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60-498: (Redirected from Liberal Republicans ) Liberal Republican Party may refer to: Liberal Republican Party (Turkey) , a short-lived party active in 1930 Liberal Republican Party (United States) , which contested the 1872 presidential election See also [ edit ] Liberal Republican Right , an interwar party in Spain Rockefeller Republican ,

120-775: A Report for Reform in the East ( Şark Islahat Raporu ) in 1925, which suggested that the Kurds shall be Turkified . Thousands of Kurds fled their homes in southeastern Turkey and crossed the border to Syria , where they settled and were granted citizenship by the French mandate authorities . In the fall of 1927, Sheikh Abdurrahman, the brother of Sheikh Said, began a series of revenge attacks on Turkish garrisons in Palu and Malatya. In August 1928 Sheikh Abdurrahman and another brother of Sheikh Said, Sheikh Mehdi, turned themselves in and made use of

180-571: A tekke in Hınıs ). This failure excluded the possibility of extending the rebellion. On the other hand, Hasan Hayri Efendi, who was Dersim Deputy and Alevi Zaza, entered into solidarity with Sheikh Sharif, appointed by Sheikh Said as Commander of the Elaziz Front. A joint letter with Sheikh Sharif in Elaziz was sent to all the tribal leaders of Dersim on 6 March 1925. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk foresaw

240-462: A SCF meeting drew more than 100,000 people around the city, whose population was barely over 150,000. During this event, there were skirmishes with the police, and when the police fired into the crowd a number of people were wounded and a boy killed. The CHF leaders were alarmed and demanded that Mustafa Kemal should state openly that he was and would remain at the head of their party. One month later, on October 5, local elections took place, and all

300-458: A discussion about the direction to give to the regime, and two factions emerged around the economic issue: whether to implement a more liberal economy or to keep a more statist one. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal, that was aware of the existence of discontent thanks to many reports and his frequent inspection tours in the country, decided to allow and even encourage the founding of a loyal opposition party. He decided to entrust this task to Fethi Okyar ,

360-655: A faction of the US Republican Party Republican Liberal Party (Panama) , a defunct political party in Panama Republican Liberal Party (Portugal) , an interwar party in Portugal Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liberal Republican Party . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

420-573: A few days to discuss the issue: Okyar asked for guarantees that the government would allow a new party to function and that Atatürk himself would remain impartial, while the Turkish President demanded that the new party remained loyal to the ideals of republicanism and secularism. Once the negotiations were over, on August 12, 1930, the Liberal Republican Party was founded by Okyar, who took the role of President. Unlike

480-452: A former Prime Minister that had recently returned from a tour of duty as ambassador in Paris and he had submitted a very critical report on İnönü 's government's policies. The Turkish President may also have wanted to put pressure on İnönü who, after five years as PM, had gradually built up his own power base and was no longer a "President's puppet". Anyway, in the summer Kemal and Okyar met for

540-641: A large consignment, a mass attack (26 March), and with a suppress operation the Turkish troops made many of the enemy troops to surrender and squeezed the insurgency leaders while they were preparing to move to the Iran in Boğlan (today known as Sohlan). Sheikh Sharif and some of the tribal leaders were captured in Palu, and Sheikh Said too in Varto was seized at Carpuh Bridge with a close relative's notice (15 April 1925). By

600-608: A one-party State, at least until 1945 and the birth of the National Development Party ( Milli Kalkınma Partisi ). Sheikh Said rebellion Turkish operation suppressed The Sheikh Said rebellion ( Kurdish : Serhildana Şêx Seîd , Turkish : Şeyh Said İsyanı ) was a Kurdish nationalist rebellion in Turkish Kurdistan in 1925 led by Sheikh Said and with support of the Azadî against

660-491: A one-party regime there were no other alternatives to express discontent towards the government other than an integrated opposition, this party became a tool of resistance to central power. The party's mobilizing power soon became clear. During his first political speech, held in İzmir on September 4, Okyar met both supporters and adversaries of the government. In particular, these opponents welcomed him with enthusiasm and anti-government demonstrations. Moreover, on September 7,

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720-719: A pretext for revolt the abuse by the governmental administration, some others have invoked the defence of the Caliphate . In total over 7000 people were prosecuted by the Independence tribunals and more than 600 people were executed. The suppression of the Shaykh Said Uprising was an important milestone in the control of the Republican administration in Eastern Anatolia and South East Anatolia. On

