The Life Ball in Vienna is the biggest charity event in Europe supporting people with HIV or AIDS . The event is organized by the nonprofit organization AIDS LIFE, which was founded in 1992 by Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian.
147-404: AIDS LIFE supports aid organizations devoted to helping people who are HIV-positive or have AIDS. The team entrusted with the allocation of funds thoroughly examines each petition. Moreover, it is an explicit goal of AIDS LIFE to raise public awareness. The Life Ball—one of the biggest annual charity events in the world—has attracted strong international interest and attention. The main priority of
294-458: A limited release in theatres. During the 1950s, Minnelli appeared as a child guest on Art Linkletter 's show and sang and danced with Gene Kelly on his first television special in 1959. She was a guest star in one episode of Ben Casey and was a frequent guest on chat shows of the day, including making numerous appearances on shows hosted by Jack Paar , Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , Joe Franklin , Dinah Shore and Johnny Carson . During
441-621: A 10- to 20-fold reduction in transmission risk. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (" PrEP ") with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir , with or without emtricitabine , is effective in people at high risk including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV-positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa. It may also be effective in intravenous drug users, with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years. The USPSTF , in 2019, recommended PrEP in those who are at high risk. Universal precautions within
588-526: A Massachusetts cemetery, resulted in a misdemeanor complaint by family of those buried there, and a "Liza Minnelli Bill" was introduced the following year to penalise filming in Massachusetts cemeteries without permission. Minnelli appeared in her best-known film role, Sally Bowles , in the film version of Cabaret (1972). She said that one of the things she did to prepare was to study photographs of actresses Louise Glaum and Louise Brooks and
735-551: A Time were reissued on the two-CD compilation The Capitol Years in 2001, in their entirety. From 1968 to the 1970s, Minnelli also recorded her albums Liza Minnelli (1968), Come Saturday Morning and New Feelin' (both 1970) for A&M Records . In 1973, Minnelli sang back up with Ronnie Spector for Alice Cooper 's song " Teenage Lament '74 " from the album Muscle of Love (1973). She released her solo albums The Singer (1973) and Tropical Nights (1977) on Columbia Records . In 1989, Minnelli collaborated with
882-532: A brief period of influenza-like illness . During this period the person may not know that they are HIV-positive, yet they will be able to pass on the virus . Typically, this period is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no symptoms. Eventually the HIV infection increases the risk of developing other infections such as tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors which are rare in people who have normal immune function. The late stage
1029-481: A clear signal for tolerance and solidarity. Access to the Life Ball is extremely limited. Each year, thousands of requests for Life Ball Tickets are received and few are granted to this exclusive experience. Recently, the Life Ball opened their doors to international guests who want to attend. A few international travel representatives have been selected to exclusively represent a region in offering travel packages to
1176-406: A couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year. There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor ) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. By contrast, use of
1323-584: A cover version (for his Trilogy: Past Present Future album). Minnelli made fewer film appearances from then on, but her next film, Arthur (1981), where she starred as Dudley Moore 's love interest, was a big hit. She returned to film for Rent-A-Cop and Arthur 2: On the Rocks (both 1988) and Stepping Out (1991), a musical comedy drama. She later appeared in The Oh in Ohio in 2006 which received only
1470-451: A factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4 T cell numbers. Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4 T cell loss occurs during
1617-539: A fixed number of tickets called "Style Tickets" are available at half price and are for those who meet the dress code of the Life Ball Style Bible. The costumes should correspond to the theme of the Ball. These are also the only guests—besides the stars—who are allowed to walk down the red carpet, which leads from Ringstrasse Boulevard across city hall square to the main stage in front of Vienna's city hall. In
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#17327810884141764-528: A guest appearance as Princess Alecia in 'The Princess and the Pea' episode of Faerie Tale Theatre . In 1985, she starred in a made-for-TV movie, A Time to Live, and in 1988, she appeared in Sam Found Out: A Triple Play. In December 1992, American Public Television aired Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall produced by Phil Ramone and Chris Giordano. The show received six Emmy nominations and won
1911-404: A guest appearance on the long-running drama Law & Order: Criminal Intent in "Masquerade", a Halloween-themed episode, broadcast on October 31, 2006. Minnelli also completed guest vocals on My Chemical Romance 's 2006 concept album The Black Parade , portraying "Mother War", a dark conception of the main character's mother in the song " Mama ". In 2007, it was announced that Minnelli
2058-467: A high viral load and the cut was deep. In the United States, intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV-positive. HIV is transmitted in about 90% of blood transfusions using infected blood. In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half
2205-456: A key feature of the event. In the second year, at the Life Ball on May 28, 1994, the money raised through donations, sponsoring and ticket sales was doubled. The first two Balls were covered by TV stations in Austria and Germany. The third Ball on May 6, 1995, already attracted interest from French and Spanish broadcasters as well as MTV . In the subsequent years, the number of guests attending
2352-445: A lifestyle and are diluted, but nobody speaks up to voice criticism." Gery Keszler is well aware of the delicate balancing act between the fun factor, which in turn attracts people and companies, creates publicity and, eventually, collects as much in donations as possible, and the message to be conveyed. For instance, only journalists who have reported not only about celebrities but also about HIV and AIDS are accredited again. Sometimes it
2499-535: A list that includes composer Richard Rodgers , Whoopi Goldberg , Barbra Streisand , and John Gielgud and others—to win an Emmy , Grammy , Tony Award and Academy Award . In April 1992, Minnelli appeared at the tribute concert for her late friend Freddie Mercury , performing " We Are the Champions " with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at Wembley Stadium in London. In 1996, Minnelli released
2646-432: A live performer led her to record several albums for Capitol Records : Liza! Liza! (1964), It Amazes Me (1965), and There Is a Time (1966). In her early years, she recorded traditional pop standards as well as show tunes from various musicals in which she starred. Because of this fact, William Ruhlmann named her " Barbra Streisand 's little sister". The Capitol albums Liza! Liza! , It Amazes Me , and There Is
