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions, usually saying he did not know where it was that the soldier wanted to go, but still felt uncomfortable as the very act of speaking to
11988-581: The WikiLeaks account after they received a letter from the US State Department that characterised WikiLeaks' activities as illegal in the US. Mastercard and Visa Europe also stopped accepting payments to WikiLeaks after pressure from the US. Bank of America , Amazon and Swiss bank PostFinance had previously stopped dealing with WikiLeaks. Datacell, the IT company that enabled WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations, said Visa's action
12136-434: The arrest was unrelated to WikiLeaks but the volunteer mentioned WikiLeaks to the police and said the laptop he had with him was owned by WikiLeaks. Daniel Domscheit-Berg wrote that The rumors that he was being followed originated in part from his overactive imagination. But they also had the advantage of giving him the aura of someone in dire peril, increasing the collective anticipation of every new leak. Julian didn't need
12284-428: The aspirations which I tried to gather up within myself. Sartre's physical condition deteriorated, partially because of the merciless pace of work (and the use of amphetamine ) he put himself through during the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical biography of Gustave Flaubert ( The Family Idiot ), both of which remained unfinished. He had hypertension, and became almost completely blind in 1973. Sartre
12432-652: The authenticity of what they publish – and which thus far has had a stellar record in that regard – to be making boastful claims that they published forged documents. I understand and appreciate the satire, but in this case, it directly conflicts with, and undermines, the primary value of WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks said it wanted to bring attention to the banking blockade. In January 2013, shortly after Aaron Swartz died, WikiLeaks said that Swartz had helped WikiLeaks and had talked to Julian Assange in 2010 and 2011. WikiLeaks also said it had "strong reasons to believe, but cannot prove", he may have been
12580-463: The board members to whom they spoke said they had little involvement with WikiLeaks. Some said they did not know they were mentioned on the site, nor how they got there. Computer security expert Ben Laurie said he had been a member of the board "since before the beginning", but he was not "really sure what the advisory board means." Former board member Phillip Adams criticised the board, saying that Assange "has never asked for advice. The advisory board
12728-486: The board was still forming but that it included representatives from expatriate Russian and Tibetan refugee communities, reporters, a former US intelligence analyst and cryptographers." Members of the advisory board included Phillip Adams , Julian Assange, Wang Dan , Suelette Dreyfus , CJ Hinke, Tashi Namgyal Khamsitsang, Ben Laurie , Xiao Qiang , Chico Whitaker , Wang Youcai , and John Young . WikiLeaks' advisory board did not meet. According to Wired UK , most of
12876-452: The burden of our free, individual existence. "We can oppose authenticity to an inauthentic way of being. Authenticity consists in experiencing the indeterminate character of existence in anguish. It is also to know how to face it by giving meaning to our actions and by recognizing ourselves as the author of this meaning. On the other hand, an inauthentic way of being consists in running away, in lying to oneself in order to escape this anguish and
13024-642: The campaign of Bernie Sanders . These releases resulted in the resignation of the chairwoman of the DNC and caused significant harm to the Clinton campaign . During the campaign, WikiLeaks promoted false conspiracy theories about Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Party and the murder of Seth Rich . WikiLeaks has won numerous awards and been commended by media organisations, civil society organisations, and world leaders for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of
13172-565: The code behind the submission system with him. WikiLeaks submissions stayed offline until 2015. Herbert Snorrason resigned after he challenged Assange on his decision to suspend Domscheit-Berg and was bluntly rebuked. Iceland MP Birgitta Jónsdóttir also left WikiLeaks, citing lack of transparency, lack of structure, and poor communication flow. James Ball left WikiLeaks over disputes about Assange's handling of finances, and Assange's relationship to Israel Shamir , an individual who has promoted antisemitism and holocaust denial. According to
13320-427: The concepts of authenticity and individuality have to be earned but not learned. We need to experience "death consciousness" so as to wake up ourselves as to what is really important; the authentic in our lives which is life experience, not knowledge. Death draws the final point when we as beings cease to live for ourselves and permanently become objects that exist only for the outside world. In this way death emphasizes
13468-573: The condition of African Americans in the United States—specifically the racism and discrimination against them in the country—in his second Situations collection. Then, in 1948, for the introduction of Léopold Sédar Senghor 's l'Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (Anthology of New Negro and Malagasy Poetry) , he wrote "Black Orpheus" (re-published in Situations III), a critique of colonialism and racism in light of
