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47-527: Convolvulus paniculatus Ipomoea digitata Ipomoea eriosperma Ipomoea paniculata Ipomoea mauritiana is a type of morning glory plant. Like the sweet potato , it belongs to the genus Ipomoea . It grows as a vine. Its origins are uncertain, but it has been recorded in West Africa , including in Gambia and the riparian forests of Benin , as well as Australia's Northern Territory . It

94-563: A month. Indonesia : In Indonesia, usually 150 kg to 300 kg of NPK are applied per hectare. There are several pathogens and pests reported, affecting I. aquatica . Pathogens include Pythium , causing problems like damping-off, Cercospora leaf spot and root nematodes. Also, aphids may be problems in fields. Additionally, there are several polyphagous insects feeding on I. aquatica . Lepidoptera species include Diacrisia strigatula Walker and Spodoptera litura . The "woolly-bear" caterpillars ( D. virginica [Fabricius]) of

141-497: A serious invasive weed problem. In parts of the US, species such as Calystegia sepium (hedge bindweed), Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory) and Ipomoea indica (blue morning glory) have shown to be invasive. In fact, as of 2021, most non-native species of Ipomoea are currently illegal to cultivate, possess, and sell in the U.S. state of Arizona , and before 4 January 2020, this ban applied to native species, too. This

188-550: A similar effect to LSD when taken in large doses, often numbering into the hundreds. Though the chemical LSA is not legal in some countries, the seeds are found in many gardening stores; however, some claim the seeds from commercial sources can sometimes be coated in some kind of pesticide or methylmercury (although the latter is illegal in the UK and the US). Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea aquatica , widely known as water spinach ,

235-507: A species of morning glory, was first known in China for its medicinal uses, due to the laxative properties of its seeds. Ancient Mesoamerican civilizations used the morning glory species Ipomoea alba to convert the latex from the Castilla elastica tree and also the guayule plant to produce bouncing rubber balls. The sulfur in the morning glory's juice served to vulcanize

282-459: A threat to human health. The edible parts of the plant have a lower heavy metal concentration. The stems and bottom of the edible portion of the plant are higher in concentration and should be removed to minimize the heavy metal intake. The vegetable is a common ingredient in East, South and Southeast Asian dishes, such as in stir-fried water spinach . In Singapore , Indonesia , and Malaysia ,

329-491: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Morning glory As the name suggests, most morning glory flowers unfurl into full bloom in the early morning. The flowers usually start to fade a few hours before the corolla begins to display visible curling. They prefer full solar exposure throughout the day, and mesic soils. Some morning glories, such as Ipomoea muricata , Ipomoea alba , and Ipomoea macrorhiza , are night-blooming flowers. Ipomoea nil ,

376-515: Is a hybrid, with the cardinal climber as one parent. Many morning glories self-seed in the garden. They have a hard seed coat, which delays germination until late spring. Germination may be improved by soaking in warm water. Morning glory has been a favorite flower in Japan for many a long century. The cultivation started in the Nara period (8th century). The big booms of the selective breeding of

423-557: Is a semi- aquatic , tropical plant grown as a vegetable for its tender shoots. I. aquatica is generally believed to have been first domesticated in Southeast Asia . It is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, East Asia , and South Asia . It grows abundantly near waterways and requires little to no care. Ipomoea aquatica grows in water or on moist soil. Its stems are 2–3 metres (7–10 ft) or longer, rooting at

470-402: Is also potentially suitable for cultivation in greenhouses in more temperate regions. In non-tropical areas, it is easily grown in containers given enough water in a bright sunny location. It readily roots from cuttings. Water spinach is ideal for sub -tropical and tropical climate, as it does not grow well below 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) and is sensitive to frost. High soil moisture

517-701: Is because some species of Convolvulaceae (like Convolvulus arvensis and Ipomoea × leucantha ) have been known to cause problems in crops, especially in cotton fields. Ipomoea aquatica is a federal noxious weed, though some states, like Texas, have acknowledged its status as a vegetable and allow it to be grown. In cultivation, most are treated as perennial plants in frost-free areas and as annual plants in colder climates, but some species tolerate winter cold. Some species are strictly annual (e.g. Ipomoea nil ), producing many seeds, and some perennial species (e.g. I. indica ) are propagated by cuttings. Some moonflowers , which flower at night, are also in