2793-402: A long incubation period . Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive- sense , enveloped RNA viruses . Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into
2940-503: A memoir, to be published in 2026. Minnelli has long suffered from alcoholism and has been addicted to prescription drugs, originating from a Valium prescription after her mother died. Her use of recreational drugs in the 1970s was noted by Andy Warhol , who in a 1978 diary entry recalled Minnelli arriving at Halston's house and imploring the host to "Give me every drug you've got." Along with Warhol and Bianca Jagger , Minnelli made frequent appearances at New York City nightclubs during
3087-541: A million) where improved donor selection and HIV screening is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008. In low-income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections. It
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#17327810884143234-401: A needle during drug injection is between 0.63% and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%. The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. This risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with
3381-473: A nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She later received the award playing Sally Bowles in the musical film Cabaret (1972), which brought her to international prominence. She starred in a string of films such as Lucky Lady (1975), New York, New York (1977), Arthur (1981), Rent-a-Cop (1988), and Stepping Out (1991). On television, had a career resurgence recurred as
3528-468: A normal life, and die with the virus, not of it. Effective treatment for HIV-positive people (people living with HIV ) involves a life-long regimen of medicine to suppress the virus, making the viral load undetectable. Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as
3675-630: A number of American standards "unplugged" with long-time collaborator Billy Stritch, showing a sultrier and softer, more interpretive side to her artistry. The songs are said to have been recorded several years prior and later released as the album Confessions . On June 14, 2012, Minnelli headlined at Hampton Court Palace Festival . On May 9, 2014, Minnelli had a guest appearance on Cher 's Dressed to Kill Tour in Brooklyn, performing " Girls Just Want to Have Fun " with Cyndi Lauper and Rosie O'Donnell . In 2024, Minnelli announced her plans to release
3822-499: A press conference, Andreas Röthlin also made it clear that "as opposed to many other charitable organizations, AIDS LIFE is very efficiently managed, also and especially with regard to expenses." At this occasion, AIDS LIFE also received the "Österreichisches Spendengütesiegel" (Reg. Nr. 05685), a quality seal for NPOs awarded by the Austrian auditors' chamber, valid as of August 24, 2009. "Because Gery Keszler's 14th AIDS charity night
3969-616: A process of cell-to-cell spread. The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies. Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more virulent , more infective , and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2
4116-813: A production of The Diary of Anne Frank that then went to Israel on tour. She turned to Broadway at 19, and won her first Tony Award as a leading actress for Flora the Red Menace . It was the first time that she worked with the musical pair John Kander and Fred Ebb . Minnelli began as a nightclub singer as an adolescent, making her professional nightclub debut at the age of 19 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C. That same year she began appearing in other clubs and on stage in Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, and New York City. Her success as
4263-430: A real tradition, numerous celebrities (designers, actors, musicians, politicians, and models) show their personal commitment to the issue with live performances and send a strong signal of solidarity. They make use of their popularity and position as role models for a good cause. The number of tickets for the Life Ball is limited to 3,780. To maintain the unique style of the event, different ticket categories are available:
4410-467: A recurring guest star on the sitcom Arrested Development (2003–2013). Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful. From 1988 to 1990, she toured with Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. in Frank, Liza & Sammy: The Ultimate Event . Minnelli is known for her renditions of American standards and
4557-430: A result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually. Campaigns by UNAIDS and organizations around the world have communicated this as Undetectable = Untransmittable . Without treatment the infection can interfere with the immune system , and eventually progress to AIDS , sometimes taking many years. Following initial infection an individual may not notice any symptoms, or may experience
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4704-414: A serious case of viral encephalitis in 2000, doctors predicted that Minnelli would spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair and perhaps not be able to speak again. However, taking vocal and dance lessons daily (especially with Sam Harris , Luigi Faccuito , Ron Lewis, and Angela Bacari), she managed to recover. She appeared on a September 19, 2001, episode of The Rosie O'Donnell Show, notable because it
4851-406: A sexually transmitted illness. In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent. Most people infected with HIV develop seroconverted (antigen-specific) antibodies within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection. Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion
4998-520: A solo part with Gerard Way on the track " Mama ". Minnelli was nominated in 2009 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for her studio recording Liza's at the Palace...! , based on her hit Broadway show. Minnelli released an album on the Decca Records label titled Confessions on September 21, 2010. Minnelli's first appearance on film is as the baby in the final shot of her mother's film In
5145-406: A studio album titled Gently . It was a recording of jazz standards and included contemporary songs such as the cover of Does He Love You which she performed as a duet with Donna Summer . This album brought her a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance . In 2006, Minnelli appeared on My Chemical Romance 's album The Black Parade , providing backing vocals and singing
5292-556: A television special. The program aired two times on TV and was not seen again until a DVD release in 2006. Minnelli appeared in three expensive flops in three years, with Variety suggesting by 1978 that she was the number-one choice for box office poison. First was Lucky Lady (1975), then she worked with her father in A Matter of Time (1976), co-starring Ingrid Bergman and then New York, New York (1977), which gave Minnelli her best known signature song . She sometimes performed duets on stage with Frank Sinatra , who recorded
5439-467: A ticket quota for some years. Even though the Life Ball has not been a mere "gay" event for some time, just as much as AIDS is no longer a "gay" epidemic, it still has this reputation. The attribute "gay" has, however, not been detrimental to revenue. When not discussed in the equal rights context, "gays are considered creative and fun—and are said to throw better parties", which is a money-making cliché. Moreover, trend expert Bernhard Heinzlmaier adds that "it
