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89-593: LibreOffice Calc is the spreadsheet component of the LibreOffice software package. After forking from OpenOffice.org in 2010, LibreOffice Calc underwent a massive re-work of external reference handling to fix many defects in formula calculations involving external references, and to boost data caching performance, especially when referencing large data ranges. Calc is capable of opening and saving most spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel file format . Calc

178-668: A database management system. Programs within a suite use similar commands for similar functions. Usually, sharing data between the components is easier than with a non-integrated collection of functionally equivalent programs. This was particularly an advantage at a time when many personal computer systems used text-mode displays and commands instead of a graphical user interface . Humans have organized data into tables , that is, grids of columns and rows, since ancient times. The Babylonians used clay tablets to store data as far back as 1800 BCE. Other examples can be found in book-keeping ledgers and astronomical records. Since at least 1906

267-526: A workbook . A workbook is physically represented by a file containing all the data for the book, the sheets, and the cells with the sheets. Worksheets are normally represented by tabs that flip between pages, each one containing one of the sheets, although Numbers changes this model significantly. Cells in a multi-sheet book add the sheet name to their reference, for instance, "Sheet 1!C10". Some systems extend this syntax to allow cell references to different workbooks. Users interact with sheets primarily through

356-403: A 3rd party for authentication or maintenance. Collabora Online runs LibreOffice kit at its core, which grew from StarOffice that was launched 39 years ago in 1985. Notable current spreadsheet software: Discontinued spreadsheet software: Several companies have attempted to break into the spreadsheet market with programs based on very different paradigms. Lotus introduced what is likely

445-700: A Backups section to see what Android devices have data backed up to the service, and a completely overhauled computer app released in July 2017 allows for backing up specific folders on the user's computer. A Quick Access feature can intelligently predict the files users need. Google Drive is a key component of Google Workspace , Google's monthly subscription offering for businesses and organizations that operated as G Suite until October 2020. As part of select Google Workspace plans, Drive offers unlimited storage, advanced file audit reporting, enhanced administration controls, and greater collaboration tools for teams. Following

534-549: A Google account requires making them accessible to "anybody with the link". This generates a secret URL for the file, which may be shared via email or private messages. Files and folders can also be made "public on the web", which means that they can be indexed by search engines and thus can be found and accessed by anyone. The owner may also set an access level for regulating permissions. The three access levels offered are "can edit", "can comment" and "can view". Users with editing access can invite others to edit. On September 13, 2021,

623-466: A compatible web browser, it can be used online and offline (with or without internet connectivity). Google Sheets originated from a web-based spreadsheet application XL2Web developed by 2Web Technologies , combined with DocVerse which enabled multiple-user online collaboration of Office documents. In 2016 Collabora Online Calc was launched, notable in that the web based spreadsheet could be hosted and integrated into any environment without dependency on

712-526: A drive letter on the operating system, and thus allows easy access to Google Drive files and folders without using a web browser. It also featured on-demand file access, when the file is downloaded from Google Drive only when it is accessed. Additionally, Drive File Stream supports the Shared Drives functionality of Google Workspace. In July 2017, Google announced their new downloadable software, Backup and Sync, for individual users of Google Drive. It

801-436: A manual request to recalculate since the recalculation of large or complex spreadsheets often reduced data entry speed. Many modern spreadsheets still retain this option. Recalculation generally requires that there are no circular dependencies in a spreadsheet. A dependency graph is a graph that has a vertex for each object to be updated, and an edge connecting two objects whenever one of them needs to be updated earlier than

890-497: A new app for Windows and Mac, was released replacing "Backup and Sync" and "Drive File Stream". Google Drive for desktop based on File Stream, which will support features previously exclusive to each respective Client. Google stopped supporting Backup and Sync as of October 1, 2021. In 2023, a bug in Google Drive for Desktop resulted in a small number of files over a period of 6-months to disappear from user's accounts. A fix

