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32-470: The city of Dettenheim consists of the former municipalities Liedolsheim and Rußheim (Russheim) . Liedolsheim includes the village of Liedolsheim and the inn and farm of Dettenheim. Rußheim includes the village of Rußheim, the site of a former RAD camp, and houses, grinding mill, public low-income housing estate, and lumber mill. In the area of Liedolsheim are the former settlements of Nackheim and Schure . In ancient times various German tribes inhabited

64-455: A few cases transferred to the Luftwaffe to form the basis of new wartime construction units for that service. New units were quickly formed to replace them. During the early war Norwegian and Western campaigns, hundreds of RAD units were engaged in supplying frontline troops with food and ammunition, repairing damaged roads and constructing and repairing airstrips. Throughout the course of

96-720: A local branch of the NSDAP, which was later also banned in Baden. In July 1923, twenty-four Liedolsheimer residents - including the brothers Albert and Robert Roth and a village teacher named August Kramer - drove to Munich, officially to attend a gymnastics festival participate. In Munich there was a meeting with Hitler in which the formal recording of the Liedolsheimer group was arranged in the NSDAP. A "Schlageter celebration" declared Meeting of National Socialists in Liedolsheim in

128-683: A part of the Armed Forces themselves, provided such vital support that they were given protection by the Geneva Convention . Some, including the RAD, were militarized. Just prior to the outbreak of World War II, nearly all the RAD/M's extant RAD-Abteilung units were either incorporated into the Heer 's Bautruppen (Construction troops) as an expedient to rapidly increase their numbers or else in

160-520: A particular economic pressure, so that the "fear of proletarianization led" to a "collective mental state", "which could easily be exploited for political purposes". The oldest local NSDAP group in Baden, the Liedolsheimer group arose from a folkish "reading club for race and the German folk" in 1920 which German Nationalists protected and Trutzbund joined. After its ban in July 1922, the club constituted as

192-923: Is a military that is not a part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934. Though a paramilitary is, by definition, not a military , it is usually equivalent to a light infantry or special forces in terms of strength, firepower, and organizational structure. Paramilitaries use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as internal security / SWAT vehicles ), or even actual military equipment (such as long guns and armored personnel carriers ; usually military surplus resources), skills (such as battlefield medicine and bomb disposal ), and tactics (such as urban warfare and close-quarters combat ) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as law enforcement , coast guard , or search and rescue . A paramilitary may fall under

224-455: Is a great nature area, with peaceful walking trails and meandering bicycle paths. Photographers and painters frequent the area. On January 1, 1975, the municipalities of Liedolsheim and Rußheim were merged in the course of municipal reform to become the community of Liedolsheim-Rußheim . For simplicity the new municipality was renamed Dettenheim on 1 January 1978 because the lengthy name Liedolsheim-Rußheim had been found to be disadvantageous and

256-719: Is intended to educate German youth in the spirit of National Socialism in national community and in the true concept of work, above all in the due respect for manual work. (4) The Reich Labor Service is intended to carry out charitable work. § 2. (1) The Reich Labor Service is subordinate to the Reich Minister of the Interior. Under him, the Reich Labor Leader exercises command over the Reich Labor Service. (2) The Reich Labor Leader stands at

288-488: The Führerprinzip . With massive financial support by the German government, RAD members were to provide service for civic and agricultural construction projects. Per Reich Labor Service Act of June 26, 1935: § 1. (1) The Reich Labor Service is honorary service to the German people. (2) All young Germans of both sexes are obliged to serve their people in the Reich Labor Service. (3) The Reich Labor Service

320-563: The Gaue subdivisions of the Nazi Party. Each of these districts was headed by an Arbeitsgauführer officer with headquarters staff and a Wachkompanie (Guard Company). Under each district were between six and eight Arbeitsgruppen (Work Groups), battalion-sized formations of 1200–1800 men. These groups were divided into six company -sized RAD-Abteilung units. Conscripted personnel had to move into labour barracks. Each rank and file RAD man

352-469: The 9th SS Pionier Abteilung ("Engineer Battalion") under SS- Hauptsturmführer Hans Moeller as part of Kampfgruppe Moeller. The understrength unit was made up of 90 Pioneers armed with flamethrowers and extra machineguns , which Moeller divided into two assault companies. On 17 September, SS- Kampfgruppe Moeller advanced from the railway station but were blocked just east of the Arnhem town square by

