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43-459: Licton Springs is both a residential neighborhood and a natural spring at the north end of Licton Springs Park, which has a long history as both a unique recreational spot and a commercial crossroads. The neighborhood, wedged between the busy corridors of Interstate 5 and Aurora Avenue, takes its name from líq’tәd ( LEEK-teed ) or Licton, the Lushootseed (Whulshootseed) Coast Salish word for

86-543: A morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which does not change to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as ⟨p'⟩ and ⟨pʼ⟩ do not indicate phonemic distinctions. Capital letters are not used in Lushootseed. Some older works based on

129-467: A family experience. Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program. As of 2013 , an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University . A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College . Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University . It has been spoken during

172-431: A nationally-recognized native habitat, a pentimento of restored native species on a palimpsest of former 1940s suburb, former dairy farm, former bog where native Dkhw’Duw’Absh harvested cranberries. Lushootseed Lushootseed ( / l ʌ ˈ ʃ uː t s iː d / luh- SHOOT -tseed ), historically known as Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish , or Skagit-Nisqually , is a Central Coast Salish language of

215-462: A park for Licton Springs, as part of a grand streets and parks plan for Seattle (1930s), but this park was never implemented. A park does exist today (where Woodlawn Avenue curves to connect with N 95th Street) in which the spring is located. In the mid-1960s restoration began with bond issues and increasing volunteer assistance, resulting in a small pond and natural wetland vegetation as well as urban park amenities. A Native American presence continues in

258-500: A proclitic lə- must be added to the sentence on the next adverb. If there are no further adverbs in the sentence, the proclitic attaches to the head word of the predicate, as in the sentence xʷiʔ čəxʷ sixʷ ləbakʷɬ 'Don't get hurt again'. Almost all instances of a verb in Lushootseed (excluding the zero copula) carry a prefix indicating their tense and/or aspect . Below is a (non-exhaustive) list of these prefixes, along with their meanings and applications. The prefix ʔəs -

301-473: A short burst of energy', and is correctly used with ʔu -. In contrast, the verb təlawil , which means 'to jump or run for an extended period of time', is used with lə -: lə təlawil čəxʷ. 'You are jumping.' There are five possessive affixes, derived from the pronouns: The third person singular -s is considered marginal and does not work with an actual lexical possessor. Lushootseed, like its neighbors Twana , Nooksack , Klallam , and

344-493: A source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. On the other hand, the Ethnologue list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on

387-510: A verb, with no subject or object. All information beyond the action is to be understood by context. This can be demonstrated in ʔuʔəy’dub '[someone] managed to find [someone/something]'. Sentences which contain no verb at all are also common, as Lushootseed has no copula . An example of such a sentence is stab əw̓ə tiʔiɫ 'What [is] that?'. Despite its general status as VSO, Lushootseed can be rearranged to be subject-verb-object (SVO) and verb-object-subject (VOS). Doing so does not modify

430-420: Is one of the most common. It indicates an imperfective aspect-present tense (similar to English '-ing') for verbs that do not involve motion. More specifically, a verb may use ʔəs - if it does not result in a change of position for its subject. It is commonly known as a "state of being": ʔəs ƛ̕ubil čəd. 'I am feeling fine.' or 'I am in good health.' If a verb does involve motion, the ʔəs - prefix

473-510: Is placed on the penultimate syllable. Some words do not fit the pattern, but generally, pronunciation is consistent in those ways. Northern Lushootseed also was affected by progressive dissimilation targeting palatal fricatives and affricates, whereas Southern Lushootseed was not, leading to some words like čəgʷəš ("wife") being pronounced čəgʷas in Northern dialects. Different dialects often use completely different words. For example,

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516-602: Is primarily a ceremonial language, spoken for heritage or symbolic purposes, and there are about 472 second-language speakers. It is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger and classified as Reawakening by Ethnologue. Despite this, many Lushootseed-speaking tribes are attempting to revitalize their language in daily use, with several language programs and classes offered across

559-556: Is pronounced xʷəlšucid . The southern pronunciation txʷəlšucid is derived from the original by de-voicing d into t and switching the position of l and ə . The English name "Lushootseed" is derived from dxʷləšucid . The prefix dxʷ- along with the suffix -ucid means "language." The root word , ləš , is an archaic word for the Puget Sound region. Some scholars, such as Wayne Suttles , believe it may be an old word for "people," possibly related to

602-423: Is replaced with lə -: lə ƛ̕a čəd ʔálʔal. 'I'm going home.' Completed or telic actions use the prefix ʔu -. Most verbs without ʔəs - or lə - will use ʔu -. Some verbs also exhibit a contrast in meaning between lə - and ʔu -, and only one of them is correct: ʔu saxʷəb čəxʷ. 'You jump(ed).' The verb saxʷəb literally means 'to jump, leap, or run, especially in