979-581: A part of the Google Docs Editors office suite that allows collaborative editing of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms, and more. Files created and edited through the Google Docs suite are saved in Google Drive. Google Drive offers users 15  GB of free storage , sharing it with Gmail and Google Photos . Through Google One , Google Drive also offers paid plans at tiers of 100 GB and 2  TB , along with

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1068-474: A pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text. Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared. LANPAR, available in 1969,

1157-477: A premium 2 TB plan that comes with Google's artificial intelligence . Files uploaded can be up to 750 GB in size. Users can change privacy settings for individual files and folders, including enabling sharing with other users or making content public. On the website, users can search for an image by describing its visuals, and use natural language to find specific files, such as "find my budget spreadsheet from last December". The website and Android app offer

1246-413: A shared allowance for purchased storage. Between April 2012 and May 2013, Google Drive and Google+ Photos had a shared allowance for both free and purchased storage, whereas Gmail had a separate 10 GB storage limit, which increased to 25 GB on the purchase of any storage plan. In September 2012, Google announced that a paid plan would now cover total storage, rather than the paid allocation being added to

1335-423: A system of file sharing in which the creator of a file or folder is, by default, its owner. The owner can regulate the public visibility of the file or folder. Ownership is transferable. Files or folders can be shared privately with particular users having a Google account , using the email address (usually, but not necessarily, ending in @gmail.com ) associated with that account. Sharing files with users not having

1424-581: A variant used in VisiCalc and known as "A1 notation". Additionally, spreadsheets have the concept of a range , a group of cells, normally contiguous. For instance, one can refer to the first ten cells in the first column with the range "A1:A10". LANPAR innovated forward referencing/natural order calculation which didn't re-appear until Lotus 123 and Microsoft's MultiPlan Version 2. In modern spreadsheet applications, several spreadsheets, often known as worksheets or simply sheets , are gathered together to form

1513-416: A version that ran on IBM mainframes was introduced under the name AutoTab . ( National CSS offered a similar product, CSSTAB, which had a moderate timesharing user base by the early 1970s. A major application was opinion research tabulation.) AutoPlan/AutoTab was not a WYSIWYG interactive spreadsheet program, it was a simple scripting language for spreadsheets. The user defined the names and labels for

1602-499: Is a file-hosting service and synchronization service developed by Google . Launched on April 24, 2012, Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud (on Google servers ), synchronize files across devices, and share files . In addition to a web interface , Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and macOS computers, and Android and iOS smartphones and tablets. Google Drive encompasses Google Docs , Google Sheets , and Google Slides , which are

1691-563: Is also capable of saving spreadsheets as PDF files. As with the entire LibreOffice suite, Calc is available for a variety of platforms, including Linux , macOS , Microsoft Windows , and FreeBSD . Available under the Mozilla Public License , Calc is free and open-source software . There are community builds for many other platforms. Ecosystem partner Collabora uses LibreOffice upstream code and provides apps for Android , iOS , iPadOS and ChromeOS . LibreOffice Online

1780-513: Is also shared with Gmail and Google Photos . Users can purchase additional space through either a monthly or yearly payment. The option of yearly payments was introduced in December 2016, and is limited to the 100 GB and standard 2 TB storage plans. Furthermore, the yearly payments offer a discount. In May 2018, Google announced that storage plans (including the free 15 gigabyte plan) would be moved over to Google One . As of 2024 , these are

1869-519: Is an online office suite which includes the applications Writer, Calc and Impress and provides an upstream for projects such as commercial Collabora Online . There is now a closed beta of LibreOffice on AmigaOS 4.1. Capabilities of Calc include: Originally called DataPilot, Pivot Table provides similar functionality to the Pivot table found in Microsoft Excel . It is used for interactive table layout and dynamic data analysis. An advanced sort macro

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1958-492: Is developed by OpenAI allowing ChatGPT to access files stored in Google Drive. Google reported that as of 2021, there were more than 5,300 public apps available in the Google Workspace Marketplace . The Google Drive viewer on the web allows the following file formats to be viewed: Files in other formats can also be handled through third-party apps that work with Google Drive, available from