13616-585: The day the Vault 7 documents were first released, WikiLeaks described UMBRAGE as "a substantial library of attack techniques 'stolen' from malware produced in other states including the Russian Federation," and tweeted, "CIA steals other groups virus and malware facilitating false flag attacks." A conspiracy theory soon emerged alleging that the CIA framed the Russian government for interfering in
13764-517: The dilemmas of the Occupation presented themselves in daily life". Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused moral corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior of the Germans as an excuse for passivity, and the very act of simply trying to live one's day-to-day existence without challenging the occupation aided the " New Order in Europe", which depended upon the passivity of ordinary people to accomplish its goals. Throughout
13912-593: The document were "overwrought" and "the spin" by WikiLeaks was "a step too far". In 2010 the Bank of America employed the services of a collection of information security firms, known as Team Themis, when the bank became concerned about information that WikiLeaks was planning to release about it. Team Themis included private intelligence and security firms HBGary Federal, Palantir Technologies and Berico Technologies. In 2011 hacktivist group Anonymous released emails from HBGary Federal showing that Team Themis proposed
14060-481: The dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness ( L'Être et le Néant , 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism ( L'existentialisme est un humanisme , 1946), originally presented as a lecture. Jean-Paul Sartre was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of
14208-539: The empty sky. Cut off from the rest of the world, fed only through the pity or some ulterior motive, the town led a purely abstract and symbolic life". Sartre himself lived on a diet of rabbits sent to him by a friend of de Beauvoir living in Anjou . The rabbits were usually in an advanced state of decay, full of maggots, and despite being hungry, Sartre once threw out one rabbit as uneatable, saying it had more maggots in it than meat. Sartre also remarked that conversations at
14356-475: The end of his life, Sartre began to describe himself as a "special kind" of anarchist. In 1964 Sartre renounced literature in a witty and sardonic account of the first ten years of his life, Les Mots ( The Words ). The book is an ironic counterblast to Marcel Proust , whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of André Gide (who had provided the model of littérature engagée for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned ultimately as
14504-466: The end of the 1970s, where it remains as of 2012. The publication describes its "DNA" as being "liberal libertarian". It aims to act as a common platform for the diverse tendencies within the French Left , with its "compass" being "the defence of freedoms and of minorities". Edouard de Rothschild 's acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005, and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in
14652-497: The eve of the Democratic Convention . The Sunlight Foundation said that such actions meant that WikiLeaks was no longer striving to be transparent but rather sought to achieve political goals. Thomas Joscelyn , a senior fellow at Just Security , wrote that Assange had a "hatred of Clinton", whom he said was a "sadistic sociopath". Joscelyn wrote that "WikiLeaks' collusion with Russian government hackers during
14800-411: The eye almost expected to find among the dark clothes of the civilians". Under the occupation, the French often called the Germans les autres ("the others"), which inspired Sartre's aphorism in his play Huis clos (" No Exit ") of " l'enfer, c'est les Autres " ("Hell is other people"). Sartre intended the line " l'enfer, c'est les Autres " at least in part to be a dig at the German occupiers. Sartre
14948-591: The first part of the essay, "Portrait de l'antisémite", the year before in Les Temps modernes, No. 3. In the essay, in the course of explaining the etiology of "hate" as the hater's projective fantasies when reflecting on the Jewish question , he attacks antisemitism in France during a time when the Jews who came back from concentration camps were quickly abandoned. In 1947, Sartre published several articles concerning
15096-580: The fourteenth arrondissement, past all Sartre's haunts, and entered the cemetery through the gate on the Boulevard Edgar Quinet". Sartre was initially buried in a temporary grave to the left of the cemetery gate. Four days later the body was disinterred for cremation at Père-Lachaise Cemetery, and his ashes were reburied at the permanent site in Montparnasse Cemetery, to the right of the cemetery gate. Sartre's primary idea
15244-437: The innovative NDLC ( note de la claviste ), apt and witty comments inserted at the last moment by the typesetter. It was the first French daily to have a website. It had a circulation of about 67,000 in 2018. Libération has been considered a newspaper of record in France. Libération was founded by Jean-Paul Sartre, Philippe Gavi, Bernard Lallement, Jean-Claude Vernier, Pierre Victor alias Benny Lévy and Serge July and