780-601: A strict link between the government and the SCF kept existing. This is clearly shown by the fact that Atatürk, İnönü and Okyar met to decide how many MPs it would have. In the end, only 15 representatives joined the Liberal Party, but they were all eminent members of the Kemalist establishment. Despite the presence of many loyal Kemalists within the élite of the new party, and the intention to create an integrated opposition,

840-859: The Mosul dispute between Turkey and the British. The British on the other side assumed the Kemalists could have engineered the revolt, assuming that if the Kurdish revolt in Turkey was temporarily to succeed it would lead to a prolonged conflict over the Mosul Vilayet in Iraq with Turkey eventually able to occupy it. One of the early observers who criticized the way the Turkish Government treated

900-671: The Republican People's Party . However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, advocated for the resignation of Prime Minister Ali Fethi against the rapid rise of the incidents and appointed İsmet Pasha to establish a new government on 2 March. Ali Fethi resigned on the 3 March and was replaced by Ismet Inönü. Within days, the Turkish Grand National Assembly adopted the Maintenance of Order Law  [ tr ] ( Turkish : Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu ) and granted

960-487: The TCF in 1924, the SCF was born under Atatürk's directives to weak the growing discontent in the country against the government. To prove his good faith, Kemal let some of his companions join the party: Mehmet Nuri Coker , that became Secretary General, Ahmet Ağaoğlu , end even his sister Makbule Atadan (the first woman member of the party). Despite Atatürk's claim to maintain an impartial attitude toward political affairs,

1020-624: The TCF of 1924. There were four main points: 1930 was a difficult year in Turkey: the aftermath of the Kurdish revolts and the global economic crisis hit Turkish policies very hard. However, the CHF had no real means of managing this discontent because of its authoritarian structure, which left it without the means of communication with the masses. At the same time, in the Assembly there began to be

1080-504: The British policy towards the region said: "A new protective admission to all Kurds accustomed to the Turkish administration It will be difficult to bring the British interests to Mosul, where the Kurds live in the mountainous regions and Southern Kurdistan in which they live. It is thought that the region of Mosul could be separated from other parts and connected to a new independent Kurdistan State. However, it would be very difficult to resolve this issue by agreement. Mosul dispute between

1140-449: The CHF with 35,942 votes. At the same time, the total number of non-voters reached 250,000. Istanbul was also an example of the support given by minorities to SCF: in this municipality, it fielded five Greeks, two Armenians, and two Jews for forty-two councilman positions. According to British diplomatic records, the CHF believed that SCF was taking too much consent from the minorities and the reactionaries. There were also some rumours that

1200-574: The Colon of Ministers was increasingly under scrutiny, and a powerful British fleet was moving to Basra . Prior to Sheikh Said's rebellion, the prominent Pashas of the War of Independence worried about the anti-religious and autocratic policy of Atatürk's government and therefore on 17 November 1924, the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (TCF), the first opposition party in the history of

1260-469: The Government of Ali Fethi has issued a circular which vowed strict measures against the rebels on the 25 February 1925 and announced the reign of martial law in the eastern provinces and classified the use of religious aims against the government as treason. The Turkish Parliament was not pleased with this action and in response, the Turkish prime minister Ali Fethi was criticized by the politicians of

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1320-550: The Kurds managed to assault the Diyarbakır airport and destroy three of the airplanes. In one of the bigger engagements, in the night of 6–7 March, the forces of Sheikh Said laid siege to the city of Diyarbakır with 5,000–10,000 men. In Diyarbakır the headquarters of the Seventh Army Corps was located. But neither the Kurdish notables nor the Kurdish farmers in the region in and around Diyarbakır refused to support

1380-494: The Kurds within our borders. To prevent this, we need to cross the border South.'’ In the report the British spokesman sent to London on the 28 November 1919 he stated; "Even though we don't trust the Kurds, it is our interests to use them." The British Prime Minister Lloyd George , on the 19 May 1920 at the San Remo Conference stated that "the Kurds cannot survive without a large state behind them," he says, for

1440-510: The Liberal Party was getting the support of Kurds in Constantinople and was courting the ex-Ottoman dynasty. Then, in an assembly debate directly after the elections, Fethi Okyar accused the CHF of large-scale irregularities and electoral fraud. In this context, Atatürk started to worry about the risk of political instability and told Fethi privately that he could no longer remain impartial in this atmosphere. Due to these evolutions and

