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40-874: The feast day of the Life-giving Spring is celebrated on Bright Friday in the Eastern Orthodox Church , and in those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite . Additionally, the icon of the Theotokos the "Life-giving Spring" is commemorated on April 4 / 17 in Slavic Orthodox churches. Outside the Imperial City of Constantinople, near the Golden Gate ( Porta Aurea ) used to be found

80-492: A hymn ( Theotokíon ) for the Mother of God for the first time. Apolytikion (Tone 3) Kontakion (Plagal of Tone 4) Feast day The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint. The word "feast" in this context does not mean "a large meal, typically

120-491: A celebratory one", but instead "an annual religious celebration, a day dedicated to a particular saint". The system rose from a Celtic festival of commemorating each martyr annually on the date of their death, their birth into heaven, a date therefore referred to in Latin as the martyr's dies natalis ('day of birth'). In the Eastern Orthodox Church , a calendar of saints is called a Menologion . "Menologion" may also mean

160-546: A grove of trees. A shrine was located there with a spring of water, which from early times had been dedicated to the Theotokos . Over time, the grove had become overgrown and the spring became fetid. The traditional account surrounding the feast of the Life-Giving Spring is recorded by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos , the last of the Greek ecclesiastical historians, who flourished around 1320. It begins with

200-425: A miracle that occurred involving a soldier named Leo Marcellus, the future Byzantine Emperor Leo I . On April 4, 450, as Leo was passing by the grove, he came across a blind man who had become lost. Leo took pity on him, led him to the pathway, seated him in the shade and began to search for water to give the thirsty man. Leo heard a voice say to him, "Do not trouble yourself, Leo, to look for water elsewhere, it

240-630: A new church, larger than the first, in the last years of his reign (559-560), utilizing materials that had remained after the erection of the Hagia Sophia . After the erection of the sanctuary, the Byzantines named the Gate that was situated outside the walls of Theodosius II " Gate of the Spring " ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Πύλη τῆς Πηγῆς , translit.   Pýlē tês Pēgês ). After

280-804: A proper Mass to every feast day of an Apostle. The present Roman Missal has common formulas for the Dedication of Churches, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Martyrs (with special formulas for missionary martyrs and virgin martyrs), pastors (subdivided into bishops, generic pastors, founders of churches, and missionaries), Doctors of the Church, Virgins, and (generic) Saints (with special formulas for abbots, monks, nuns, religious, those noted for works of mercy, educators, and [generically] women saints). This calendar system, when combined with major church festivals and movable and immovable feasts, constructs

320-489: A second firman permitting not only the reconstruction of the small chapel, but of a large church according to the original dimensions. Construction was completed on December 30, 1834, and the Ecumenical Patriarch , Constantius II consecrated the church on February 2, 1835, celebrating with 12 bishops and an enormous flood of the faithful. On September 6, 1955, during the anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom ,

360-490: A set of icons on which saints are depicted in the order of the dates of their feasts, often made in two panels. As the number of recognized saints increased during Late Antiquity and the first half of the Middle Ages , eventually every day of the year had at least one saint who was commemorated on that date. To deal with this increase, some saints were moved to alternate days in some traditions or completely removed, with

400-471: A sovereign in an Islamic state . During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word firman comes from the Persian farmān meaning "decree" or "order". Farmān is the modern Persian form of the word and descends from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) framān , ultimately from Old Persian framānā ( fra = "fore"). The difference between

440-506: A very human and personalised yet often localized way of organizing the year and identifying dates. Some Christians continue the tradition of dating by saints' days: their works may appear "dated" as "The Feast of Saint Martin ". As different Christian jurisdictions parted ways theologically, differing lists of saints began to develop. This happened because the same individual may be considered differently by one church; in extreme examples, one church's saint may be another church's heretic, as in

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480-628: Is a protected zone around the monastery administered by the Egyptian government, and there are very good relations between the 20 or so monks, mainly from Greece, and the local community there. Firmans were issued in some Islamic empires and kingdoms in India such as the Mughal Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad . Notable were Emperor Aurangzeb 's various firmans. The term "firman" was used by

520-570: Is famous for many miracles and healings. The icon, which was painted much later, is known as the Pühtitsa icon of the Mother of God "To the spring" (Russian: Пю́хтицкая ико́на Бо́жией Ма́тери «У исто́чника» , romanized : Pyúkhtitskaya ikóna Bózhiyey Máteri “U istóchnika” ). In the 9th century, Joseph the Hymnographer gave the title 'Life-giving Spring' ( Zōodóchos Pēgḗ ) to

560-512: Is observed on Bright Friday , that is, the Friday following Pascha (Easter). It is the only feast day which may be celebrated during Bright Week, as all other commemorations which happen to fall during this time are usually transferred to another day. The propers (hymns and prayers) of the feast are combined with the Paschal hymns, and there is often a Lesser Blessing of Waters performed after