15392-724: The latest CIA plots to undermine democracy. DM me". The secretive exchanges led to criticism of WikiLeaks by some former supporters. WikiLeaks tweeted that the Clinton campaign was "constantly slandering" it as "a 'pro-Trump' 'pro-Russia' source". Journalist Barrett Brown , a long-time defender of WikiLeaks, was exasperated that Assange was "complaining about 'slander' of being pro-Trump IN THE ACTUAL COURSE OF COLLABORATING WITH TRUMP". He wrote: "Was "Wikileaks staff" lying on Nov 10, 2016, when they claimed, "The allegations that we have colluded with Trump, or any other candidate for that matter, or with Russia, are just groundless and false", or did Assange lie to them?" Brown said Assange had acted "as
15540-418: The leaks released to the public. According to various sources, Domscheit-Berg had copied and then deleted over 3,500 unpublished whistleblower communications. Some communications contained hundreds of documents, including the US government's No Fly List , Bank of America leaks, insider information from 20 neo-Nazi organisations, documents sent by Renata Avila about torture and government abuse of
15688-450: The level of redactions performed on the Afghanistan documents was not sufficient. I announced that if the next batch did not receive full attention, I would not be willing to cooperate." Some members of WikiLeaks called for Assange to step aside. On 25 September 2010 after being suspended by Assange for "disloyalty, insubordination and destabilisation", Daniel Domscheit-Berg , the German spokesman for WikiLeaks, told Der Spiegel that he
15836-471: The media. Assange described WikiLeaks as an activist organisation and said that "The method is transparency, the goal is justice". The wikileaks.org domain name was registered on 4 October 2006. The website was established and published its first document in December 2006. It described its founders as a mixture of Asian dissidents, journalists, mathematicians, and start-up company technologists from
15984-680: The military governor of France, General Otto von Stülpnagel , and the popular slogan always was "Death to Laval !" rather than "Death to Hitler !". In August Sartre and de Beauvoir went to the French Riviera seeking the support of André Gide and André Malraux . However, both Gide and Malraux were undecided, and this may have been the cause of Sartre's disappointment and discouragement. Socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and Sartre decided to write instead of being involved in active resistance. He then wrote Being and Nothingness , The Flies , and No Exit , none of which were censored by
16132-704: The news, following a public dispute between its journalists and shareholders over the future of the newspaper. In the face of falling circulation the latter had sought to re-invent the paper's web site as a social network. The editor-in-chief Nicolas Demorand resigned over the row. [REDACTED] « The orchestral conductor that I was bids you farewell. The journalist who I am is infinitely sad no longer to be able to write here. The reader that I shall remain bids you good-bye. » Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre ( / ˈ s ɑːr t r ə / , US also / ˈ s ɑːr t / ; French: [saʁtʁ] ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980)
16280-400: The occupation as the oil went to Germany while the Germans imposed a nightly curfew, which led Sartre to remark that Paris "was peopled by the absent". Sartre also noted that people began to disappear under the occupation, writing: One day you might phone a friend and the phone would ring for a long time in an empty flat. You would go round and ring the doorbell, but no-one would answer it. If
16428-477: The occupation, it was German policy to plunder France, and food shortages were always a major problem as the majority of food from the French countryside went to Germany. Sartre wrote about the "languid existence" of the Parisians as people waited obsessively for the one weekly arrival of trucks bringing food from the countryside that the Germans allowed, writing: "Paris would grow peaked and yawn with hunger under
16576-585: The pavement. They would offer seats to old ladies on the Metro. They showed great fondness for children and would pat them on the cheek. They had been told to behave correctly and being well-disciplined, they tried shyly and conscientiously to do so. Some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression. Sartre noted when Wehrmacht soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented French for directions, people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out
16724-455: The philosophy Sartre developed in Being and Nothingness. Later, while Sartre was labeled by some authors as a resistant, the French philosopher and resistant Vladimir Jankelevitch criticized Sartre's lack of political commitment during the German occupation, and interpreted his further struggles for liberty as an attempt to redeem himself. According to Camus, Sartre was a writer who resisted; not