2047-460: Is in them. For example, a search for "mountain" returns all the photos of mountains, as well as any text documents about mountains. Text in images and PDFs can be extracted using optical character recognition . In September 2016, Google added "natural language processing" for searching on the Google Drive website, enabling specific user search queries like "find my budget spreadsheet from last December". In February 2017, Google integrated Drive and

2136-917: Is included that allows data to be arranged or categorised based on either a user generated macro or one of several default included macros. FoxPro WK3, WK4 XLTM Query File (spreadsheet) (spreadsheet) added back in 5.3, write up to 3.6 Spreadsheet Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets and can display data either as text and numerals or in graphical form. Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions , modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial accountancy and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with

2225-464: Is indistinguishable from a batch compiler with added input data, producing an output report, i.e. , a 4GL or conventional, non-interactive, batch computer program. However, this concept of an electronic spreadsheet was outlined in the 1961 paper "Budgeting Models and System Simulation" by Richard Mattessich . The subsequent work by Mattessich (1964a, Chpt. 9, Accounting and Analytical Methods ) and its companion volume, Mattessich (1964b, Simulation of

2314-511: Is usually referenced by its column and row (C2 would represent the cell containing the value 30 in the example table below). Usually rows, representing the dependent variables , are referenced in decimal notation starting from 1, while columns representing the independent variables use 26-adic bijective numeration using the letters A-Z as numerals. Its physical size can usually be tailored to its content by dragging its height or width at box intersections (or for entire columns or rows by dragging

2403-516: The Chrome Web Store . Files that are uploaded, but not converted to Google Docs, Sheets, or Slides formats, may be up to 5 TB in size. There are also limits, specific to file type, listed below: On April 3, 2023, it was reported that Google had also quietly introduced a user "creation limit" of 5 million files around February 2023. This was later removed one day after it was publicly discovered following user backlash. Introduced in

2492-581: The Chrome Web Store . To add an app, users are required to sign in to the Chrome Web Store, but the apps are compatible with all supported web browsers. Drive apps operate on online files and can be used to view, edit, and create files in various formats, edit images and videos, fax and sign documents, manage projects, create flowcharts, etc. Drive apps can also be made the default for handling file formats supported by them. Some of these apps also work offline on Google Chrome and ChromeOS . All of

2581-426: The personal computer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet that combined many of the essential features of modern spreadsheet applications, such as a WYSIWYG interactive user interface, automatic recalculation, status and formula lines, range copying with relative and absolute references, and formula building by selecting referenced cells. Unaware of LANPAR at

2670-462: The professor and manipulate it to represent it and show ratios etc. In 1964, a book entitled Business Computer Language was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh. Both the book and program were copyrighted in 1966 and years later that copyright was renewed. Applied Data Resources had a FORTRAN preprocessor called Empires. In the late 1960s, Xerox used BCL to develop a more sophisticated version for their timesharing system. A key invention in

2759-400: The relational structure of a database. Spreadsheets and databases are interoperable—sheets can be imported into databases to become tables within them, and database queries can be exported into spreadsheets for further analysis. A spreadsheet program is one of the main components of an office productivity suite , which usually also contains a word processor , a presentation program , and

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2848-656: The Android app in September 2016, Quick Access uses machine learning to "intelligently predict the files you need before you've even typed anything". The feature was announced to be expanded to iOS and the web in March 2017, though the website interface received the feature in May. Search results can be narrowed by file type, ownership, visibility, and the open-with app. Users can search for images by describing or naming what

2937-633: The Apple II, this helped it grow in popularity. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet for several years. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Apple Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and then ported it to Windows, with the first version being numbered 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) and released in November 1987. Microsoft's Windows 3.x platforms of

3026-560: The Docs format, but excluding Sites ) in Drive along with photos and videos uploaded to Google Photos using its "saver" (originally "High quality") setting. The update was announced to come into effect on June 1, 2021. Before June 1, all documents and compressed photos uploaded on Google's online storage were not be counted under the 15 GB cap. In September 2021, Google added a 5 TB storage plan priced at $ 24.99/month. Google Drive incorporates