5586-425: A total of 500 national and international media representatives cover the event each year. In case of repeated accreditation, the organizers check whether the topic of AIDS was also addressed in the coverage to avoid that only stars and celebrities are mentioned. Austrian public broadcaster ORF 1 has been covering the opening show live since 2007 as part of a "theme night" followed by interviews with famous guests after
5733-427: Is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system . It is a preventable disease . There is no vaccine or cure for HIV. It can be managed with treatment and become a manageable chronic health condition. While there is no cure or vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and enable people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives. An HIV-positive person on treatment can expect to live
5880-433: Is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8 T cells , which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production, or seroconversion . The CD8 T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4 T cell counts recover. A good CD8 T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate
6027-538: Is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn, physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely, and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections. The second-most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products. Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle-stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment. The risk from sharing
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6174-410: Is an American actress, singer and dancer. Known for her commanding stage presence and powerful alto singing voice, Minnelli has received numerous accolades including an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , a Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and four Tony Awards . She is one of the few performers awarded a non-competitive EGOT having received two honorary Grammy Awards . Minnelli is a Knight of
6321-478: Is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Many individuals develop an illness like influenza , mononucleosis or glandular fever 2–4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include fever , large tender lymph nodes , throat inflammation , a rash , headache, tiredness, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals. The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on
6468-486: Is considered hip to move in a gay environment. It indicates an open and modern set of mind." In addition to the charity aspect, the "gay hipness" surrounding the heterosexual guests is therefore another reason for donations. The homosexuals in Austria alone would not be a big enough crowd to get companies to make such generous donations. At least two celebrity couples met at the event: Austrian professional swimmer Markus Rogan and then Miss Austria Christine Reiler met at
6615-516: Is criticized+ that by now also certain conservative and/or right-wing politicians show up as guests or announce to attend the Ball. Keszler believes that a ball against discrimination should not discriminate against anyone. If these people manage to secure a ticket and believe they would enjoy the event, they will certainly not be stopped from attending it. And Keszler regards their potential plan of ganging up and making "all well" again as naïve. AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )
6762-653: Is defined as an HIV infection with either a CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases associated with HIV infection. In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years. The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia (40%), cachexia in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and esophageal candidiasis . Other common signs include recurrent respiratory tract infections . Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria , viruses , fungi , and parasites that are normally controlled by
6909-760: Is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined. Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk. Evidence of any benefit from peer education is equally poor. Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high-risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV. Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive. Enhanced family planning services appear to increase
7056-422: Is done by measuring HIV- RNA or p24 antigen . Positive results obtained by antibody or PCR testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR. Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate, due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies . Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen. Much of
7203-595: Is especially high, estimated as 1.4–1.7% per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts. While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low, it is still present. The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as "nearly nil"; however, a few cases have been reported. The per-act risk is estimated at 0–0.04% for receptive oral intercourse. In settings involving prostitution in low-income countries, risk of female-to-male transmission has been estimated as 2.4% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.05% per act. Risk of transmission increases in
7350-416: Is known for her signature songs which include (" New York, New York ", " Cabaret ", and " Maybe This Time "). Throughout her later years she has suffered serious health problems, she has avoided huge concert performances in favor of small retrospective performances. Her life was profiled in the 2024 documentary, Liza: A Truly Terrific Absolutely True Story . Minnelli was born on March 12, 1946, at
7497-400: Is largely confined to West Africa . After the virus enters the body, there is a period of rapid viral replication , leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4 T cells . The acute viremia
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#17327810884147644-531: Is often also associated with unintended weight loss . Without treatment a person living with HIV can expect to live for 11 years. Early testing can show if treatment is needed to stop this progression and to prevent infecting others. HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and vaginal sex ), contaminated hypodermic needles or blood transfusions , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, and tears, do not transmit
7791-565: Is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue transplantation , although this is rare because of screening . Unsafe medical injections play a role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa . In 2007, between 12% and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use. The World Health Organization estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%. Risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of
7938-420: Is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of an HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury. As of 2013 , the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications— tenofovir , emtricitabine and raltegravir —as this may reduce the risk further. PEP treatment is recommended after a sexual assault when
8085-542: Is spread by three main routes: sexual contact , significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (known as vertical transmission ). There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces , nasal secretions, saliva, sputum , sweat, tears, urine, or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood. It is also possible to be co-infected by more than one strain of HIV—a condition known as HIV superinfection . The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV