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564-414: Is beneficial for growth. Clay soils and marshy soils rich in organic matter are suitable for water spinach. The ideal pH range for the growth is from 5 to 7. The provision of shade has been shown to have a positive influence on the yield of water spinach. Water spinach is cultivated in a variety of systems. In Hong Kong , two methods are traditionally used: the dryland method and the wetland method. In

611-511: Is called phak bung (Thai: ผักบุ้ง ), it is eaten raw, often along with green papaya salad or nam phrik , in stir-fries and in curries such as kaeng som . In the Philippines , where it is called kangkóng , the tender shoots are cut into segments and cooked, together with the leaves, in fish and meat stews, such as sinigang . The vegetable is also commonly eaten alone. In adobong kangkóng (also called apan-apan ), it

658-534: Is crucial in the dryland system and so is sufficient fertilization. Water spinach cultivated with the dryland method is ready for harvest 50 to 60 days after sowing. Harvesting is done by pulling up the whole plant. The wetland method is the traditionally more common and important method for cultivation in Hong Kong: In the wetland method, water spinach is cultivated on flat fields surrounded by raised banks, which have oftentimes been used as rice paddies in

705-468: Is fed to livestock as green fodder with high nutritive value—especially the leaves, for they are a good source of carotene. It is fed to cattle, pigs, fish, ducks, and chicken. In limited quantities, I. aquatica can have a somewhat laxative effect. I. aquatica is used in the traditional medicine of southeast Asia and in the traditional medicine of some countries in Africa. In southeast Asian medicine it

752-592: Is known as kōngxīncài ( 空心菜 ) in Mandarin, ong choy ( 蕹菜 ) in Cantonese and in Hawaii, and tung choi ( 通菜 ) in modern Cantonese. In Tamil –speaking parts of South India and Sri Lanka , this spinach is known as vallal ( வள்ளல் ), In Vietnamese, this spinach is called rau muống . In Bengali , it is called Burma saag (বর্মা শাক) (Burma is another term for the country of Myanmar ). In Thai it

799-425: Is known as pak bung. The origin of Ipomoea aquatica is not quite clear, but it is generally believed to be native to Southeast Asia and was first cultivated there. This is supported by phylogenetic studies, its ideal climatic conditions, and the number of native pathogens in the region (like Albugo spp.); as well as its predominant cultivation range, the prevalence in usage as food and traditional medicine, and

846-664: Is most commonly grown in east, south, and southeast Asia. It flourishes naturally in waterways, and requires little if any care. It is used extensively in Indonesian, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Malay, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese cuisine, especially in rural or kampung (village) areas. The vegetable is also extremely popular in Taiwan , where it grows well. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II,

893-706: Is naturalised in many parts of the world, including Taiwan . Specimens have been collected or observations taken in Australia, Belize, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Colombia, DRC , Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire , Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Honduras, Indonesia, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Micronesia, Federated States of Myanmar, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo and Venezuela. [REDACTED] Media related to Ipomoea mauritiana at Wikimedia Commons* Ipomoea mauritiana , gardentia.net This Solanales article

940-779: Is sautéed in cooking oil, onions , garlic, vinegar , and soy sauce . In ensaladang kangkóng (or kinilaw na kangkóng ), it is blanched and served in vinegar or calamansi juice and fresh tomatoes and onions with salt and pepper to taste. In binagoongang kangkóng (or ginisang kangkóng ), it is sautéed with garlic and topped with bagoong alamang (shrimp paste) or bagoong isda (fermented fish) and sliced fresh tomatoes and onions, commonly also with cubed crispy liempo ( pork belly ) or pork adobo . It can also be spiced with siling haba or siling labuyo peppers, soy sauce, black pepper, and sugar. It differs from adobong kangkóng in that it does not use vinegar. A local appetiser called crispy kangkóng has