1500-578: The Republic was established. There was a general consensus that Atatürk's actions were against religion. In the TCF’s article which led by Kazım Karabekir it says that "The political party is respectful to the religious beliefs and thoughts". One of the TCF officials, Fethi Bey, said "The members of the TCF are religious. CHF is messing up with the religion, we will save the religion and protect it". Two weeks before

1560-536: The SCF was quickly embraced by many groups that felt excluded by the new regime. In fact, it was seen as a means to reverse the reforms of the regime. There were three main factions that joined the party in opposition to the government: the notables from the countryside, against secularism; the Muslims of Greece that had been subjected to the exchange of population in 1923; many minorities, such as Armenians, Greeks, and Jews, against Turkish nationalism. Indeed, since in

1620-662: The Sheikh Said incident, in late January 1925, the TCF Erzurum deputy Ziyaeddin Efendi, with heavy criticism of the actions of the ruling CHF in the chair of the Grand National Assembly , said that ‘innovation’ had led to the encouragement of “isret” (getting drunk), an increase in prostitution, Muslim women losing their decency and, most important of all, religious customs being dishonored and disregarded by

1680-531: The Sheikh Said rebellion. The reports originate from the British Air Command at Mosul , which was in charge of intelligence for all of Iraq . At the beginning of the rebellion the Turks had one squadron (filo) consisting of seven airplanes. Of these only 2 were serviceable. But In the course of the rebellion more than 70 aircraft have been involved in subduing the rebellion. Turkey also obtained

1740-542: The Turkish government. The Azadî, and several officers from the Ottoman empire have supported the rebellion. Robert Olson states that viewing the several sources, a number of 15'000 rebels is about the average of the involved rebels in the revolt. That some Alevi tribes who participated in the Koçgiri rebellion refused to join the rebellion was a major setback as they had a lot of other tribes also desisted from supporting

1800-577: The Turkish officers in the areas under their control. On 13 February 1925, Sheikh Said addressed the people in his sermon in the Piran mosque and stated: "The madrasahs were closed. The Ministry of Religion and Foundations was abolished and the schools of religion were connected to the National Education. In the newspapers, a number of irreligious writers dare to insult the Prophet and extend

1860-784: The UK and Turkey in Lausanne conference dealt with the bilateral talks, if this were to fail it was decided to have recourse the subject to the League of Nations . On 19 May 1924, the results of the negotiations in Istanbul could not be reached and Britain took the issue on 6 August 1924 to the League of Nations. The Sheikh Said uprising emerged during the days when British occupation forces declared martial law in northern Iraq, removed their officer's permits, and carried their troops to Mosul. In those days,

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1920-555: The amnesty law issued by the Turkish Government in May of the same year. In the Turkish press the suppression of the revolt was praised and according to Günther Deschner for quite some time also the western historians seemed to see the suppression as a pacification of a rebellious region. In Turkey it was assumed that the Sheikh Said revolt was supported by the British Empire who wanted to achieve certain concessions with reagards to

1980-460: The context of the One-party period , Mustafa Kemal requested for Okyar to create a new movement as an opposition party to confront the ruling Republican People's Party with the aim of establishing the tradition of multi-party democracy in Turkey. After the first tentative of Progressive Republican Party during the period 1924–1925, it represents the second attempt to create a pluralist system in

2040-457: The country. Even if the party advocated liberal views, both economically and politically, in its program, it was quickly embraced by many opponents of Atatürk's reforms , particularly regarding secularism . Thus, after its participation in the 1930 local elections in which it won 31 of 502 municipalities, it was personally dissolved in November 1930 by Okyar, who was an ardent supporter of

2100-416: The end of March, most of the major battles of the Sheikh Said rebellion were over. The Turkish authorities, according to Martin van Bruinessen , crushed the rebellion with continual aerial bombardments and a massive concentration of forces. The rebels were unable to penetrate beyond Hınıs , this was one of the two major areas where Sheikh Said was well known and he enjoyed considerable influence there (he had