8232-418: Is the "face" and engine of the Life Ball. It is also mainly his achievement that fashion representatives and celebrities of the entertainment industry such as Roseanne Barr , Elton John , Catherine Deneuve , Liza Minnelli , Sharon Stone , Dita von Teese , Anastacia , Heidi Klum , Naomi Campbell and Jenna Jameson attend the opening show. Some play an active role in the event's program, others just enjoy
8379-467: Is through sexual contact with an infected person. However, an HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually, known as Undetectable = Untransmittable . The existence of functionally noncontagious HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy was controversially publicized in the 2008 Swiss Statement , and has since become accepted as medically sound. Globally,
8526-973: The Burgtheater (the former imperial court theatre) and the Parliament . The "concept of the three houses" unites three extraordinary events and important organizations; the amfAR gala in the Parliament, the Elton John AIDS Foundation at the Red Ribbon Cotillion in the Burgtheater, and the William J. Clinton Foundation at the traditional Life Ball in the Vienna City Hall. With the support of many different personalities these three events together set
8673-686: The Cedars of Lebanon hospital in Hollywood . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Her parents named her after Ira Gershwin's song " Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away) ". Minnelli has a half-sister, Lorna , and half-brother, Joey, from Garland's marriage to Sid Luft . She has another half-sister, Christiane Nina Minnelli (nicknamed Tina Nina), from her father's second marriage. Minnelli's godparents were Kay Thompson and Ira Gershwin . Minnelli's first performing experience on film
8820-632: The Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special concert produced by future husband David Gest . Minnelli told reporters: "I am stable as a table." Gest was so impressed with Minnelli's stamina and ability to stun audiences that he produced her in Liza's Back in Spring 2002, performing to rave reviews in London and New York City. The tour featured a tribute to her mother: after years of declining fans' pleas for her to sing Garland's signature song " Over
8967-664: The Pet Shop Boys on Results , an electronic dance-style album. The release hit the top 10 in the UK and charted in the U.S., spawning four singles: " Losing My Mind "; " Don't Drop Bombs "; " So Sorry, I Said "; and " Love Pains ". Later that year, she performed "Losing My Mind" live at the Grammys Award ceremony before receiving a Grammy Legend Award (the first Grammy Legend Awards were issued in 1990 to Minnelli, Andrew Lloyd Webber , Smokey Robinson , and Willie Nelson ). With this award, she became one of only 16 people—
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#17327810884149114-580: The Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her roles in the Broadway musicals Flora the Red Menace (1965) and The Act (1978). She was Tony-nominated for The Rink (1984). She won Special Tony Awards for Liza at the Winter Garden (1974) and Liza at the Palace! (2009). On film, she had her breakthrough performance in the drama film The Sterile Cuckoo (1969), earning her
9261-590: The WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease , and the CDC classification system for HIV infection . The CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Despite their differences,
9408-622: The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic —a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. The United States' National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Gates Foundation have pledged $ 200 million focused on developing a global cure for AIDS. There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. The initial period following infection with HIV
9555-609: The spermicide nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation. Circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa "reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months". Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV. However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission
9702-401: The 1960s, she made several guest appearances on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In as well as other variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show , The Hollywood Palace , and The Judy Garland Show . In 1964, Minnelli appeared as Minnie in her first television dramatic role in the episode "Nightingale for Sale" on Craig Stevens 's short-lived series Mr. Broadway . In 1965, she starred in
9849-532: The 2007 Ball in which they both participated in the fashion show as models. At the Life Ball 2008, they celebrated their one-year anniversary and graced the runway in a partner-look outfit. The same night, TV presenter Nazan Eckes and Julian Khol, the Düsseldorf-based Austrian model, art student, and son of politician Andreas Khol , also met. From 2000 to 2007, a wedding chapel for couples of any sexual orientation with famous "show priests"
9996-411: The Ball is, however, not only the celebration of the party people live acts, but the fight against AIDS. To ensure that the meaning of this major event is not forgotten, the opening ceremony on Vienna's city hall square includes moments of silence and speeches by international stars and partners, which focus on raising awareness for AIDS. Since the establishment of this society highlight, which has become
10143-535: The Ball venue, hosts the Life Ball Party and the after hour in the early hours of the morning for all those who did not get tickets to the Ball itself. The money from these campaigns also goes to the Life Ball. Also, there is a " Diners Club Life Ball" credit card carrying the Red Ribbon design, which automatically transfers 0.5% of each transaction to AIDS LIFE. Limited edition stamps on the occasion of
10290-493: The CCR5 protein when present in both chromosomes very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection. HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells during acute infection. A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase. CD4 T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected. Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout
10437-547: The Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics, awarded to Fred Ebb and John Kander. This was followed by appearances in two more made-for-TV movies: Parallel Lives , and The West Side Waltz , in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Much later in her career, Minnelli made guest appearances on shows such as Arrested Development , Law & Order: Criminal Intent , Drop Dead Diva , and Smash . In
10584-642: The French Legion of Honour . Her persona and her style has cemented her as a gay icon . Minnelli's parents were actress and singer Judy Garland and director Vincente Minnelli . After moving to New York City in 1961, she began her career as a musical theatre actress, nightclub performer, and traditional pop artist. She made her professional stage debut in the Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward (1963). She became known for collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb , and later won
10731-712: The Good Old Summertime (1949). Her first credited film role was as the love interest in Charlie Bubbles (1967), Albert Finney 's only film as director and star, although four years earlier, she did voiceover work for the animated film Journey Back to Oz , a sequel to The Wizard of Oz . Minnelli was the voice of Dorothy (a character played in the earlier film by her mother Judy Garland) in what would have been her first credited film role had it been released in 1964 as planned—the Filmation production