600-417: Is right here!" Looking about, he could see no one, and neither could he see any water. Then he heard the voice again, "Leo, Emperor , go into the grove, take the water which you will find and give it to the thirsty man. Then take the mud [from the stream] and put it on the blind man's eyes.... And build a temple [church] here ... that all who come here will find answers to their petitions ." Leo did as he

640-578: Is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs to be venerated as a saint. The title " confessor " was used for such saints, who had confessed their faith in Christ by their lives rather than by their deaths. Martyrs are regarded as dying in the service of the Lord, and confessors are people who died natural deaths. A broader range of titles was used later, such as: Virgin , Pastor , Bishop , Monk , Priest , Founder, Abbot , Apostle, Doctor of

680-399: The 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane (the deadliest in the island's recorded history; Saint Cyriacus , August 8), the 1928 San Felipe hurricane (the strongest in terms of measured wind speed; Saint Philip , father of Saint Eugenia of Rome , September 13), and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane ( Saint Cyprian , September 26). This practice continued until quite some time after

720-595: The Anglican Communion , there are Principal Feasts and Principal Holy Days , Festivals , Lesser Festivals , and Commemorations . Before the advent of standardized naming of tropical storms and hurricanes in the North Atlantic basin , tropical storms and hurricanes that affected the island of Puerto Rico were informally named after the Catholic saints corresponding to the feast days when

760-561: The Canon of Matins ). There are also distinctions between Simple feasts and double (i.e., two simple feasts celebrated together). In Double Feasts, the order of hymns and readings for each feast are rigidly instructed in Typikon , the liturgy book. The Lutheran Churches celebrate Festivals, Lesser Festivals, Days of Devotion, and Commemorations. In the Church of England , mother Church of

800-764: The Divine Liturgy on Bright Friday. There is also a commemoration of the Icon of the Theotokos the Life-giving Spring observed on April 4 ( Julian Calendar ) / April 17 ( Gregorian Calendar ). This type of icon spread throughout the Orthodox world , particularly in places where a spring was believed to be sacred . In old Russia , continuing Greek traditions, there was a custom to sanctify springs that were located near churches , dedicate them to

840-557: The Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the church was torn down by the Turks , and the stones used to build a mosque of Sultan Bayezid . Only a small chapel remained at the site of the church. Twenty-five steps led down to the site of the spring, surrounded by a railing. In 1547 the French humanist Petrus Gyllius noted that the church no longer existed, but that ailing people continued to visit

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880-527: The Holy Mother , and paint icons of her under the title The Life Giving Spring . A similar revelation of the Theotokos occurred in Estonia in the 16th century. The Pühtitsa Convent is located on a site where, according to a 16th-century legend, near the local village of Kuremäe , a shepherd witnessed a divine revelation of the Theotokos near a spring of water that is to this day venerated as holy and

920-844: The United States Weather Bureau (now called the National Weather Service) started publishing and using official female human names (initially; male names were added starting in 1979 after the NWS relinquished control over naming to the World Meteorological Organization ). The last two usages of this informal naming scheme in Puerto Rico were in 1956 ( Hurricane Betsy , locally nicknamed Santa Clara after Saint Clare of Assisi , feast day August 12 back then; her feast day

960-575: The archeologist / novelist Elizabeth Peters for official permission from the Egyptian Department of Antiquities to carry on an excavation. A similar authority was cited by Austen Henry Layard for excavations at Nimrud which he mistakenly believed was Nineveh . In the Old Yishuv Court Museum is held a firman for the 1890 opening of the printing business of Eliezer Menahem Goldberg, Jerusalem resident. The firman

1000-786: The motu proprio Summorum Pontificum , divides liturgical days into I, II, III, and IV class days. Those who use even earlier forms of the Roman Rite rank feast days as doubles (of three or four kinds), Semidoubles, and Simples. See Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite . In the Eastern Orthodox Church the ranking of feasts varies from church to church. In the Russian Orthodox Church they are: Great Feasts , middle, and minor feasts. Each portion of such feasts may also be called feasts as follows: All-night vigils , Polyeleos , Great Doxology , Sextuple ("sixfold", having six stichera at Vespers and six troparia at

1040-399: The Church . The Tridentine Missal has common formulæ for Masses of Martyrs, Confessors who were bishops, Doctors of the Church, Confessors who were not Bishops, Abbots, Virgins, Non-Virgins, Dedication of Churches, and Feast Days of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Pope Pius XII added a common formula for Popes. The 1962 Roman Missal of Pope John XXIII omitted the common of Apostles, assigning