2160-459: The excessive activism of opponents, on November 17 the SCF was dissolved on Atatürk's recommendation. Okyar used the pretext that the Turkish people were not yet ready to rule themselves, because of their illiteracy. The real state of things was that those in control of the vested interests created as a result of the one-party system feared the establishment of an era of equal opportunity which would put an end to their privilege. In any case, in 1930

2220-553: The first years of the Turkish Republic, the Turkish state carried out assimilationist campaigns on its Kurdish minority . Mustafa Kemal Pasha , in his speech in Eskişehir on 14 January 1923 about the Mosul - Kirkuk area also addressed the Kurdish issue mentioning: ‘'the second issue is the problem of Kurdishness. The British wanted to establish a Kurdish state there (in northern Iraq ). If they do, this thought spreads to

2280-463: The government declared martial law in the eastern provinces. Army troops sent to the insurgents on 23 February were forced to retreat to Diyarbakir in the Winter Plain against the Sheikh Said forces. The next day, another uprising under the leadership of Sheikh Sharif, who entered Elazığ, kept the city under control for a short time. Elazığ was looted by rebels for several days. At the 1 of March,

2340-577: The government emergency powers. The ban on the uprising has been extended to include other measures. In addition, it was decided to re-establish the Independence Courts in Ankara and Diyarbakır. The sum of 7 Mio. Turkish Pounds was reported by the US military attaché in Turkey. Hamit Bozarslan estmiates that about 35% of the budget went into the suppression of the revolt. Seyit Abdülkadir ,

2400-426: The language of our Prophet. If I can do it today, I will start fighting myself and try to raise religion." . Sheikh Said was elected as the next commander of the Kurdish independence movement gathered around Azadî and Darhini was declared the capital of Kurdistan on the 14 February 1925. Sheikh Said, who had taken the governor and the other officers captive while charging against Darhini (16 February), tried to gather

2460-657: The leader of the Kurdish Teali Society and several of his friends who were accused of supporting the rebellion, were arrested in Istanbul and taken to Diyarbakır to be tried. As a result of the trial, Seyit Abdulkadir and five of his friends were sentenced to death by the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır on 23 May 1925 and executed four days later. A journalist for a Kurdish newspaper in Bitlis ,

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2520-445: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_Republican_Party&oldid=835389578 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Liberal Republican Party (Turkey) In

2580-510: The movement under a single center with a declaration urging the people to rise up in the name of Islam. In this statement, he used his seal which means 'the leader of the fighters for the sake of religion' and called everyone to fight for the sake of religion. Initially, the rebellion was initiated on behalf of the Islamic Sharia , but was later converted to the Kurdish independence movement. The rebellion soon expanded and by 20 February,

2640-473: The name Kurdistan did not appear on maps, at restrictions on the Kurdish language and on Kurdish education and objections to alleged Turkish economic exploitation of Kurdish areas, at the expense of Kurds. The revolt was preceded by the smaller and less successful Beytüssebap revolt in September 1924, led by Cibran and Ihsan Nuri on the orders by the prominent Azadî member Ziya Yusuf Bey . The revolt

2700-455: The nation. As a way to pretend some pluralism, Atatürk even reserved thirty seats to men holding independent views so that the government's actions could be examined and criticized. Nevertheless, obviously, the CHF controlled the choice of all other candidates. Therefore, the new Assembly included in its membership some people that did not come from the republican élite. However, in effect it remained

2760-514: The new regime. The Azadî forces under the lead of Halid Beg Cibran were dominated by the former members of the late Ottoman era Hamidiye regiments , a Kurdish tribal militia established during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II to deal with the Armenians , and sometimes even to keep the Qizilbash under control. According to various historians, the main reason the revolt took place

2820-410: The newly-founded Turkish Republic . The rebellion was mostly led by Zaza speakers , but also gained support among some of the neighboring Kurmanji -speaking Kurds in the region. The religious and nationalist background of the Sheikh Said rebellion has been debated by the scholars. The rebellion was described as "the first large-scale nationalist rebellion by the Kurds " by Robert W. Olson. In

2880-508: The other hand, the developments that emerged with the uprising led to the interruption of the steps towards transition to multi-party life for a long while. Also against the Progressive Republican Party ( Turkish : Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası ) was opened an investigation on the grounds that it was involved in the riot and was soon closed under a government decree. After the uprising, the Turkish state prepared