10878-635: The Life Ball Fanfare, composed by Bela Fischer, has been played at the beginning of the opening show. Each year, one or more famous fashion designers are responsible for the event's fashion show. Professional models on the catwalk such as Marcus Schenkenberg , Alek Wek , Nadja Auermann , Heidi Klum , Eva Padberg , Eva Riccobono , and Naomi Campbell appear alongside stars and celebrities such as Udo Kier , Olivia Jones, Til Schweiger , Kylie Minogue , Cyndi Lauper , Dolly Buster , Austrian Health Minister Andrea Kdolsky. Fashion designers since
11025-482: The Life Ball have been issued for a number of years now. The 2005 stamp bore Heidi Klum 's picture, followed by Naomi Campbell in 2006. In that year, also a limited edition of stamps featuring Naomi Campbell in comic style was sold on eBay . German supermodel Nadja Auermann was the face of the 2007 Life Ball stamps. The performance of the Life Ball Song marks the official opening of the Ball. Since 2006,
11172-416: The Life Ball have to be canceled one year. As proceeds are impossible to forecast, the organization does not finance infrastructure costs of the projects it supports, such as rent, personnel expenses, and operating costs. A failure of AIDS LIFE to produce financial support must not result in the cancellation of a project. On May 24, 2007, two days before the Life Ball, a formal dinner with Bill Clinton which
11319-422: The Life Ball. A notable event at the 2013 Life Ball was Barbara Eden appearing, wearing her Jeannie outfit. In November 2015, Keszler said that there would be no Life Ball in 2016, and that the next ball would be held in the summer of 2017. However, the Red Ribbon Cotillion will still be held that year. The event is usually accompanied by a number of campaigns. In 2006, guests from western Austria could for
11466-536: The Rainbow ", she concluded Act 1 with the final refrain of her mother's anthem to an instant ovation. From 2003 through 2005, she appeared as a recurring character on the Emmy Award-winning TV sitcom Arrested Development as Lucille Austero (also known as "Lucille 2"), the lover of both the sexually and socially awkward Buster Bluth and Buster's brother Gob . Minnelli appeared in the role for
11613-577: The UK, she appeared on the Ruby Wax , Graham Norton and Jonathan Ross shows, and in October 2006, participated in a comedy skit on Charlotte Church 's show and was featured on Michael Parkinson 's show. In November 2009, American Public Television aired Liza's at the Palace , taped from September 30 to October 1, 2009, in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand's Hollywood Theatre. The executive producers of
11760-470: The Vienna city administration, the event had only two sponsors. The ATS 1,100,000 (EUR 79,940) raised by the first Ball were donated to the non-profit organization AIDS LIFE, which was founded by Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian in 1992, to support other organizations helping people who are HIV-positive or have AIDS. Ever since the first Life Ball, a fashion show, then presented by Thierry Mugler , has become
11907-565: The absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4 T cells ( T helper cells ) without antiretroviral therapy for more than five years. These individuals are classified as "HIV controllers" or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
12054-499: The absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20%, and in those who also breastfeed 35%. Treatment decreases this risk to less than 5%. Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the baby decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed. If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission. If a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%. Due to
12201-515: The acute phase of disease. HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms . HIV screening is recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force for all people 15 years to 65 years of age, including all pregnant women. Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with
12348-406: The cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co-factors. Once integrated, the virus may become latent , allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus may be transcribed , producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin
12495-425: The chronic phase. Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines , results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 T cells during
12642-468: The dark-haired women of the era in which the film is set. Minnelli won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance, along with a Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , and also Sant Jordi Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress. Following the success of Cabaret , Bob Fosse and Minnelli teamed for Liza with a 'Z'. A Concert for Television ,
12789-620: The early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination . The disease also has large economic impacts . There are many misconceptions about HIV/AIDS , such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact. The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion , including the Catholic Church's position not to support condom use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it
12936-424: The end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains. Between 50% and 70% of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy , characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months. Although most HIV-1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in
13083-563: The event from 2001 to 2005 and also held the opening speeches. The 13th Life Ball on May 21, 2005, for the first time exceeded the EUR 1 million mark with a total of EUR 1,017,600 generated by ticket sales, catering, auctions, raffle, stamp and record sales and the contributions of various donors and sponsors. Half of the proceeds are donated to international projects. Since 2006, the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ), which
13230-409: The fashion show have taken place on the square in front of the city hall. The opening speech has been held by international celebrities since 2001. The Life Ball is the most important source of income for AIDS LIFE. Since its inception, margins from annual proceeds and from the total sum of subsidized projects have been profitably invested to be able to finance national projects for another year, should
13377-445: The festival hall in the Vienna city hall and supported him despite all opposition. Zilk's stance was remarkable as support for this cause was not something that could be taken for granted at that time. There were also doubts as to whether the event would be a success. For Keszler it was exciting and nerve-racking until the opening, because the first guests arrived rather late. The first Life Ball took place on May 29, 1993. In addition to
13524-444: The fight against AIDS or outstanding AIDS projects of international partner organizations of AIDS Life. Since 1995, when Paris Premiere and a Spanish TV station joined the media crowd, the Life Ball has been broadcast on a pan-European level. In 1999, American TV stations (besides MTV) made the broadcast intercontinental. Internet TV started reporting on the event in 2001. Since 2002, stricter accreditation criteria have been applied and
