A liburna was a type of small galley used for raiding and patrols. Originally utilized by the Liburnians , a pirate tribe from Dalmatia , it later became a staple of the Roman navy .
34-461: A stone tablet ( Stele di Novilara ) discovered near ancient Pisaurum (now Pesaro ) depicts a liburna in the midst of a naval battle. Dating back to the fifth or sixth century BCE, the image likely portrays a fictional clash between the Liburnian and Picene fleets. The liburna is depicted as a light vessel with a single row of oars, one mast, one sail, and a prow curving outward. Beneath the prow,
68-568: A frazione of Pesaro. Its frazione of Fiorenzuola di Focara is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The city was established as Pisaurum by the Romans in 184 BC as a colony in the territory of the Picentes , the people who lived along the northeast coast during the Iron Age . In 1737, fourteen ancient votive stones were unearthed in
102-419: A rostrum was installed for striking enemy ships below the waterline. Initially resembling the ancient Greek penteconter , the liburna featured a single bench with 25 oars on each side. However, during the late Roman Republic , it evolved into a bireme with two rows of oars, maintaining its superior speed, agility, and maneuverability compared to triremes . The Romans adopted the liburna design, making it
136-422: A draft of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). With two rows of oarsmen, each side had 18 oars. Under sail, the ship could achieve speeds of up to 14 knots, while rowing allowed for speeds exceeding 7 knots. Such a vessel, also employed as a merchantman, might carry passengers, as recounted by Lycinus in the second-century dialogue Love Affairs (§6), traditionally attributed to Lucian : "I had a speedy vessel readied,
170-556: A great popular event attended by more than 200,000 people marks the first step towards a referendum that the following year puts an end to the use of nuclear energy in Italy. The uprise against nuclear power represents a turning point in the history of environmentalism in Italy: more than one million people sign to ask for the referendum, the Lega per l'ambiente and WWF double their members, and
204-508: A journalist, a past in the newspaper Paese Sera and then at L'Espresso . With Stefano Ciafani, Nunzio Cirino, and Lorenzo Miracle, they started to collect and systematize information and data about environmental crimes. This led to the Report Ecomafia, a job in a few years has become a reference for those who work to suppress this phenomenon. The relationship grew to work with all law enforcement agencies and now Legambiente works with
238-636: A local farm field, each bearing the inscription of a Roman god ; these were written in a pre- Etruscan script, indicating a much earlier occupation of the area than the 184 BC Picentes colony. A settlement of the Picentes tribe has been found at Novilara. The northern Picentes were invaded in the 4th century BC by the Gallic Senones , earlier by the Etruscans, and when the Romans reached the area
272-453: A more balanced relationship between human beings and the nature. It is considered the most widespread environmental organisation in Italy, as it is composed by a national headquarter in Rome, 20 regional branches, about 1,000 local groups and more than 115,000 members. Legambiente's activity is based upon the idea of scientific environmentalism , which means that every campaign or proposal for
306-460: A natural cove on the west coast of Tuscany . Over time, the cove's name evolved into Livorna and later Livorno —the name of a significant port city that emerged at the site long after the disappearance of this type of ship. Pesaro Pesaro ( Italian: [ˈpeːzaro] ; Romagnol : Pés're ) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche , capital of
340-430: A radioactive cloud across half of Europe. In Italy, the first reactions of the authorities tend to downplay the impact of the accident. The magazine La Nuova Ecologia and the Lega per l'Ambiente, in early May, show evidence during a press conference of the data about radiation levels detected in the country. In the following days, the authorities forbid the consumption of some foods such as milk and salad. On May 10, in Rome,
374-755: A vital component of the Roman navy , possibly through influence from the Macedonian navy in the latter half of the 1st century BCE. Liburnae played a pivotal role in the Battle of Actium in Greece (31 BCE), cementing the ascent of Augustus as the unrivaled ruler of the Roman Empire. The design of the liburna distinguished it from battle triremes, quadriremes , and quinqueremes . It measured 109 ft (33 m) in length, 5 m (16 ft) in width, with