987-411: Is sufficient and that the application of K can be beneficial on the yield. Also, the application of plant growth regulators, for example Adenine and Zetanine, has been found to be an effective means to promote water spinach growth. One study has determined, that the highest yields are produced with the application of 60 kg/ha of N, 90 kg/ha of P 2 O 5 and 50 kg/ha of K 2 O for

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1034-590: Is the primary ingredient in a Burmese salad called gazun ywet thoke ( ကန်စွန်းရွက်သုပ် ), made with blanched water spinach, lime juice, fried garlic and garlic oil, roasted rice flour and dried shrimp. In Indonesian cuisine it is called kangkung ; boiled or blanched together with other vegetables it forms the ingredient of gado-gado or pecel salads in peanut sauce . Some recipes that use kangkung include plecing kangkung from Lombok, mie kangkung (kangkong noodles) from Jakarta, and petis kangkung from Semarang. In Thailand , where it

1081-778: Is used against piles , and nosebleeds , as an anthelmintic , and to treat high blood pressure . In Ayurveda, leaf extracts are used against jaundice and nervous debility. In indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka, water spinach is supposed to have insulin-like properties. Dr. Christophe Wiart cites several promising studies showing improvements in blood glucose levels in humans and rats and concludes that clinical trials are warranted. Antioxidant bioactive compounds and anti-microbial substances can be detected in water spinach. Furthermore, plant extracts of water spinach inhibit cancer cell growth of Vero, Hep-2 and A-549 cells, though they have moderate anti-cancer properties. Ipomoea aquatica

1128-587: The sweet potato ( I. batatas ). Though the term "morning glory" is not usually extended to I. batatas , sometimes it may be referred to as a " tuberous morning glory" in a horticultural context. Some cultivars of I. batatas are grown for their ornamental value, rather than for the edible tuber. The seeds of many species of morning glory contain ergoline alkaloids such as the psychedelic ergonovine and ergine (LSA). Seeds of Ipomoea tricolor and Turbina corymbosa (syn. R. corymbosa ) are used as psychedelics . The seeds of morning glory can produce

1175-571: The Chinese botanist Ji Han (AD 263-307). Ji Han specifically identifies I. aquatica as being "a strange vegetable of the south" with a foreign origin brought over by "western countries". The claim for an Indian origin is based on the presence of the old name kalamba for the plant in Sanskrit , presumed to be from around 200 BC, but this is putative. Ipomoea aquatica is also found in Africa ,

1222-568: The US, I. aquatica is a federal noxious weed , and can be illegal to grow, import, possess, or sell without a permit. A market exists, though, for the plant's powerful culinary potential. As of 2005, the state of Texas has acknowledged that water spinach is a highly prized vegetable in many cultures, and has allowed it to be grown for personal consumption, in part because it is known to have been grown in Texas for more than 15 years and has not yet escaped cultivation. The genus Ipomoea also contains

1269-422: The dryland method , water spinach is grown on raised beds which are separated by irrigation ditches. The seeds can be sown directly onto the beds. Alternatively, a nursery may be used and the seedlings are transplanted when they reach a sufficient size. In either case, the distance between the plants should be about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) by the time they are 15 centimetres (5.9 in) tall. Regular irrigation

1316-481: The eastern United States and D. strigatula (Chinese tiger moth) are other species with wide food preferences. A specialist pathogen on I. aquatica is the oomycete Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae , though its range is restricted to southern and southeast Asia. Ipomoea aquatica is listed by the USDA as a noxious weed, especially in the states of Florida , California , and Hawaii , where it can be observed growing in

1363-438: The first harvest. For the second harvest the optimal fertilization was determined as 120 kg/ha of N, 45 kg/ha of P 2 O 5 and 100 kg/ha of K 2 O. Taiwan : In Taiwan, the usual fertilization includes the basic application of about 10 t/ha of cow manure followed by 50 kg/ha of ammonium sulfate after each harvest. Bangkok : In Bangkok, it is common to apply about 300 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer twice