13671-465: The first 2.5 months of an HIV infection, a person's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV. If the person is in the late stages of infection, rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater. Commercial sex workers (including those in pornography ) have an increased likelihood of contracting HIV. Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission. Sexual assault
13818-402: The first time make use of a dedicated " Ö3 Life Ball Express" train with a special party carriage and shuttle buses that brought them to Vienna's city hall, and also the specially modified "Life Ball Party Plane" premiered in 2008, flying in guests and media representatives from New York City to Vienna, already setting the right mood for the Ball. The dance club Volksgarten, located not far from
13965-581: The first time the funds raised broke the ATS 10,000,000 (EUR 726,728) barrier. It was also the first Ball at which the opening show took place on the city hall square and was publicly accessible. The next year, for the first time projects in Africa (cf. HIV/AIDS in Africa) were supported through a cooperation with the Elton John Aids Foundation (EJAF) – Elton John was himself a regular guest at
14112-491: The first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body. The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4 T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4 T cells express the CCR5 protein which HIV uses as a co-receptor to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4 T cells in the bloodstream do so. A specific genetic change that alters
14259-420: The gay community supported the project greatly, especially when it was still in its infancy, e.g., Café Berg (since its opening). However, the Ball has attracted a majority of heterosexual guests for some time now, and also many companies make a contribution. To avoid the potential worst case – that gay people do not get tickets to an event which had its origins in the gay scene—the lesbian and gay community has had
14406-414: The health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV. Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor, and harm reduction strategies such as needle-exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk. A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions
14553-425: The human immune system such as CD4 T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells . It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 T cells. HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus , part of the family Retroviridae . Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with
14700-400: The immune system. Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment. These infections may affect nearly every organ system . People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma , Burkitt's lymphoma , primary central nervous system lymphoma , and cervical cancer . Kaposi's sarcoma is
14847-473: The inception of the Life Ball: The annual award of the "Crystal of Hope donated by Swarovski " during the Ball's opening ceremony has become a fixed item on the program. The EUR 100,000 decoration has been presented by a celebrity or head of an AIDS organization to honor achievements in the field of HIV/AIDS research since 2005. The Red Ribbon-shaped award is a tribute to extraordinary commitments in
14994-407: The increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either exclusive breastfeeding or the provision of safe formula. All women known to be HIV-positive should be taking lifelong antiretroviral therapy. HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of
15141-460: The infection in five groups. In those greater than six years of age it is: For surveillance purposes, the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if, after treatment, the CD4 T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS-defining illnesses are cured. Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. When condoms are used consistently by
15288-539: The late 1970s, including Studio 54 . Minnelli left her 1984 musical The Rink to enter the Betty Ford Clinic . Minnelli is an Episcopalian . Minnelli's friendships have included the singer Adam Ant , whom she advised on what to wear when he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II after the 1981 Royal Variety Performance at which his band Adam and the Ants performed. Ant in turn namechecked Minnelli in
15435-528: The layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV. Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, sweats (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and unintended weight loss . Diarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS. They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers. HIV
15582-413: The likelihood of women with HIV using contraception, compared to basic services. It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV. Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP). TASP is associated with
15729-539: The many common infectious diseases with similar symptoms. Someone with an unexplained fever who may have been recently exposed to HIV should consider testing to find out if they have been infected. The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV. Without treatment, this second stage of the natural history of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years). While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near
15876-437: The most common cancer, occurring in 10% to 20% of people with HIV. The second-most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3% to 4%. Both these cancers are associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with human papillomavirus (HPV). Conjunctival cancer (of
16023-656: The most common mode of HIV transmission is via sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex ; however, the pattern of transmission varies among countries. As of 2017 , most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among men who had sex with men (82% of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 70% of total new diagnoses). In the US, gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27% of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men. With regard to unprotected heterosexual contacts, estimates of
16170-416: The new Austrian anti-corruption act that entered into force in 2008. The opening gala features a wide variety of music, from operetta to pop , national as well as international stars, and the fashion show on the huge Red Ribbon stage. Until 2008, it could be viewed free of charge on city hall square, which could accommodate 45,000 people; in 2009, however, access to the first part of the opening ceremony
16317-412: The number of media representatives has been limited to 500 due to capacity restrictions. In 2004, the first South African TV teams reported live from the Ball. Except for one Sunday in 2002, the Ball has always taken place on a Saturday. And apart from a short stint at Hofburg palace in 1999 due to renovations, the venue of the Ball has always been Vienna's city hall. Since 2000, the opening ceremony and
16464-456: The opening show and the Ball as well as the number of journalists, radio stations, print media articles and sponsors rose steadily. This also increased the funds raised by the Life Ball to be donated to AIDS projects and research. In 1999, the Vienna city hall was renovated and the Ball took place in the Hofburg palace. A cornerstone was accomplished at the 8th Life Ball on May 13, 2000: it was
16611-458: The opening, attracting around 400,000 viewers each year. Since 2007, the opening show has also been broadcast on 3sat with a time delay. In 2008, Austrian channel Puls 4 also had a live broadcast of the Ball after ORF's live broadcast. The new German TV station TIMM covered the event in 2009 in a 4-hour non-stop program, for which the ORF signal was used in part. Organizer and founder Gery Keszler