16872-840: The press , and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions. The organisation has been the target of campaigns to discredit it, including aborted ones by Palantir and HBGary . WikiLeaks has also had its donation systems interrupted by payment processors . As a result, the Wau Holland Foundation helps process WikiLeaks' donations. The organisation has been criticised for inadequately curating content and violating personal privacy. WikiLeaks has, for instance, revealed Social Security numbers , medical information , credit card numbers and details of suicide attempts . News organisations, activists, journalists and former members have also criticised WikiLeaks over allegations of anti-Clinton and pro-Trump bias and
17020-561: The release of CIA tools for hacking consumer electronics in Vault 7 . The inspiration for WikiLeaks was Daniel Ellsberg 's release of the Pentagon Papers in 1971. Assange built WikiLeaks to shorten the time between a leak and its coverage by the media. WikiLeaks was established in Australia with the help of Daniel Mathews and its servers were soon moved to Sweden and other countries that provided greater legal protection for
17168-543: The responsibility for one's own existence." While Sartre had been influenced by Heidegger, the publication of Being and Nothingness did mark a split in their perspectives, with Heidegger remarking in Letter on Humanism : Existentialism says existence precedes essence. In this statement he is taking existentia and essentia according to their metaphysical meaning, which, from Plato's time on, has said that essentia precedes existentia . Sartre reverses this statement. But
17316-492: The reversal of a metaphysical statement remains a metaphysical statement. With it, he stays with metaphysics, in oblivion of the truth of Being. Herbert Marcuse also had issues with Sartre's metaphysical interpretation of human existence in Being and Nothingness and suggested the work projected anxiety and meaninglessness onto the nature of existence itself: WikiLeaks WikiLeaks ( / ˈ w ɪ k i l iː k s / )
17464-416: The revolution predicated by Marx, and influenced by Frantz Fanon started to argue it was the impoverished masses of the Third World, the "real damned of the earth", who would carry out the revolution. A major theme of Sartre's political essays in the 1960s was of his disgust with the "Americanization" of the French working class who would much rather watch American TV shows dubbed into French than agitate for
17612-662: The revolutionary charges "may be criticized, but only by those who completely identify themselves with its purpose, its struggle and its road to power", deeming Sartre's position to be "existentialist". Sartre believed at this time in the moral superiority of the Eastern Bloc , arguing that this belief was necessary "to keep hope alive" and opposed any criticism of Soviet Union to the extent that Maurice Merleau-Ponty called him an "ultra-Bolshevik". Sartre's expression "workers of Billancourt must not be deprived of their hopes" ( Fr . "il ne faut pas désespérer Billancourt"), became
17760-456: The server WikiLeaks used to host its encrypted communications was compromised by hackers that a WikiLeaks spokesperson described as "very skilled". The spokesperson said that "the server got attacked, hacked, and the private keys got out"; they said it was the first breach in WikiLeaks' history. In November 2010, WikiLeaks said that its website was compromised hours before releasing US diplomatic cables . In December 2010 Spamhaus reported issued
17908-480: The title "L'Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Psychological Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by Henri Delacroix .) It was at ENS that Sartre began his lifelong, sometimes fractious, friendship with Raymond Aron . Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development was his weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève 's seminars, which continued for
18056-483: The trackers" to "counter threats against investigative journalism and the public's right to know." The WikiLeaks Party was created in 2013 in part to support Julian Assange 's failed bid for a Senate seat in Australia in the 2013 election , where it won 0.62% of the national vote. Assange said the party would advance WikiLeaks' objectives of promoting openness in government and politics and that it would combat intrusions on individual privacy. In December 2013,
18204-462: The way he did it, but Domscheit-Berg had a basic point. She added that "you can tell he was probably just trying to say something true and got hated for it. That's the way it is with Julian: he can't listen. He doesn't get it." In early 2010 Assange said that he obtained documents showing that two State Department agents tailed him on a flight from Iceland to Norway. Icelandic journalists were unable to verify Assange's allegations, which were denied by
18352-471: The world ran parallel". However he stood against the persecution of gays by Castro's government, which he compared to Nazi persecution of the Jews, and said: "In Cuba there are no Jews, but there are homosexuals". During a collective hunger strike in 1974, Sartre visited Red Army Faction member Andreas Baader in Stammheim Prison and criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment. Towards
18500-664: The world. In January 2010 WikiLeaks shut down its website while management appealed for donations. Previously published material was no longer available, although some could still be accessed on unofficial mirror websites . WikiLeaks stated that it would resume full operation once the operational costs were paid. WikiLeaks said the work stoppage was "to ensure that everyone who is involved stops normal work and actually spends time raising revenue". The organisation planned for funds to be secured by 6 January 2010, and on 3 February that WikiLeaks announced that its fundraising goal had been achieved. In February 2010 WikiLeaks helped propose