645-716: Is scheduled to be offered in August 2019, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma , and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon . Lushootseed consists of two main dialect groups, Northern Lushootseed ( dxʷləšucid ) and Southern Lushootseed ( txʷəlšucid ~ xʷəlšucid ). Both of these dialects can then be broken down into subdialects: The Lower and Upper Skagit dialects have variously been categorized as being different from one another, or one in

688-780: The North Straits Salish languages , are in the Central Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language is spoken by many peoples in the Puget Sound region, including the Duwamish , Suquamish , Squaxin , Muckleshoot , Snoqualmie , Nisqually , and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish , Stillaguamish , Upper Skagit , and Swinomish in the north. Ethnologue quotes

731-541: The Puyallup Tribe . By their definition, a "speaker" includes anyone who speaks in Lushootseed for at least an hour each day. As of 2013 , the Tulalip Tribes ' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed, and its website has Lushootseed phrases with audio. The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children. Tulalip Lushootseed language teachers also teach at

774-678: The Strait of Georgia and Washington State around Puget Sound . The term " Coast Salish " also refers to the cultures in British Columbia and Washington who speak one of these languages or dialects. The Coast Salish languages are spoken around most of the Georgia and Puget Sound Basins, an area that encompasses the sites of the modern-day cities of Vancouver, British Columbia , Seattle, Washington , and others. Archeological evidence indicates that Coast Salish peoples may have inhabited

817-687: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Coast Salish languages The Coast Salish languages , also known as the Central Salish languages , are a branch of the Salishan language family. These languages are spoken by First Nations or Native American peoples inhabiting the Pacific Northwest , in the territory that is now known as the southwest coast of British Columbia around

860-534: The Dictionary of Puget Salish distinguishes between schwas that are part of the root word and those inserted through agglutination which are written in superscript. The Tulalip Tribes of Washington's Lushootseed Language Department created a display with nearly all the letters in the Lushootseed alphabet , sans the letter b̓, which is a rare sound which no words begin with. See the external links below for resources. The Lushootseed language originates from

903-902: The Licton Springs neighborhood with the establishment of North Seattle College (1970). Licton Springs and the Sunny Walter–;Pillings Pond are part of the Densmore Drainage Basin. The springs at the North Police Precinct and North Seattle Community College are headwaters of the south fork of Thornton Creek ; this fork flows through culverts under I-5 and the south lot of Northgate Mall development. These neighborhoods are natural extensions of Maple Leaf downstream. Neighborhood activists and North Seattle Community College (NSCC) have been promoting habitat restoration in support. NSCC grounds have

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946-510: The Salishan language family. Lushootseed is the general name for the dialect continuum composed of two main dialects, Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed , which are further separated into smaller sub-dialects. Lushootseed was historically spoken across southern and western Puget Sound roughly between modern-day Bellingham and Olympia by a large number of Indigenous peoples , numbering 12,000 at its peak. Today, however, it

989-671: The Tulalip Early Learning Academy, Quil Ceda-Tulalip Elementary in the Marysville School District, Totem Middle School, and Marysville-Getchell, Marysville-Pilchuck and Heritage High Schools. Since 1996, the Tulalip Lushootseed Department has hosted the annual dxʷləšucid sʔəsqaləkʷ ʔə ti wiw̓suʔ , a summer language camp for children. Teachers also offer family classes in the evening every year, making Lushootseed

1032-596: The annual Tribal Canoe Journeys that takes place throughout the Salish Sea . There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often. To facilitate the use of Lushootseed in electronic files, in 2008 the Tulalip Tribes contracted type designer Juliet Shen to create Unicode -compliant typefaces that met

1075-555: The area as far back as 9000 BCE. What is now Seattle, for example, has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE—10,000 years ago). In the past, the Nuxálk language (also known as Bella Coola) of British Columbia's Central Coast has also been considered Coast Salish. This language shares at least one phonological change with Coast Salish (the merger of the Proto-Salish pharyngeal approximants with

1118-433: The boundary between the northern and southern varieties). Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language

1161-627: The coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lushootseed: Article 1 of

1204-420: The first position, the subject pronoun takes the second, and 'Lummi' is pushed to the end of the sentence. Negation in Lushootseed takes the form of an adverb xʷiʔ 'no, none, nothing' which always comes at the beginning of the sentence that is to be negated. It is constructed in two possible ways, one for negatives of existence, and one for negatives of identity. If taking the form of a negative of identity,

1247-472: The following phrases: Lushootseed has four subject pronouns: čəd 'I' (first-person singular), čəɬ 'we' (first-person plural), čəxʷ 'you' (second-person singular), and čələp 'you' (second-person plural). It does not generally refer to the third person in any way. The subject pronoun always comes in the second position in the sentence: dxʷləbiʔ čəxʷ ʔu 'Are you Lummi?' xʷiʔ čəd lədxʷləbiʔ 'I am not Lummi.' Here, negation takes