16758-762: The part of Muriel in Take Me Along . She began performing professionally at the age of 17 in 1963 in an Off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward , for which she received the Theatre World Award, and also toured in The Fantasticks , opposite Elliott Gould . The next year, her mother invited her to perform with her in concert at the London Palladium . Both concerts were recorded and released as an album. Minnelli attended Scarsdale High School for one year, starring in
16905-466: The party and celebrate. Gery Keszler chose the Vienna city hall as venue because he found it had great symbolic value. He felt that it should be part of the Viennese ball tradition, but be more provocative and glamorous. He was given the opportunity to present his project to then mayor Helmut Zilk . Zilk was convinced of the positive effect of such an event and gave it a try. He agreed to let Keszler have
17052-462: The perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown. The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%). Liza Minnelli Liza May Minnelli ( / ˈ l aɪ z ə / LY -zə ; born March 12, 1946)
17199-453: The presence of many sexually transmitted infections and genital ulcers . Genital ulcers increase the risk approximately fivefold. Other sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea , chlamydia , trichomoniasis , and bacterial vaginosis , are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission. The viral load of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother-to-child transmission. During
17346-434: The replication cycle anew. HIV is now known to spread between CD4 T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms. In the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by
17493-487: The risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries. In low-income countries, the risk of female-to-male transmission is estimated as 0.38% per act, and of male-to-female transmission as 0.30% per act; the equivalent estimates for high-income countries are 0.04% per act for female-to-male transmission, and 0.08% per act for male-to-female transmission. The risk of transmission from anal intercourse
17640-462: The run-up to the 2008 Ball, Gery Keszler voiced the wish that guests try to be less provocative and more creative. As Chris Lohner put it: "A penis is not yet a costume". Guests can apply for Style Tickets on the Style Bible webpage. Guests in normal evening attire pay the full ticket price. In 2001, a ticket sales system in which interested parties register in a raffle for tickets via text message
17787-725: The show's Broadway production, she was portrayed by Stephanie J. Block . In October 2009, Minnelli toured Australia and appeared on Australian Idol as a mentor and guest judge. Minnelli made a cameo appearance in the May 2010 release of Sex and the City 2 , in which she covered Beyoncé 's hit " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) " and Cole Porter's " Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye ". She made a starring appearance in December 2010 in The Apprentice . Also in 2010, Minnelli released an album of
17934-678: The show's fourth season in 2013. On December 14, 2004, Minnelli made her first appearance in the UK after a long absence, performing as a special guest at the annual Royal Variety Performance . The performance was presented by the BBC, and was attended by Charles, Prince of Wales . It was staged at the London Coliseum , celebrating both its centenary year and the theatre's re-opening after an extensive 4 year restoration. In 2005, Minnelli made her first film appearance in more than 15 years, in The Oh in Ohio . In September 2006, Minnelli made
18081-539: The taping, Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, were previously involved with the 2005 rerelease of 1972's Emmy- and Peabody Award-winning Liza with a Z . Minnelli returned to Broadway in 1997, taking over the title role in the musical Victor/Victoria , replacing Julie Andrews . In his review, New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote "her every stage appearance is perceived as a victory of show-business stamina over psychic frailty. She asks for love so nakedly and earnestly, it seems downright vicious not to respond." After
18228-520: The television special, The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood . A soundtrack was released to coincide with the specials. In 1970, she headlined her first television special, entitled Liza, with guest stars Anthony Newley , and Randy Newman . In 1972, she starred in the Bob Fosse directed Liza with a Z. In 1980, she made two television specials, Goldie and Liza Together, with Goldie Hawn , and An Evening with Liza Minnelli. In 1984, she made
18375-640: The track "Crackpot History and the Right To Lie" on his 1982 solo album Friend or Foe . During an Australian visit in 1964, Minnelli and her then-boyfriend Peter Allen were invited to the opening of the Compass Centre in Bankstown, Sydney. They were awarded the titles of King and Queen of the Compass Centre. Minnelli has married and divorced four times. Her first marriage was to entertainer Peter Allen on March 3, 1967. Australian-born Allen
18522-480: The trunk and is maculopapular , classically. Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhea may occur. Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain–Barré syndrome also occur. The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks. These symptoms are not often recognized as signs of HIV infection. Family doctors or hospitals can misdiagnose cases as one of
18669-552: The two systems allow a comparison for statistical purposes. The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986. Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007. The WHO system uses the following categories: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014. This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes
18816-502: The virus. Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells. This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections . T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4 T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases. During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by CD8 T cells accounts for CD4 T cell depletion, although apoptosis may also be
18963-463: The virus. Oral sex has little risk of transmitting the virus. Ways to avoid catching HIV and preventing the spread include safe sex , treatment to prevent infection (" PrEP "), treatment to stop infection in someone who has been recently exposed (" PEP "), treating those who are infected , and needle exchange programs . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . Recognized worldwide in
19110-559: The world lacks access to reliable PCR testing, and people in many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing. In sub-Saharan Africa between 2007 and 2009, between 30% and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status. In 2009, between 3.6% and 42% of men and women in sub-Saharan countries were tested; this represented a significant increase compared to previous years. Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for surveillance purposes:
19257-482: The world. People giving or receiving tattoos , piercings , and scarification are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented. It is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects to transmit HIV. HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV. As of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children. In