2940-470: The people against Kemal's reforms (especially in the Aegean region and Istanbul ) voted for the Liberal Party. On this occasion, SCF gained 31 cities out of 502 and captured a number of seats in various municipalities. Where voters didn't have the capacity to resist power pressures, they preferred abstention from vote for CHF. In Istanbul, for instance, the opposition party gained only 12,888 votes, well behind

3000-673: The permission to use the Baghdad Railway to transport their soldiers through Syria from France . Following the suppression of the Beytüssebap revolt, the Turks attempted to prevent an other rebellion. In February 1925, they moved into the Piran (today called Dicle) area to detain some Kurdish notables, but were prevented by from it by men loyal to Sheikh Said. The intrusion by the Turkish army provoked Kurds around Sheikh Said, and reportedly they have either killed or arrested all

3060-539: The poet Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi , was also among the executed. The Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakir also imposed a death sentence on Sheikh Said and 47 riots rulers on the 28 June 1925. Penalties were carried out the next day, by Sheikh Said coming up first. The President of the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır that sentenced the rebels stated on 28 June 1925: Certain among you have taken as

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3120-402: The political mood in the country was really hostile, also because of two rebellions. These events and the dissolution of the Liberal Party convinced Atatürk of the necessity to consolidate CHP's power in order to maintain and reinforce his Revolution. As a result of this political instability, the Assembly decided to hold a new election to prove that the Kemalists represented the majority of

3180-606: The powerful Sheikh Ziyaettin from Norşin would not support the rebellion and preferred an arrangement with the Kemalists . During this rebellion, the Turkish government used its airplanes for bombing raids in Palu - Bingöl area. In the course of this operation, the airfield near Elâzığ was used. However, according to the British Air Ministry there are few reports on the use of Turkish airplanes in suppressing

3240-411: The rebellion, as their leaders preferred to be in good standing with the Turkish government. Some claim British assistance was sought realizing that Kurdistan could not stand alone. The Kurdish population in around Diyarbakır, farmers as well as Kurdish notables, also desisted. The influential Kurdish Cemilpasazade family even supported the Turkish Government. Also the ruler of Cizre , Sheikh Saida and

3300-407: The rebellion. The Muslim Revivalists attacked the city at all four gates simultaneously. All of their attacks were repelled by the numerically inferior Turkish garrison, with the use of machine gun fire and mortar grenades. When the rebels retreated the next morning, the area around the city was full of dead bodies. When a second wave of attacks failed, the siege was finally lifted on 11 March. After

3360-417: The reforms. The closure of the Free Republican Party left Turkey as a one-party state until the establishment of the National Development Party ( Milli Kalkınma Partisi ) in 1945 and the Democrat Party in 1946. The main difference between the SCF and the ruling CHF was that the first claimed that he advocated liberal views in its program. The party produced an 11-point manifesto, which echoed that of

3420-424: The seriousness of the rebellion and urged İsmet İnönü to come to Ankara, as he had been resting for a vacation at an island near Istanbul. Atatürk welcomed İnönü and his family at the Ankara Station to explain him how serious the situation has become. Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fethi (Okyar) and İsmet İnönü had a meeting on the 24 February 1925, which lasted for 7 1/2 hours and the main subject was the rebellion. Following,

3480-450: The town Lice, where the 5th Army corps was headquartered was captured. After receiving the support of the tribes of Mistan, Botan and Mhallami, he headed to Diyarbakır via Genç and Çapakçur (today known as Bingöl ) and captured Maden , Siverek and Ergani . Another uprising, directed by Sheikh Abdullah attempted to capture Muş coming from Hınıs . But the rebels were defeated around Murat bridge and made them to retreat. On 21 February,

3540-403: Was subdued, and its leaders Cibran and Ziya Yusuf Bey were captured and courtmartialed in Bitlis . Sheikh Said appealed to all Muslims of Turkey to join in the rebellion being planned. The tribes which actually participated were mostly Kurds. Kurds of the Xormak and Herkî , two Kurdish- Qizilbash tribes were the most active and effective opponents of this rebellion. experience in confronting

3600-417: Was that various elements of the Turkish society were unhappy with the Turkish Parliament 's abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate on 3 March 1924. According to British intelligence reports, the Azadî officers had 11 grievances. Apart from Kurdish cultural demands and complaints of Turkish maltreatment, this list also detailed fears of imminent mass deportations of Kurds. They also registered annoyance that

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