1290-467: The nasals [m] , [m̰] , [n] , and [n̰] may appear in some speech styles and words as variants of /b/ and /d/ . Lushootseed can be considered a relatively agglutinating language, given its high number of morphemes, including a large number of lexical suffixes. Word order is fairly flexible, although it is generally considered to be verb-subject-object (VSO). Lushootseed is capable of creating grammatically correct sentences that contain only

1333-483: The needs of the language. Drawing upon traditional Lushootseed carvings and artwork, she developed two typefaces: Lushootseed School and Lushootseed Sulad. In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus . It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. A similar program

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1376-509: The neighborhood through the Indian Heritage School at Wilson-Pacific. This school hosts frequent Indian Pow Wows and spectacular wall murals by Indian artist Andrew Morrison. The Everett and Interurban Railway Company (1900–1936) came past the neighborhood in 1906. The trolleys became a part of everyday life and development of residential neighborhoods around trolley stops. Running on a narrow right-of-way through backyards,

1419-514: The now-familiar motels. One or two still remained at the turn of the 21st century. The Pilling family had a dairy farm (1909–1933), out of which grew the waterfowl habitat and birding site of Pilling's Pond today. Japanese-Americans had greenhouses and small farms until they were abruptly forcibly removed with the Internment of Japanese Americans (1942–1945). Seattle annexed most of North Seattle in 1954. North College Park became defined with

1462-550: The reddish mud of the springs—. The D kh ’Duw’Absh , People of the Inside and Xacuabš , People of the Large Lake, Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the springs area as a spiritual health spa since the area was populated after the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE—10,000 years ago). In the 1850s, the D kh ’Duw’Absh and Xacuabš became the Duwamish tribe of today. In October 2019,

1505-484: The region. Lushootseed has been historically known as Niskwalli/Nisqually, Puget Sound Salish, Puget Salish, Pugué, Squaxon, Skagit, and Skagit-Nisqually. The name of the language in Lushootseed is pronounced (and spelled) variably across different dialects. In the northern dialects, the language is called dxʷləšucid . In most southern dialects, it is txʷəlšucid , whereas in the Muckleshoot dialect it

1548-581: The same, but are both recognized as being distinct from the Sauk dialect. There is no consensus on whether the Skykomish dialect should be grouped into Northern or Southern Lushootseed. Dialects differ in several ways. Pronunciation between dialects is different. In Northern dialects, the stress of the word generally falls on the first non-schwa of the root, whereas in the Southern dialects, stress usually

1591-462: The spring and the park that surrounds it were designated a city landmark , the first Native cultural site to be so designated. Seattle pioneer David Denny built a summer cabin near the springs around 1870. The natural spring fed Green Lake before it was capped and drained to the Metro sewer system after it became contaminated by residential development (1920, 1931). The Olmsted Brothers designed

1634-562: The uvular fricatives), but it also displays certain similarities to the Interior Salish languages . If it is indeed a member of the Coast Salish branch, it was the first to split off from the rest. The Coast Salish languages can be classified in anywhere from one to three branches. The Tsamosan and Tillamook languages are often considered by linguists to be independent branches under the Salishan language family, and not part of

1677-437: The whistle became part of the atmosphere of neighborhoods like Licton Springs. In the early years, the line ran through cut forest and rural farms. A few sawmills along the way gave the line a business hauling lumber. The rough wagon road became Aurora Avenue N (1930) after being paved with brick (1913) and asphalt (1928). A most distinctive early feature was the motorist "tourist camps", "auto camps", and later, "auto courts", then

1720-492: The word " Salish ." Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants , and ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives. It is one of only three known languages to possess all three types of glottalized consonant (ejectives, implosives, and resonants). Lushootseed has no phonemic nasals . However,

1763-816: The word for "raccoon" is x̌aʔx̌əlus in Northern Lushootseed, whereas bəlups is used in Southern Lushootseed. Morphology also differs between Northern and Southern Lushootseed. Northern Lushootseed and Southern Lushootseed have related, but different determiner systems. There are also several differences in utilizing the prefix for marking "place where" or "reason for," in subordinate clauses, with Northern Lushootseed using dəxʷ- and Southern Lushootseed using sxʷ- . See Determiners for more information on this dialectical variation. According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed-language specialists, Lushootseed uses

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1806-460: The words themselves, but requires the particle ʔə to mark the change. The exact nature of this particle is the subject of some debate. Prepositions in Lushootseed are almost entirely handled by one word, ʔal, which can mean 'on, above, in, beside, around' among a number of potential other meanings. They come before the object they reference, much like in English. Examples of this can be found in

1849-493: Was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert , d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed. There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published. In 2014, there were only five second-language speakers of Lushootseed. As of 2022, although there were not yet native speakers, there were approximately 472 second-language Lushootseed speakers, according to data collected by

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