1080-509: The Shar'ia, but the Shar'ia did not cover all aspects of Ottoman social and political life. Therefore, in order to regulate relations and status, duties, and the dress of aristocracy and subjects, the Sultan created firmans. Firmans were gathered in codes called " kanun ". The kanun were "a form of secular and administrative law considered to be a valid extension of religious law as a result of

1120-562: The cases of Nestorius , Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria , or Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople . In the Catholic Church feast days are ranked in accordance with their importance. In the post- Vatican II form of the Roman Rite , feast days are ranked (in descending order of importance) as solemnities , feasts or memorials (obligatory or optional). Pope John XXIII 's 1960 Code of Rubrics , whose use remains authorized by

1160-435: The church was one of the targets of the fanatic mob. The building was burned to the ground while the abbot was lynched, and 90-year-old Archimandrite Chrisanthos Mantas was assassinated by the mob. Another small chapel has been rebuilt on the site, but the church has not yet been restored to its former size. The spring still flows to this day and is considered by the faithful to have wonderworking properties. The feast day

1200-560: The cyclones either made landfall or started to seriously affect the island. Examples are: the 1780 San Calixto hurricane (more widely known as the Great Hurricane of 1780 , the deadliest in the North Atlantic basin's recorded history ; named after Pope Callixtus I (Saint Callixtus), whose feast day is October 14), the 1867 San Narciso hurricane (named after Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem , feast day October 29),

1240-602: The defeat of Uzun Hasan , Mehmed the Conqueror took over Şebinkarahisar and consolidated his rule over the area. From Şebinkarahisar he sent a series of letters announcing his victory, including an unusual missive in the Uyghur language addressed to the Turkomans of Anatolia . The decree ( yarlık ) had 201 lines and was written by Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı on 30 August 1473: Completed when Karahisar

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1280-519: The entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology , and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally. The earliest feast days of saints were those of martyrs, venerated as having shown for Christ the greatest form of love, in accordance with the teaching: "Greater love has no one than this, that someone lay down his life for his friends." Saint Martin of Tours

1320-601: The modern Persian and Old Persian forms stems from "dropping the ending ā and insertion of a vowel owing to the initial double consonant". This feature (i.e. fra- ) was still used in the Middle Persian form. The Turkish form of the word farmān is fermān , whereas the Arabized plural form of the word is farāmīn . In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan derived his authority from his role as upholder of

1360-643: The most important firmans governing relations between Muslims and Christians is a document kept at the Saint Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. This monastery is Greek Orthodox and constitutes the autonomous Sinai Orthodox Church. The firman bears the hand print of Muhammad , and requests the Muslims do not destroy the monastery for God-fearing men live there. To this day there

1400-583: The result that some saints have different feast days in different calendars. For example, saints Perpetua and Felicity died on 7 March, but this date was later assigned to St. Thomas Aquinas , allowing them only a commemoration (see Tridentine calendar ), so in 1908 they were moved one day earlier. When the 1969 reform of the Catholic calendar moved him to 28 January, they were moved back to 7 March (see General Roman Calendar ). Both days can thus be said to be their feast day, in different traditions. The General Roman Calendar , which list those saints celebrated in

1440-519: The ruler's right to exercise legal judgement on behalf of the community." When issued by the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, firmans' importance was often displayed by the layout of the document; the more blank space at the top of the document, the more important the firman was. In this firman, Sultan Murad I recognises a decree created by his father Sultan Orhan (c. 1324–1360). He gives the monks all they owned during his father's reign, ordering that no one can oppress them or claim their land. Following

1480-517: The spring of holy water . As a result of the Greek War of Independence of 1821, even the little chapel was destroyed and the spring was left buried under the rubble. In 1833 the reforming Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II gave permission for the Christians to rebuild the church. When the foundations of the original church were discovered during the course of construction, the Sultan issued

1520-408: Was advanced one day in 1970) and 1960 ( Hurricane Donna , nicknamed San Lorenzo after Saint Lawrence Justinian , September 5 back then; feast day now observed January 8 by Canons regular of St. Augustine ). Firman A firman ( Persian : فرمان , romanized :  farmān ; Turkish : ferman ), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by

1560-454: Was reached on the date of eight hundred and seventy eight, 5th day of the month Rebiülahir, the year of the Snake. In this firman, the monks of Mount Athos report that the administrative officials charged with the collection of taxes come at a later date than they are supposed to and demand more money than the value assessed. They also make illegal demands for additional food supplies. One of

1600-525: Was told, and when the blind man's eyes were anointed he regained his sight. After his accession to the throne, the Emperor erected a magnificent church on this site, dedicated to the Theotokos , and the water continued to work miraculous cures, as well as resurrections from the dead , through the intercession of the Theotokos , and therefore it was called "The Life-Giving Spring." Historians Procopius and Cedrenus state that Emperor Justinian erected

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