3115-586: The Federal Circuit (CCPA), overturning the Patent Office in 1983 — establishing that "something does not cease to become patentable merely because the point of novelty is in an algorithm." However, in 1995 a federal district court ruled the patent unenforceable due to inequitable conduct by the inventors during the application process. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld that decision in 1996. The actual software

3204-519: The Firm through a Budget Computer Program ) applied computerized spreadsheets to accounting and budgeting systems (on mainframe computers programmed in FORTRAN IV ). These batch Spreadsheets dealt primarily with the addition or subtraction of entire columns or rows (of input variables), rather than individual cells . In 1962, this concept of the spreadsheet, called BCL for Business Computer Language,

3293-647: The Gemini Business, Enterprise, Education, and Education Premium add-ons. The features are largeley centered around utilizing the right sidebar of Drive and other Workspace apps to including utilizing its chatbot to perform tasks with access to files stored across users' Google Accounts. Another feature allows users opening a PDF in Google Drive to summarize PDFs, synthesize its contents with other files stored in Drive, or generate new content using Gemini within their sidepanel. A number of external web applications that work with Google Drive are available from

3382-463: The Google Drive user interface and the Chrome Web Store to create an ecosystem of apps that can be installed into Google Drive. In February 2013, the "Create" menu in Google Drive was revamped to include third-party apps, thus effectively granting them the same status as Google's own apps. In March 2013, Google released an API for Google Drive that enables third-party developers to build collaborative apps that support real-time editing. One such app

3471-633: The Google Workspace for Education – valid for educational institutions and Universities in particular – provides 100 TB of storage. Universities with more than 20.000 Workspace users (students, staff and related entities) are offered an optionally increased storage limit . On April 24, 2012, Google Drive was introduced with free storage of 5 GB. Storage plans were revised, with 25 GB costing $ 2.49/month, 100 GB costing $ 4.99/month and 1 TB costing $ 49.99/month. Originally, Gmail , Google Docs , and Picasa had separate allowances for free storage and

3560-454: The URL to a portion of existing files was changed, ostensibly for security reasons. Shared files have upload limit of 400,000 items. In 2024, Google began rolling out artificial intelligence features to select users of Google Drive and other Workspace tools powered by its in-house Gemini LLM . The features are currently available to users with Google One AI Premium or organizational users with

3649-461: The X and Y locations. X locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters, "A," "B," "C," etc., while rows are normally represented by numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc. A single cell can be referred to by addressing its row and column, "C10". This electronic concept of cell references was first introduced in LANPAR (Language for Programming Arrays at Random) (co-invented by Rene Pardo and Remy Landau) and

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3738-638: The app is open. Google Drive has a website that allows users to see their files from any Internet-connected computer, without the need to download an app. The website received a visual overhaul in 2014 that gave it a completely new look and improved performance. It also simplified some of the most common tasks, such as clicking only once on a file to see recent activity or share the file and added drag-and-drop functionality, where users can simply drag selected files to folders, for improved organization. A new update in August 2016 changed several visual elements of

3827-438: The business plans that they were presenting to venture capitalists. They decided to save themselves a lot of effort and wrote a computer program that produced their tables for them. This program, originally conceived as a simple utility for their personal use, would turn out to be the first software product offered by the company that would become known as Capex Corporation . "AutoPlan" ran on GE's Time-sharing service; afterward,

3916-416: The cell itself. Alternatively, a value can be based on a formula (see below), which might perform a calculation, display the current date or time, or retrieve external data such as a stock quote or a database value. The Spreadsheet Value Rule Computer scientist Alan Kay used the term value rule to summarize a spreadsheet's operation: a cell's value relies solely on the formula the user has typed into

4005-404: The cell. The formula may rely on the value of other cells, but those cells are likewise restricted to user-entered data or formulas. There are no 'side effects' to calculating a formula: the only output is to display the calculated result inside its occupying cell. There is no natural mechanism for permanently modifying the contents of a cell unless the user manually modifies the cell's contents. In

