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33-487: The villages of Dubany and Poplze are administrative parts of Libochovice. The name is derived from the personal name Liboch (in old Czech known as Ľuboch), meaning "the village of Liboch's people". Libochovice is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Litoměřice and 28 km (17 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem . It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Lower Ohře Table . The Ohře River flows through

66-581: A gens , Sclavini merely a genus , and there was no "Slavic" gens . He further states that " Wends occur particularly in political contexts: the Wends, not the Slavs, made Samo their king." Other such alleged early West Slavic states include the Principality of Moravia (8th century–833), the Principality of Nitra (8th century–833), and Great Moravia (833–c. 907). Christiansen (1997) identified

99-585: A lookout tower in the shape of chalice), Dům u černého orla ("Black Eagle House"; one of the most significant Renaissance houses), and Museum of Crystal Touch. There are several valuable sacral buildings in Litoměřice. On the main square, there is the All Saints Church. Its existence was firstly mentioned in 1235. Originally it belonged to the town fortification. It has a 54 metres (177 ft) high bell tower. The Baroque Saint Stephen's Cathedral at

132-407: Is a massive Baroque church built by Giulio and Octavio Broggio in 1701–1731. There are numerous cellars connected by an extensive web of underground ways under the town. In some places, the cellars were built in three floors. The ways are about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long and they belong to the longest of their kind in the county. Only 336 metres (1,102 feet) of these underground ways are open to

165-491: Is located on the railway lines Ústí nad Labem – Žatec and Česká Lípa – Postoloprty . The town is also the final station of the railway line from Roudnice nad Labem . Historic trains run on it and it is only in operation during the summer tourist season on weekends. Libochovice is known for the Libochovice Castle . It is a Rennaisance castle created by reconstruction of the former Gothic fortress. The castle park

198-561: Is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Litoměřice . Litoměřice is made up of four town parts: Litoměřice-Město, Pokratice, Předměstí and Za nemocnicí. Litoměřice is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem and 51 km (32 mi) northwest of Prague . The northwestern half of the municipal territory lies in the Central Bohemian Uplands , the southeastern half lies in

231-576: The Chronicle of Fredegar and Paul the Deacon are neither clear nor consistent in their ethnographic terminology, and whether "Wends" or "Veneti" refer to Slavic people, pre-Slavic people, or to a territory rather than a population, is a matter of scholarly debate. The early Slavic expansion reached Central Europe in the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from common Slavic over

264-562: The Beneš decrees in August 1945, along with about 2.5 million other former Czechoslovak citizens of German ethnicity from the country. There are no large industrial enterprises located in Litoměřice. The largest employer is the hospital. Litoměřice is known for viticulture and wine-making. It is the centre of the Litoměřická wine sub-region. The existence of vineyards is already documented in

297-696: The Cyrillic alphabet . Linguistically, the West Slavic group can be divided into three subgroups: Lechitic , including Polish , Silesian , Kashubian , and the extinct Polabian and Pomeranian languages ; Sorbian in the region of Lusatia ; and Czecho–Slovak in the Czech lands . In the Early Middle Ages , the name " Wends " (probably derived from the Roman-era Veneti ) may have applied to Slavic peoples. However, sources such as

330-511: The La Tène culture , which did not survive the incoming Germanic attacks. The area was later settled by Germanic tribes, when Litoměřice first appeared on Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century under the name of Nomisterium. The Germanic tribes later migrated west and those remaining mingled with the incoming Slavs. The earliest evidence of the Slavic settlement comes from the 8th century. In

363-580: The Lower Ohře Table , on the edge of the Polabí lowlands. The highest point, located in the northern tip of the territory, is at 480 m (1,570 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the right (northern) bank of the Elbe River, at its confluence with the Ohře , which flows from the south. The settlement of Litoměřice has a deep history of Paleolithic cultures as well as large Celtic settlements of

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396-551: The Pagan sanctuaries of the closed (long) type, while the East Slavic sanctuaries had a round (most often open) shape ( see also : Peryn ). Early modern historiographers such as Penzel (1777) and Palacky (1827) have claimed Samo's Empire to be first independent Slavic state in history by taking Fredegar's Wendish account at face value. Curta (1997) argued that the text is not as straightforward: according to Fredegar, Wends were

429-663: The Poles , Czechs , Slovaks , Silesians , Kashubians , and Sorbs . From the ninth century onwards, most West Slavs converted to Roman Catholicism , thus coming under the cultural influence of the Latin Church , adopting the Latin alphabet , and tending to be more closely integrated into cultural and intellectual developments in western Europe than the East Slavs , who converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity and adopted

462-510: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Litoměřice (part of Archdiocese of Prague ), the 4th oldest (and 3rd still existing) Catholic diocese on present Czech territory. Litoměřice is known for the annual event Zahrada Čech ("Garden of Bohemia "). It is an extensive horticultural trade fair , attended by tens of thousands of people. North Bohemian Gallery of Fine Arts is based close the main square. Extensive collection spans from 13th century to contemporary art with numerous other exhibitions during

495-577: The 9th and 10th century, Litoměřice fell under the control of the Přemyslid dynasty. Přemyslids built here an early medieval fortress, one of the most important Přemyslid centres in Czech lands. The area was settled by the Czech tribe of Litoměřici , after which the town was named. In 1057, the Litomeřice Chapter was founded by Duke Spytihněv II , and it is the oldest written evidence of the existence of

528-597: The Dómské Square was built in place of an older Romanesque basilica in the years 1664–1668. It has a 50 metres (160 ft) high tower open to the public. The interior is almost completely authentic with main and six side altars and a lot of original paintings. Right next to the dome is a bishop's residence built in 1683–1701 by Giulio Broggio. There is also the Jesuit Church of the Annunciation. It