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384-529: The Arbeits Dank program were encouraged to pay back into it with donations. Donors received an enameled Erinnerungsnadel ("commemorative pin") that used the oval NSAD or RAD symbol with the text Arbeits / Dank added in the colored border. Officials and employees of the organization wore a larger version of the pin to indicate their status. The RAD was classed as Wehrmachtgefolge (lit. Defence Force Followers). Auxiliary forces with this status, while not

416-791: The Wehrmacht armed forces. In the course of the Great Depression , the German government of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Heinrich Brüning by emergency decree established the Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst ('Voluntary Labour Service', FAD), on 5 June 1931, two years before the Nazi Party (NSDAP) ascended to national power. The state sponsored employment organisation provided services to civic and land improvement projects, from 16 July 1932 it

448-537: The British 2nd and 3rd Parachute Battalions. They engaged in intense house to house fighting, which allowed their parent formation SS- Kampfgruppe Spindler to dig in and form a defensive line. The 2nd Parachute Battalion under Col. John Frost snuck past and took the Arnhem Bridge , but were then encircled by the German forces. Moeller's Pioneers were then involved in the fighting on 18 September to reduce

480-529: The British perimeter and retake the northern end of the Arnhem bridge. It was noted that the RAD troops had no combat experience. Captain Moeller's report concluded: "These men were rather skeptical and reluctant at the beginning, which was hardly surprising. But when they were put in the right place they helped us a lot; and in time they integrated completely, becoming good and reliable comrades." Final solution Parties Paramilitary A paramilitary

512-743: The NSDAP and head of the party's labour organisation, the Nationalsozialistischer Arbeitsdienst or NSAD. Hierl developed the concept of a state labour service organisation similar to the Reichswehr army, with a view to implementing a compulsory service. Meant as an evasion of the regulations set by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , voluntariness initially was maintained after protests by the Geneva World Disarmament Conference . Hierl's rivalry with Labour Minister Franz Seldte led to

544-731: The affiliation of his office as a FAD Reichskommissar with the Interior Ministry under his party fellow Wilhelm Frick . On 11 July 1934, the NSAD was renamed Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD with Hierl as its director until the end of World War II. By law issued on 26 June 1935, the RAD was re-established as an amalgamation of the many prior labour organisations formed in Germany during the Weimar Republic, with Hierl appointed as Reich Labour Leader ( Reichsarbeitsführer ) according to

576-441: The command of a military , train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them. Under the law of war , a state may incorporate a paramilitary organization or armed agency (such as a law enforcement agency or a private volunteer militia ) into its combatant armed forces. Some countries' constitutions prohibit paramilitary organizations outside government use . Depending on

608-463: The eastern front as infantry. As the German defences were devastated, more and more RAD men were committed to combat. During the final months of the war, RAD men formed 6 major frontline units, which were involved in serious fighting. During Operation Market-Garden in September 1944, RAD troops were used as reinforcements. Losses for these troops were in the hundreds. Some RAD troops were assigned to

640-524: The effects of unemployment on the German economy , militarise the workforce and indoctrinate it with Nazi ideology. It was the official state labour service, divided into separate sections for men and women. From June 1935 onward, men aged between 18 and 25 may have served six months before their military service. During World War II , compulsory service also included young women, and the RAD developed to an auxiliary formation which provided support for

672-585: The head of the Reich leadership of the Labor Service; he determines the organization, regulates the work assignment and directs training and education. The RAD was divided into two major sections, one for men ( Reichsarbeitsdienst Männer – RAD/M ) and the voluntary, from 1939 compulsory, section for young women ( Reichsarbeitsdienst der weiblichen Jugend – RAD/wJ ). The RAD was composed of 33 districts each called an Arbeitsgau (lit. Work District) similar to

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704-478: The historical name Dettenheim was preferred versus possible artificial names. The previous separation of Dettenheim is the reason that its districts have different area codes. Dettenheim has two Ortsteile i.e. Districts. Reichsarbeitsdienst The Reich Labour Service ( Reichsarbeitsdienst ; RAD) was a major paramilitary organization established in Nazi Germany as an agency to help mitigate