18648-410: Was "merciless" in attacking anyone who had collaborated or remained passive during the German occupation; for instance, criticizing Camus for signing an appeal to spare the collaborationist writer Robert Brasillach from being executed. His 1948 play Les mains sales ( Dirty Hands ) in particular explored the problem of being a politically "engaged" intellectual. He embraced Marxism but did not join
18796-559: Was "waiting for Julian to restore security, so that we can return the material to him". The Architect and Domscheit-Berg encrypted the files and gave them to a third party who did not have the key. In August 2011 Domscheit-Berg said he permanently deleted the files "to ensure that the sources are not compromised." He said that WikiLeaks' claims about the Bank of America files were "false and misleading" and they were lost because of an IT problem. The Architect left with Domscheit-Berg, taking
18944-425: Was "working for the Russian intelligence services ." New cameras and microphones were installed in December 2017, and Morales arranged for the United States to have immediate access to the recordings. Writing for The Guardian in 2010, Nick Davies said there was "some evidence of low-level attempts to smear Wikileaks", including false online accusations involving Assange and money. In 2010, Wikileaks published
19092-407: Was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic , considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism . Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology ). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory , post-colonial theory , and literary studies . He was awarded
19240-526: Was a notorious chain smoker , which could also have contributed to the deterioration of his health. Sartre died on 15 April 1980 in Paris from pulmonary edema . He had not wanted to be buried at Père-Lachaise Cemetery between his mother and stepfather, so it was arranged that he be buried at Montparnasse Cemetery . At his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50,000 Parisians descended onto boulevard du Montparnasse to accompany Sartre's cortege. The funeral started at "the hospital at 2:00 p.m., then filed through
19388-452: Was a very active contributor to Combat , a newspaper created during the clandestine period by Albert Camus , a philosopher and author who held similar beliefs. Sartre and de Beauvoir remained friends with Camus until 1951, with the publication of Camus's The Rebel . Sartre wrote extensively post-war about neglected minority groups, namely French Jews and black people . In 1946, he published Anti-Semite and Jew , after having published
19536-611: Was criticised by the Australian Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and many WikiLeaks supporters. Shipton stated that the meeting with al-Assad was "just a matter of good manners" and that the delegation had also met with members of the Syrian opposition. However, these meetings with the opposition have not been verified. The WikiLeaks Party was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 23 July 2015 for lack of members under
19684-748: Was drafted into the French Army , where he served as a meteorologist . He was captured by German troops in 1940 in Padoux , and he spent nine months as a prisoner of war —in Nancy and finally in Stalag XII-D [ fr ] , Trier , where he wrote his first theatrical piece, Barionà, fils du tonnerre , a drama concerning Christmas. It was during this period of confinement that Sartre read Martin Heidegger 's Sein und Zeit , later to become
19832-434: Was dropped from the WikiLeaks network after questioning plans for a multimillion-dollar fundraising goal. He accused the organisation of being a CIA conduit and published 150 pages of WikiLeaks emails. According to Wired , the emails document the group's attempts to create a profile for themselves and arguments over how to do so. They also discuss political impact and positive reform and include calls for transparency around
19980-463: Was fallacious. Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, Louis Althusser , who claimed that the ideas of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the "scientific" system of the later Marx. In the late 1950s, Sartre began to argue that the European working classes were too apolitical to carry out
20128-421: Was first published on 3 February 1973, in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968 . Sartre remained editor of Libération until 24 May 1974. During this period one of the contributors was Samir Frangieh , a leftist Lebanese journalist. The paper was initially run along non-hierarchical lines, with all staff – from the editor-in-chief to the janitor – receiving the same salary, but this later gave way to
20276-503: Was given a position, previously held by a Jewish teacher who had been forbidden to teach by Vichy law , at Lycée Condorcet in Paris. After coming back to Paris in May 1941, he participated in the founding of the underground group Socialisme et Liberté ("Socialism and Liberty") with other writers Simone de Beauvoir , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Jean-Toussaint Desanti , Dominique Desanti , Jean Kanapa, and École Normale students. In spring of 1941, Sartre suggested with "cheerful ferocity" at