19404-537: Was Judy Garland's protégé in the mid-1960s. Minnelli and Allen agreed to a trial separation on April 9, 1970. Their divorce was finalized on July 24, 1974. Minnelli told The Advocate editor-in-chief Judy Wieder in September 1996, "I married Peter, and he didn't tell me he was gay. Everyone knew but me. And I found out ... well, let me put it this way: I'll never surprise anybody coming home as long as I live. I call first!" After her separation from Allen, Minnelli
19551-480: Was Rosie's first show back following the September 11 attacks. Despite having had vocal surgery shortly before, she sang her signature song, "New York, New York", and received an enthusiastic ovation. She also returned to the stage in 2001 when asked by long-time friend Michael Jackson to perform at Madison Square Garden in New York City where she sang "Never Never Land" and the televised "You Are Not Alone" at
19698-592: Was also attended by Austrian President Heinz Fischer and then Austrian Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer was held in the Great Gallery of Schönbrunn Palace. With the support of major Austrian companies, the total amount of donations could be raised even further. After dinner, guests enjoyed the Concert for Europe played by the Vienna Philharmonic in the palace's park and a check worth US$ 1 million
19845-538: Was at age three appearing in the final scene of the musical In the Good Old Summertime (1949); the film stars Garland and Van Johnson . In 1961 she moved to New York City, attending High School of Performing Arts and later, Chadwick School . During 1961, Minnelli was an apprentice at the Cape Cod Melody Tent in Hyannis, Massachusetts . She appeared in the chorus of Flower Drum Song and played
19992-590: Was delayed, eventually being released in the UK during 1972. Minnelli appeared in The Sterile Cuckoo (1969), Alan J. Pakula 's first feature film, as Pookie Adams, a needy, eccentric teenager. Her performance was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . She played another eccentric character in Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon (1970), directed by Otto Preminger . A nude scene in that film, filmed in
20139-571: Was engaged to actor Desi Arnaz Jr. and comedian Peter Sellers . Minnelli married Jack Haley Jr. , a producer and director, on September 15, 1974. His father, Jack Haley , was Minnelli's mother's co-star in The Wizard of Oz . They divorced in April 1979. Minnelli was married to Mark Gero, a sculptor and stage manager, from December 4, 1979, until their divorce in January 1992. Minnelli
20286-504: Was founded by Elizabeth Taylor and whose current president is Sharon Stone , has been a cooperation partner of the Life Ball. The main focus in 2006 was on the fight of HIV and AIDS in babies and toddlers. Compared to today, the Life Ball started as a small event from the gay community. In contrast to other events attended by Keszler back then, it was never intended to be an event only for the gay scene or jet-setters. It combines Viennese ball tradition with fancy-costume queer balls. Some of
20433-517: Was hosted together with Austrian TV channel ATV to point out the unequal treatment of heterosexual and homosexual couples. On the occasion of the XVIII International AIDS Conference that is beginning one day after the big event in Vienna, this year's Life Ball will be very special. On the 17th of July Europe's biggest AIDS charity event not only takes place in the Vienna City Hall and on City Hall Square, but also at
20580-634: Was identified in the 1980s. HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid-20th century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Between the first time AIDS was readily identified through 2024, the disease is estimated to have caused at least 42.3 million deaths worldwide. In 2023, 630,000 people died from HIV-related causes, an estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV and about 39.9 million people worldwide living with HIV, 65% of whom are in
20727-400: Was indeed great. But: that does not mean anything, as it is an intrinsic characteristic of the Life Ball to be super. In all spheres: the Life Ball is beyond criticism. Reporting about it means cheering, which is, to an extent, justified." – Der Standard , May 21, 2006 "Some political gay rights activists and "fundamentalists" are skeptical about the way the idea and the ball are turned into
20874-619: Was introduced. Usually, as many as 60,000 ticket registrations are received within the two-day sales period. The ticket winners in both categories are selected randomly from all applications. A small number of tickets is issued through various campaigns (e.g., Life Ball Warm Up, eBay auctions, types of raffles where the ticket win is hidden in condom packages that are sold in selected bars and restaurants, a.s.o.) International guests can book Life Ball Packages including plane tickets and hotel as well as table bookings, which cost 4- to 5-figure euro amounts. In 2009, early table bookings slowed down due to
21021-439: Was limited to those who had tickets to the Ball itself and a viewers' stand was constructed for those who wanted to view the opening ceremony. Guests can dance in the various patios and rooms of the city hall as they enjoy the offerings of the many bars and buffets. Some of the international stars perform on stages on the Ball premises. The charity event is known far beyond the Austrian borders today. By now, over 60 TV stations and
21168-613: Was married to David Gest , a concert promoter, from March 16, 2002, until their separation in July 2003 and divorce in April 2007. The wedding boasted over 1200 guests at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, with Michael Jackson as the best man, Elizabeth Taylor as the matron of honor, and a bridal party that included Mia Farrow , Gina Lollobrigida , Petula Clark , Mya , and Janet Leigh among others. Gest
21315-714: Was presented to Clinton for the HIV/AIDS initiative (CHAI) of his William J. Clinton Foundation . The same program was planned for 2008 but had to be canceled because Clinton was busy with the US primaries . Since 2008, nine full-time employees of the Life Ball have worked on the acquisition of donations in money and kind and coordinated all volunteers and participants over the course of a year. There are almost 1,000 partners and staff for catering alone.[10] A special audit of finances from 1994 to 2008 by auditing firm Hübner & Hübner in 2009 confirmed Life Ball's proper financial conduct. At
21462-571: Was reportedly gay, as was her first husband. In a 2003 lawsuit, Gest alleged that Minnelli beat him in alcohol-induced rages during their marriage. Minnelli denied the accusations, claiming Gest was simply after her money. The suit was dismissed in September 2006 for lack of triable issue of fact. She also had relationships with Rock Brynner (son of Yul Brynner ), Mikhail Baryshnikov , Billy Stritch , and film director Martin Scorsese . Her close friendship with French pop singer Charles Aznavour
21609-589: Was working on an album in tribute to Kay Thompson . This turned into Minnelli's return to Broadway in a new solo concert at the Palace Theatre titled Liza's at The Palace...! , which ran from December 3, 2008, through January 4, 2009. In her second act, she performed a series of numbers created by Thompson. Minnelli was a character in the Australian musical The Boy from Oz (a biography of her first husband, Peter Allen) starring Hugh Jackman . In
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