4094-420: The cells. A given cell can hold data by simply entering it in, or a formula, which is normally created by preceding the text with an equals sign. Data might include the string of text hello world , the number 5 or the date 10-Sep-97 . A formula would begin with the equals sign, =5*3 , but this would normally be invisible because the display shows the result of the calculation, 15 in this case, not

4183-436: The cells. Formulas say how to mechanically compute new values from existing values. Values are general numbers, but can also be pure text, dates, months, etc. Extensions of these concepts include logical spreadsheets. Various tools for programming sheets, visualizing data, remotely connecting sheets, displaying cells' dependencies, etc. are commonly provided. A "cell" can be thought of as a box for holding data . A single cell

4272-418: The column- or row-headers). An array of cells is called a sheet or worksheet . It is analogous to an array of variables in a conventional computer program (although certain unchanging values, once entered, could be considered, by the same analogy, constants ). In most implementations, many worksheets may be located within a single spreadsheet. A worksheet is simply a subset of the spreadsheet divided for

4361-426: The context of programming languages, this yields a limited form of first-order functional programming . A standard of spreadsheets since the 1980s, this optional feature eliminates the need to manually request the spreadsheet program to recalculate values (nowadays typically the default option unless specifically 'switched off' for large spreadsheets, usually to improve performance). Some earlier spreadsheets required

4450-487: The current and 2 previous Android versions." According to the policy, the app will continue to work for devices running older Android versions, but any app updates are provided on a best-efforts basis. The policy also states a notice will be given for any planned end of service. On May 4, 2020, Google rolled out a new feature update in its Google Drive app version 4.2020.18204 for iOS and iPadOS, known as Privacy Screen, which requires Face ID or Touch ID authentication whenever

4539-470: The development of electronic spreadsheets was made by Rene K. Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1970 U.S. patent 4,398,249 on a spreadsheet automatic natural order calculation algorithm . While the patent was initially rejected by the patent office as being a purely mathematical invention, following 12 years of appeals, Pardo and Landau won a landmark court case at the Predecessor Court of

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4628-499: The early 1990s made it possible for their Excel spreadsheet application to take market share from Lotus. By the time Lotus responded with usable Windows products, Microsoft had begun to assemble their Office suite. By 1995, Excel was the market leader, edging out Lotus 1-2-3, and in 2013, IBM discontinued Lotus 1-2-3 altogether. In 2006 Google launched their beta release Google Sheets , a web based spreadsheet application that can be accessed by multiple users from any device type using

4717-458: The entire spreadsheet) can optionally be "locked" to prevent accidental overwriting. Typically this would apply to cells containing formulas but might apply to cells containing "constants" such as a kilogram/pounds conversion factor (2.20462262 to eight decimal places). Even though individual cells are marked as locked, the spreadsheet data are not protected until the feature is activated in the file preferences. Google Drive Google Drive

4806-527: The existing separate Google Drive and Google Photos desktop apps, creating one unified app on desktop platforms. Originally intended for release on June 28, its release was delayed until July 12. In September 2017, Google announced that it would discontinue the Google Drive desktop app in March 2018 and end support in December 2017. In March 2017, Google introduced Drive File Stream, a desktop application for G Suite (now Google Workspace) customers using Windows and macOS computers that maps Google Drive to

4895-404: The first "non-procedural" computer languages) as opposed to left-to-right, top to bottom sequence for calculating the results in each cell that was used by VisiCalc , SuperCalc , and the first version of MultiPlan . Without forward referencing/natural order calculation, the user had to refresh the spreadsheet until the values in all cells remained unchanged. Once the cell values stayed constant,

4984-411: The formula itself. This may lead to confusion in some cases. The key feature of spreadsheets is the ability for a formula to refer to the contents of other cells, which may, in turn, be the result of a formula. To make such a formula, one replaces a number with a cell reference. For instance, the formula =5*C10 would produce the result of multiplying the value in cell C10 by the number 5. If C10 holds