736-486: The job. The pre-war organization would also provide funding for education or training for poor members so they could learn a trade or get a university degree. Members had to carry a Mitglieds-karte ("membership card") that gave personal information (name, birthdate, and birthplace) and identified which Arbeitsgau and Mitgliedschaft ("membership group") they were assigned to, kind of like a soldier's Soldbuch ("military identification booklet"). Workers who benefited from

768-578: The land along the banks of the river Rhine . The name Dettenheim goes back to an ancient village founded about 788 on the present-day western boundary of the municipality, located directly beside the river Rhine . The village was destroyed during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), then rebuilt. Over the decades of the 18th century the course of the Rhine moved east, flooding the little community more frequently. (The Rhine has since been changed to

800-506: The move, the new settlement was named in honour of him. Today the old Dettenheim is called Alt-Dettenheim , which consists of only a few houses, including the Gasthaus Löwen (The Lion Guesthouse), rest building, a former brickworks and a memorial boulder. Alt-Dettenheim is a hamlet so is now within one of Dettenheim's two districts. Liedolsheim is located at Latitude/Longitude: N 49° 9' 31.50" E 8° 25' 19.99" (49.15875, 8.42222). In

832-657: The same month had a police operation that resulted in the arrest of the brothers Roth failed in the face of their popular support. In the general election in May 1924 a Nazi Party associated organization, the Völkisch Social-block, received 51.9% of the vote in Liedolsheim and 6.5% overall. In December 1924 35.9% of the voters voted for the Deutschvolkische Nazi Party, voting for Robert Roth. In all future elections until 1933, at least one third of

864-624: The tumultuous time of the short lived Weimar Republic , Liedolsheim was an early stronghold of the Nazis. In the mid-1920s, agriculture dominated Liedolsheim; about 3% of the labor force were industrial workers in Karlsruhe and Hochstetten , or were employed at a local brickyard. Around 84% of farmers cultivated an area of less than two hectares and were therefore on additional farms as day laborers or relied on local trade. According to historian Kurt Hochstuhl, agriculture and handicrafts were exposed to

896-525: The voters decided for the Nazis. In the mayoral election in 1925, there were National Socialists provoked riots in which the Nazi Party member Gustav Kammerer was shot. After a major fire in which several houses and several barns were destroyed in August 1927, Hitler visited Liedolsheim. Since at least 1653 Rußheim has been a community. It is located at Latitude/Longitude: N 49° 11' 4.99" E 8° 25' 19.99" (49.18472, 8.42222). The Rußheimer Altrhein-Elisabethenwört

928-516: The war, the RAD were involved in many projects. The RAD units constructed coastal fortifications (many RAD men worked on the Atlantic Wall ), laid minefields, manned fortifications, and even helped guard vital locations and prisoners. The role of the RAD was not limited to combat support functions. Hundreds of RAD units received training as anti-aircraft units and were deployed as RAD Flak Batteries. Several RAD units also performed combat on

960-459: The west in its course so that in 2000 the old settlement was a few hundred meters from the Rhine). Subsequently in 1813 all the villagers migrated about sixteen kilometers east southeast, entered the boundaries of what was then Altenbürg , and founded the village and church of Karlsdorf —now part of the municipality of Karlsdorf-Neuthard . Because Karl, Grand Duke of Baden , had granted approval for

992-572: Was headed by Friedrich Syrup in the official rank of a Reichskommissar . As the name stated, participating was voluntary as long as the Weimar Republic existed. The concept was adopted by Adolf Hitler , who upon the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 appointed Konstantin Hierl state secretary in the Reich Ministry of Labour, responsible for FAD matters. Hierl was already a high-ranking member of

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1024-535: Was supplied with a spade and a bicycle . A paramilitary uniform was implemented in 1934; beside the swastika brassard, the RAD symbol, an arm badge in the shape of an upward pointing shovel blade, was displayed on the upper left shoulder of all uniforms and great-coats worn by all personnel. Men and women had to work up to 76 hours a week. A health- and life-insurance program for NSAD members (from November 1933 to June 1935) and RAD workers (from June 1935 to 1945) in case they became ill or were injured or killed while on

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