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#1732775865280408-598: Is the birthplace of the composer Gioachino Rossini . In 2015 the Italian Government applied for Pesaro to be declared a "Creative City" in UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites . In 2017 Pesaro received the European City of Sport award together with Aosta , Cagliari and Vicenza . Local industries include fishing, furniture making and tourism. In 2020 it absorbed the former comune of Monteciccardo , now
442-541: The 2017 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships . Pesaro is twinned with: Legambiente Legambiente is an Italian environmentalist association with roots in the anti-nuclear movement that developed in Italy and throughout the Western world in the second half of the 1970s. Founded in 1980 as part of the ARCI, it later became a stand-alone organisation. Originally known as Lega per l'ambiente (League for
476-722: The Conservatorio Statale di Musica "Gioachino Rossini" founded with a legacy from the composer. Pesaro hosts the home games of Victoria Libertas basketball ; they play at the Adriatic Arena , the third biggest Italian indoor arena behind Mediolanum Forum in Milan and PalaLottomatica in Rome . The city's other professional sports clubs are futsal club Pesaro Calcio a 5 , volleyball club Volley Pesaro and football club Vis Pesaro dal 1898 . The city hosted
510-633: The province of Pesaro and Urbino , on the Adriatic Sea . According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, after Ancona . Pesaro was dubbed the "Cycling City" ( città della bicicletta ) by the Italian environmentalist association Legambiente in recognition of its extensive network of bicycle paths and promotion of cycling. It is also known as "City of Music" ( città della musica ), for it
544-741: The Byzantine reconquest, it formed the so-called Pentapolis , part of the Exarchate of Ravenna . After the Lombard and Frankish conquests of that city, Pesaro became part of the Papal States . During the Renaissance it was ruled successively by the houses of Montefeltro (1285–1445), Sforza (1445–1512) and Della Rovere (1513–1631). Under the last family, who selected it as capital of their duchy, Pesaro saw its most flourishing age, with
578-584: The Environment), it changed name during the IV National Congress held in Parma in 1992. The mission of the association is to make the environmental culture the centre of a new kind of development and diffused well-being. Important values for the association are the improvement of environmental quality, the fight against all forms of pollution, a wise use of natural resources, the construction of
612-468: The Italian citizens against nuclear energy. Also in 1986, for the first time the Goletta Verde (Green Schooner) made a voyage from Sanremo to Trieste along the 4,000 kilometers of the Italian coast to check the health of the sea. The campaign, organised together with the magazine L'Espresso (which publishes weekly data from surveys carried out), is the first study on marine pollution at a time when
646-479: The National Anti-Mafia pool to fight ecomafie. Mal'Aria (meaning bad air, a pun about the malaria disease) is one of the historic campaigns of the association. Every year, during the months of January and February are held initiatives to boost public transport at the expense of private transport, the main cause of poor air quality of the city, especially because of the notorious fine dust ( PM 10 ). On
680-697: The Parliament for the PCI from 1987 to 1992), Fabrizio Giovenale (1918-2006, urban planner, writer, ecologist. Founding member of Legambiente and editor for La Nuova Ecologia .) and Alexander Langer (1946-1995), founding member of the Green Party Verdi , promoted many meetings for peace end for the environment. On 26 April 1986, an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine released
714-482: The activities of criminal organisations. The association promotes, among other things, the use of renewable energy , energy efficiency, green and circular economy , preservation of natural protected areas , fighting illegal waste management. It annually carries out an accurate analysis of the situation of environment in Italy with the "Ambiente Italia" report. It was among the promoters of the 1987 and 2011 referendums against nuclear energy . The association publishes
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#1732775865280748-521: The construction of numerous public and private palaces, and the erection of a new line of walls (the Mura Roveresche). In 1475, a legendary wedding took place in Pesaro, when Costanzo Sforza and Camilla d'Aragona married. On 11 September 1860 Piedmontese troops entered the city, and Pesaro was subsequently annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy (see also Battle of Castelfidardo ). Pesaro
782-513: The control authorities were not able to provide an overview of state of the sea. In each location where the boat stops (in the first edition they are 45), press conferences are held to discuss the state of sea's health. In the following years, partly as a result of the stimulus represented by the environmental campaign, public controls are gradually enhanced, so the Green Schooner campaign changes slowly, moving from one action to check up on