5073-431: The free; e.g. a 100 GB plan allowed a total of 100 GB rather than 115 GB as previously. In May 2013, Google announced the overall merge of storage across Gmail, Google Drive and Google+ Photos, giving users 15 GB of unified free storage between the services. In March 2014, the storage plans were revised again and prices were reduced by 80% to $ 1.99/month for 100 GB, $ 9.99/month for 1 TB, and $ 99.99/month for 10 TB. This

5162-474: The large free storage included in its offerings, Google has not increased the storage space provided since 2013. Google does not provide a mechanism to track storage used by individual folders in Google Drive, requiring users to utilize Filerev, an application developed by a third party for this functionality. Functionality to track total usage is available natively. Google gives every user 15 GB (1 GB = 1 billion bytes) of free storage. This cloud storage

5251-532: The largest market share on the Windows and Macintosh platforms. A spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an office productivity suite . In 2006 Google launched a beta release spreadsheet web application , this is currently known as Google Sheets and one of the applications provided in Google Drive . A spreadsheet consists of a table of cells arranged into rows and columns and referred to by

5340-426: The launch of the service, Google Drive's privacy policy was criticized by some members of the media. Google has one set of Terms of Service and Privacy Policy agreements that cover all of its services. Some members of the media noted that the agreements were no worse than those of competing cloud storage services , but that the competition uses "more artful language" in the agreements, and also stated that Google needs

5429-611: The legacy batch system into each user's spreadsheet monthly. It was designed to optimize the power of APL through object kernels, increasing program efficiency by as much as 50 fold over traditional programming approaches. An example of an early "industrial weight" spreadsheet was APLDOT, developed in 1976 at the United States Railway Association on an IBM 360/91, running at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD. The application

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5518-536: The model to view results of underlying formulas. His idea became VisiCalc. VisiCalc for the Apple II went on to become the first killer application , a program so compelling, people would buy a particular computer just to use it. It was ported to other computers, including CP/M machines, Atari 8-bit computers , and the Commodore PET , but VisiCalc remains best known as an Apple II program. SuperCalc

5607-423: The most successful example, Lotus Improv , which saw some commercial success, notably in the financial world where its powerful data mining capabilities remain well respected to this day. Spreadsheet 2000 attempted to dramatically simplify formula construction, but was generally not successful. The main concepts are those of a grid of cells , called a sheet, with either raw data, called values, or formulas in

5696-438: The numbers within a range. Spreadsheets share many principles and traits of databases , but spreadsheets and databases are not the same things. A spreadsheet is essentially just one table, whereas a database is a collection of many tables with machine-readable semantic relationships. While it is true that a workbook that contains three sheets is indeed a file containing multiple tables that can interact with each other, it lacks

5785-542: The other. Dependency graphs without circular dependencies form directed acyclic graphs , representations of partial orderings (in this case, across a spreadsheet) that can be relied upon to give a definite result. This feature refers to updating a cell's contents periodically with a value from an external source—such as a cell in a "remote" spreadsheet. For shared, Web-based spreadsheets, it applies to "immediately" updating cells another user has updated. All dependent cells must be updated also. Once entered, selected cells (or

5874-418: The programming language from the end-user. Through IBM's VM operating system , it was among the first programs to auto-update each copy of the application as new versions were released. Users could specify simple mathematical relationships between rows and between columns. Compared to any contemporary alternatives, it could support very large spreadsheets. It loaded actual financial planning data drawn from

5963-427: The right order ("Forward Referencing/Natural Order Calculation"). Pardo and Landau developed and implemented the software in 1969. LANPAR was used by Bell Canada, AT&T, and the 18 operating telephone companies nationwide for their local and national budgeting operations. LANPAR was also used by General Motors. Its uniqueness was Pardo's co-invention incorporating forward referencing/natural order calculation (one of