561-577: The Protectorate or were deported during the Holocaust in the Sudetenland . From March 1944 to May 1945, Leitmeritz concentration camp was located west of the town. 18,000 prisoners passed through the camp and were forced to work mostly on excavating underground factories (Richard I and II) under Radobýl . 4,500 died. In the final stages of World War II, German troops retreated to escape

594-459: The advancing Red Army . The Czech resistance took control of the castle on 27 April 1945, and after a few days they started negotiations with the German commander about the terms of his surrender. The Wehrmacht capitulated in the night after 8 May, but German troops fled on 9 May, just before Soviet troops entered the town on 10 May 1945. Most of the German population of the town was expelled by

627-716: The domination of the Holy Roman Empire after the Wendish Crusade in the Middle Ages and had been strongly assimilated by Germans at the end of the 19th century. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony . Various attempts have been made to group the West Slavs into subgroups according to various criteria, including geography, historical tribes, and linguistics. In 845

660-408: The first written mention of Litoměřice from 1057. The I/15 road from Most to Česká Lípa passes through the town. Litoměřice is served by three train stations. The station Litoměřice město is located on the Ústí nad Labem – Kolín line. The stations Litoměřice horní nádraží and Litoměřice Cihelna are located on the lines Most–Litoměřice and Česká Lípa– Postoloprty . The town is the seat of

693-931: The following West Slav tribes in the 11th century from "the coastlands and hinterland from the aby of Kiel to the Vistula, including the islands of Fehmarn, Poel, Rügen, Usedom and Wollin", namely the Wagrians , Obodrites (or Abotrites), the Polabians , the Liutizians or Wilzians, the Rugians or Rani, the Sorbs, the Lusatians, the Poles, and the Pomeranians (later divided into Pomerelians and Cassubians). They came under

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726-590: The following centuries. The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the Carolingian Empire , along the Limes Saxoniae . Prior to the Magyar invasion of Pannonia in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania. In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by

759-451: The incipient German Ostsiedlung , decisively so following the Wendish Crusade in the 11th century. The early Slavic expansion began in the 5th century, and by the 6th century the groups that would become the West, East , and South Slavic groups had probably become geographically separated. One of the distinguishing features of the West Slavic tribes was manifested in the structure of

792-556: The informal name of the Sudetenland , the region became the subject of political controversy in the following years. Czechs settled there again, but remained a minority. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement , German troops occupied the Sudetenland (and all the rest of Czech lands a few months later). The Czech population, which had grown to about 5,000 people, had to leave again. Jews from Litoměřice were forced to flee to

825-694: The prosperity of the town suffered from the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War . In 1918, Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia became constituent parts of the newly created Czechoslovakia ), along with a large border area inhabited predominantly by Sudeten Germans . Local Germans tried to join German Austria (which in turn aimed to join post-war Weimar Republic ), but Czechoslovak troops prevented this. Known under

858-594: The public. Litoměřice is twinned with: West Slavs The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages . They separated from the common Slavic group around the 7th century, and established independent polities in Central Europe by the 8th to 9th centuries. The West Slavic languages diversified into their historically attested forms over the 10th to 14th centuries. Today, groups which speak West Slavic languages include

891-474: The surviving population of the town was forced to accept Catholicism or face property confiscation and the obligation to leave the kingdom. In this way, the town became a Catholic bishop's residency in 1655. As a result, the Czech Protestant population shrank and the town became largely germanized . In the 18th century, many Baroque building, which are today cultural monuments, were built. However

924-698: The town. A royal-town statute was granted in 1219 by King Ottokar I of Bohemia . At the beginning of the 13th century, Litoměřice was an important political, cultural and economic centre. The population suffered during the 15th century Hussite Wars . After the Protestant tensions with the Catholics that triggered the Thirty Years' War and the Protestants' defeat in the Battle of White Mountain ,

957-439: The town. The first written mention of Libochovice is from 1336, when it was described as a market town with a fortress. In 1560, Libochovice became a town. The first Jews came into the town probably in the second half of the 15th century. From the second half of the 16th century there was a strong Jewish community, but most of them died during the Holocaust , and the community was never renewed after World War II. Libochovice

990-536: The year. On the Mírové Square there is also the Gallery and Museum of Litoměřice diocese . Since 1978, the historic centre of Litoměřice has been an urban monument reservation . The protected territory is delimited by remains of town walls. About 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) of town walls is preserved to this day. Originally they had four town gates, none of them is preserved. Part of the town fortifications

1023-485: Was Litoměřice Castle. Today it contains an exposition of Czech viticulture . Its core form Mírové Square, a large square with an area of about 2 hectares. Most of the houses on the square are in the Gothic style. The Old Town Hall building on the square is the oldest Renaissance building in the town. Today, the building serves as a regional museum. Other sights on the square include the "Chalice house" (new town hall with

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1056-467: Was demolished in 1985 and is commemorated by a memorial plaque. Litom%C4%9B%C5%99ice Litoměřice ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɪtomɲɛr̝ɪtsɛ] ; German : Leitmeritz ) is a town in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 23,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation . The town

1089-523: Was founded in 1686. The Church of All Saints was originally a Gothic church from the 14th century. The tower was added in 1541. After it was destroyed by a fire in 1661, it was completely rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1700–1705. The Jewish community is reminded of the cemetery, founded in 1583, and of part of the original houses of the Jewish quarter. The synagogue from the second half of the 18th century

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