816-542: The first time in 1994 in the first report written by Legambiente with the help of Eurispes and Carabinieri as a result of the Naples waste management issue . It was then a neologism. A few years later, the Italian dictionary Zingarelli have certified the usefulness of this term. The collaboration with the Carabinieri was not granted for an environmental organisation in the mid 90s. The task was entrusted to Enrico Fontana,
850-449: The fleets of Ravenna and Misenum , where many Illyrians, particularly Dalmatae, Liburnians, and Pannonians, served. Gradually, liburnae became a generic term for various types of Roman ships, including cargo vessels in late antiquity . Tacitus and Suetonius used it interchangeably with "battleship". Inscriptions listed it last among classes of battleships: hexeres, penteres, quadrieres, trieres, liburna. The liburna lent its name to
884-464: The general election of 1987 the Greens get nearly a million votes. Legambiente was also one of the promoters of the referendum committee against nuclear power, the coalition "Vote Yes to stop the nuclear", consisting of more than 60 associations, which promoted the mobilization for the referendum on 12 and 13 June 2011. Referendum that confirmed, 25 years after Chernobyl, the opposition of the majority of
918-552: The kind of bireme used above all by the Liburnians of the Ionian Gulf." After adopting the liburna, the Romans made modifications to incorporate rams and missile protection, enhancing its suitability for naval use. These enhancements offset the slight reduction in speed. Additionally, the regular Roman military unit needed simplification to ensure smoother operation of the ships. Each ship functioned independently, eliminating
952-485: The monthly newsmagazine La Nuova Ecologia (New Ecology). Among its most famous activists are Ermete Realacci (chairman from 1987 to 2003 and still honorary chairman of Legambiente. He has been member of the Italian Parliament from 2001 to 2018.), Laura Conti (1921-1993, medical doctor, historical figure of the Italian ecologism, involved in the studies about Seveso health effects in 1976. Member of
986-412: The need for the more complex organizational structure typically employed. It is likely that within the navy, liburnae of various sizes were utilized for specific tasks such as scouting and patrolling Roman waters against piracy. The Romans predominantly employed the liburna within the provinces of the empire, where these ships formed the core of the fleets. Small numbers of liburnae were also integrated into
1020-410: The other hand, the occasional 'car free days' seem to do little to improve air quality. One of the most characteristic aspects of the initiative is the exposure of 'smog catching sheets' simple white sheets that are exposed in the open air (from windows, balconies etc.). Especially in "sensitive" areas, urban centers, industrial areas, schools. After a month, the blackening of the sheet is at the same time
1054-761: The population was an ethnic mixture. The Roman separated and expelled the Gauls from the country. Under the Roman administration Pesaro, a hub across the Via Flaminia , became an important centre of trading and craftmanship. After the fall of the Western Empire , Pesaro was occupied by the Ostrogoths , and destroyed by Vitigis (539) in the course of the Gothic War . Hastily rebuilt five years later after
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1088-465: The protection of the environment is developed from a preliminar review of scientific data. In more than 35 years of activity, Legambiente has organised many environmental monitoring and awareness raising campaigns and volunteering activities on air quality, sea pollution and marine litter. Fought against illegal building and denounced the illegal dumping of waste and the action of ecomafie , with an annual report on environmental crimes related to
1122-584: The sea conditions (which also remains) to broader spectrum of initiatives: the promotion of activities to report illegal buildings, and illegal waste management on the beaches. Among these activities, the better known is the campaign to bring down two hotels that had been built illegally, the Fuenti Hotel in Vietri sul Mare and the 'Saracinesca' in Punta Perotti (Bari). The word ecomafia appeared for
1156-460: Was significantly damaged in the 1916 Rimini earthquakes . Its historic centre was abandoned after the 16 August earthquake, leaving 14,000 displaced people crowded into 2,000 tents. Many villages in its hinterland also suffered collapsed buildings. The Pesaro film festival ( Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema ) has taken place in Pesaro since 1965. The Rossini Opera Festival has taken place every summer since 1980 in Pesaro, home as well as
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