6052-562: The rights in order to "move files around on its servers, cache your data, or make image thumbnails". Google Drive was introduced on April 24, 2012, with apps available for Windows , macOS , and Android , as well as a website interface . The iOS app was released later in June 2012. Google Drive is available for PCs running Windows 7 or later, and Macs running OS X Catalina or later. Google indicated in April 2012 that work on Linux software

6141-464: The rows and columns, then the formulas that defined each row or column. In 1975, Autotab-II was advertised as extending the original to a maximum of " 1,500 rows and columns, combined in any proportion the user requires... " GE Information Services, which operated the time-sharing service, also launched its own spreadsheet system, Financial Analysis Language (FAL), circa 1974. It was later supplemented by an additional spreadsheet language, TABOL, which

6230-415: The sake of clarity. Functionally, the spreadsheet operates as a whole and all cells operate as global variables within the spreadsheet (each variable having 'read' access only except its containing cell). A cell may contain a value or a formula , or it may simply be left empty. By convention, formulas usually begin with = sign. A value can be entered from the computer keyboard by directly typing into

6319-633: The storage plans offered by Google: Chromebook users can obtain 100 GB of Google Drive storage free for 12 months as long as the promotion is activated within 180 days of the Chromebook device's initial purchase. This is available in all countries where Google Drive is available. Offer can only be redeemed once per device. Used, open-box, and refurbished devices are not eligible for the offer. Google offers 30 GB of Drive storage for all Google Workspace Starter customers, and unlimited storage for those using Google Workspace for Business. Since July 2022,

6408-480: The term "spread sheet" has been used in accounting to mean a grid of columns and rows in a ledger. And prior to the rise of computerized spreadsheets, "spread" referred to a newspaper or magazine item (text or graphics) that covers two facing pages, extending across the centerfold and treating the two pages as one large page. The compound word 'spread-sheet' came to mean the format used to present book-keeping ledgers—with columns for categories of expenditures across

6497-414: The third-party apps are free to install. However, some have fees associated with continued usage or access to additional features. Saving data from a third-party app to Google Drive requires user authorization the first time. In most cases, the apps continue to hold access levels until users proactively revoke their access to Google Drive. The Google Drive software development kit (SDK) works together with

6586-416: The time, PC World magazine called VisiCalc the first electronic spreadsheet. Bricklin has spoken of watching his university professor create a table of calculation results on a blackboard . When the professor found an error, he had to tediously erase and rewrite several sequential entries in the table, triggering Bricklin to think that he could replicate the process on a computer, using the blackboard as

6675-418: The top, invoices listed down the left margin, and the amount of each payment in the cell where its row and column intersect—which were, traditionally, a "spread" across facing pages of a bound ledger (book for keeping accounting records) or on oversized sheets of paper (termed 'analysis paper') ruled into rows and columns in that format and approximately twice as wide as ordinary paper. A batch "spreadsheet"

6764-521: The user was assured that there were no remaining forward references within the spreadsheet. In 1968, three former employees from the General Electric computer company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona set out to start their own software development house . A. Leroy Ellison, Harry N. Cantrell, and Russell E. Edwards found themselves doing a large number of calculations when making tables for

6853-539: The user's folder hierarchy. In April 2024, Google rolled out support for a night mode theme to users. Google Drive offers various tiers of storage starting with a free tier of 15 GB for individual users with options to purchase additional storage tiers for users and organizations available. This built from an initial allowance of 1 GB at launch Gmail 's launch in 2004, with the free storage limit increased to 2GB in 2005, 2.8GB in 2007, 7.5GB in 2011, 10GB in 2012, and finally to 15GB in 2013. Despite initially promoting

6942-476: The value 3 the result will be 15 . But C10 might also hold its formula referring to other cells, and so on. The ability to chain formulas together is what gives a spreadsheet its power. Many problems can be broken down into a series of individual mathematical steps, and these can be assigned to individual formulas in cells. Some of these formulas can apply to ranges as well, like the SUM function that adds up all