20424-399: Was going to be awarded an honorary École degree. Many newspapers, including Le Petit Parisien , announced the event on 25 May. Thousands, including journalists and curious spectators, showed up, unaware that what they were witnessing was a stunt involving a Lindbergh look-alike . The scandal led Lanson to resign. In 1929 at the École normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir , who studied at
20572-536: Was in 2019 and its most recent publication was in 2021. From November 2022, numerous documents on the organisation's website became inaccessible. In 2023, Assange said that WikiLeaks is no longer able to publish due to his imprisonment and the effect that US government surveillance and WikiLeaks' funding restrictions were having on potential whistleblowers. WikiLeaks has released document caches and media that exposed serious violations of human rights and civil liberties by various governments. It released footage of
20720-470: Was in beta status. In July 2012 WikiLeaks took credit for a fake New York Times website and article falsely attributed to Bill Keller . The hoax prompted criticism from commenters and the public, who said it hurt WikiLeaks' credibility. Glenn Greenwald wrote in Salon that it might have been satire but it doesn't strike me as a good idea for a group that relies on its credibility when it comes to
20868-515: Was loyal to the Soviet Union because of the Oder-Neisse line issue. Sartre's newspaper Les Temps Modernes devoted a number of special issues in 1957 and 1958 to Poland under Gomułka, praising him for his reforms. Bondy wrote of the notable contradiction between Sartre's "ultra Bolshevism" as he expressed admiration for the Chinese leader Mao Zedong as the man who led the oppressed masses of
21016-550: Was pretty clearly window dressing, so he went for people identified with progressive policies around the place." Assange responded by calling the advisory board "pretty informal". When asked to join their initial advisory board, the promininent critic of secrecy Steven Aftergood declined; he said to Time that "they have a very idealistic view of the nature of leaking and its impact. They seem to think that most leakers are crusading do-gooders who are single-handedly battling one evil empire or another." In January 2007 John Young
21164-494: Was resigning. He said "WikiLeaks has a structural problem. I no longer want to take responsibility for it, and that's why I am leaving the project." Assange accused Domscheit-Berg of leaking information to Newsweek , with Domscheit-Berg saying that the WikiLeaks team was unhappy with Assange's management and handling of the Afghan war document releases. Domscheit-Berg said he wanted greater transparency in WikiLeaks finances and
21312-409: Was revealed that the WikiLeaks Twitter account secretly corresponded with Donald Trump Jr. during the 2016 presidential election. The correspondence shows how WikiLeaks actively solicited the co-operation of Trump Jr., a campaign surrogate and advisor in the campaign of his father. WikiLeaks urged the Trump campaign to reject the results of the 2016 presidential election at a time when it looked as if
21460-717: Was the result of political pressure. WikiLeaks referred to these actions as a banking blockade. In response to the companies' actions, the hacker group Anonymous launched a series of cyberattacks against the companies, and against the Swedish Prosecution Authority for its attempted extradition of Assange . WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson said: [Anonymous] is not affiliated with Wikileaks. There has been no contact between any Wikileaks staffer and anyone at Anonymous. Wikileaks has not received any prior notice of any of Anonymous' actions. We neither condemn nor applaud these attacks. We believe they are
21608-561: Was the source in order to obscure that Russia was the actual source. WikiLeaks popularised conspiracy theories about the Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton, such as tweeting articles which suggested Clinton campaign chairman John Podesta engaged in satanic rituals , claiming that Hillary Clinton wanted to drone strike Assange, suggesting that Clinton wore earpieces to debates and interviews, promoting thinly sourced theories about Clinton's health and according to Bloomberg creating "anti-Clinton theories out of whole cloth". On
21756-415: Was the source of leaked emails and was killed for working with WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks fuelled such theories when it offered a $ 20,000 reward for information on Rich's killer and when Assange implied that Rich was the source of the DNC leaks, although no evidence supports that. Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report into Russian interference in the 2016 election said that Assange "implied falsely" that Rich
21904-526: Was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle , where he was frequently bullied, in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye (sensory exotropia ). As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson 's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness . He attended the Cours Hattemer ,
#495504