7031-420: The website; the logo was updated, the search box design was refreshed, and the primary color was changed from red to blue. It also improved the functionality to download files locally from the website; users can now compress and download large Drive items into multiple 2 GB .zip files with an improved naming structure, better Google Forms handling, and empty folders are now included in the .zip , thereby preserving

7120-649: Was a spreadsheet application published by Sorcim in 1980, and originally bundled (along with WordStar) as part of the CP/M software package included with the Osborne 1 portable computer. It quickly became the de facto standard spreadsheet for CP/M. The introduction of Lotus 1-2-3 in November 1982 accelerated the acceptance of the IBM Personal Computer . It was written especially for IBM PC DOS and had improvements in speed and graphics compared to VisiCalc on

7209-476: Was called LANPAR — LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random. This was conceived and entirely developed in the summer of 1969, following Pardo and Landau's recent graduation from Harvard University. Co-inventor Rene Pardo recalls that he felt that one manager at Bell Canada should not have to depend on programmers to program and modify budgeting forms, and he thought of letting users type out forms in any order and having an electronic computer calculate results in

7298-466: Was developed by an independent author, Oliver Vellacott in the UK. Both FAL and TABOL were integrated with GEIS's database system, DMS. The IBM Financial Planning and Control System was developed in 1976, by Brian Ingham at IBM Canada. It was implemented by IBM in at least 30 countries. It ran on an IBM mainframe and was the first application for financial planning developed with APL that completely hid

7387-561: Was implemented on an IBM 1130 and in 1963 was ported to an IBM 7040 by R. Brian Walsh at Marquette University , Wisconsin . This program was written in Fortran . Primitive timesharing was available on those machines. In 1968 BCL was ported by Walsh to the IBM 360 /67 timesharing machine at Washington State University . It was used to assist in the teaching of finance to business students. Students were able to take information prepared by

7476-599: Was made mainly to replace the Google Drive desktop app, which was discontinued. Its main function is for the user to be able to set certain folders to constantly sync onto their Google Account 's Drive. The synced folders and files count against the shared quota allocated between Gmail, Google Photos, and Google Drive. In early 2021, Google announced that it would be combining its Drive File Stream and Backup and Sync products into one product, Google Drive for Desktop, which will support features previously exclusive to each respective Client. In July 2021, Google Drive for Desktop,

7565-468: Was much cheaper than competitors Dropbox and OneDrive offered at the time. In 2018, the paid plans were re-branded as " Google One " to emphasize their application beyond Google Drive, along with the addition of a $ 2.99/month plan for 200 GB, and increasing the $ 9.99 plan to 2 TB at no additional charge. On November 11, 2020, Google announced that it would discontinue unlimited storage for files stored using Google Docs file formats (including

7654-439: Was released in December of that year. Google Drive is available for Android smartphones and tablets running Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" or later, and iPhones and iPads running iOS 15 or later. In August 2016, Google Drive ended support for Android devices running Android 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich" or older versions, citing Google's mobile app update policy, which states: "For Android devices, we provide updates for

7743-419: Was the first electronic spreadsheet on mainframe and time sharing computers. LANPAR was an acronym: LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random. VisiCalc (1979) was the first electronic spreadsheet on a microcomputer, and it helped turn the Apple II into a popular and widely used personal computer. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was the dominant operating system. Microsoft Excel now has

7832-431: Was underway, but there was no news on this as of November 2013. In April 2012, Google's then-Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai said that Google Drive would be tightly integrated with ChromeOS version 20. In October 2016, Google announced that, going forward, it would drop support for versions of the computer software older than 1 year. In June 2017, Google announced that a new app called Backup and Sync would replace

7921-552: Was used successfully for many years in developing such applications as financial and costing models for the US Congress and for Conrail . APLDOT was dubbed a "spreadsheet" because financial analysts and strategic planners used it to solve the same problems they addressed with paper spreadsheet pads. The concept of spreadsheets became widely known due to VisiCalc , developed for the Apple II in 1979 by VisiCorp staff Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston . Significantly, it also turned

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