1410-461: The leaves coated in a flour-based batter and fried until crisp, similar to Japanese vegetable tempura . Using aquatic macrophytes to remove nutrients from wastewater and to control freshwater eutrophication has been reported to be a feasible way of phytoremediation . Various plants, including I. aquatica , have been tested for this use. Owing to its being edible and thus marketable, it could be an attractive option for this use. Water spinach

1457-471: The morning glory family. Because of their fast growth, twining habit, attractive flowers, and tolerance for poor, dry soils, some morning glories are excellent vines for creating summer shade on building walls when trellised, thus keeping the building cooler and reducing heating and cooling costs. Popular varieties in contemporary western cultivation include 'Sunspots' , 'Heavenly Blue' , moonflower, cypress vine , and cardinal climber . The cypress vine

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1504-557: The morning glory happened in the Edo era (17-19th century). The large-flowered morning glory was broadly cultivated as a hobby flower. The varied Japanese morning glory (変化朝顔 Henka-asagao or mutant morning glory) was created. Ipomoea aquatica , known as water spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, ong-choy, kang-kung , or swamp cabbage, is popularly used as a green vegetable, especially in East and Southeast Asian cuisines . In

1551-444: The nodes. The hollow cavity within the stem makes the plant buoyant. The leaves vary from typically sagittate (arrowhead-shaped) to lanceolate , 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 2–8 cm (0.8–3 in) broad. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, 3–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter, and usually white in colour with a mauve centre. Propagation is either by planting cuttings of the stem shoots, which will root along nodes, or by planting

1598-551: The number of distinct native names in Southeast Asian languages and language families. Several sources have also cited China or India as the location of the plant's domestication. However, these claims have no supporting evidence other than the appearance of the plant's name in historical records. The first clear mention of I. aquatica in Chinese records is in the Nanfang Caomu Zhuang written by

1645-415: The past. These former rice paddies have a heavy clay soil with an iron-pan. This helps to retain water for the water spinach. The seedlings to be used in this method are usually grown in a nursery on a dry field, as germination under water is quite poor. Six weeks after sowing, cuttings can be taken from the seedlings for transplantation. One cutting is an approximately 30 centimetres (12 in) long cut from

1692-474: The plant has escaped into the wild, Texas lifted its ban on cultivation for personal use with no restrictions or requirements, noting its importance as a vegetable in many cultures, and also began permitting cultivation for commercial sales with the requirement of an exotic species permit. Possession of I. aquatica has been prohibited in Florida since 1973, but it is still being grown and sold illegally. Some of

1739-401: The planting period, the fields are drained and once the fruit of the water spinach is ripe, it is harvested, dried, then trodden to release the seeds which are to be used for the following season. How much fertilizer is used for the cultivation strongly depends on the region. Most research is from the 1980s and 1990s. Generally, it has been shown that a dose of 60 kilograms (130 lb) N /ha

1786-538: The rubber, a process antedating Charles Goodyear 's discovery by at least 3,000 years. Aztec priests in Mexico were also known to use the plant's hallucinogenic properties (see Rivea corymbosa ). In some places, such as Australian bushland, some species of morning glories develop thick roots and tend to grow in dense thickets. They can quickly spread by way of long, creeping stems. By crowding out, blanketing, and smothering other plants, morning glory has turned into

1833-600: The seeds from flowers that produce seed pods. Ipomoea aquatica is most widely known as kangkong (also spelled kangkung ), its common name in Maritime Southeast Asia , which likely originates from either Malay or one of the languages of the Philippines . It is also known as water spinach, river spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, or by the more ambiguous names Chinese spinach, Chinese watercress, Chinese convolvulus or swamp cabbage. It

1880-616: The southwestern Pacific Islands , and northern Australia . However, in Africa and the Pacific Islands, the number of native common names isn't as varied as in Southeast Asia, and there are very few references to the local use of I. aquatica for any purpose. Similarly, in Australia, it does not have indigenous names at all and is entirely absent in the traditional diet of Indigenous Australians . These imply that I. aquatica weren't native to these regions and were likely introduced relatively late from tropical Asia. Many of

1927-453: The stem containing seven or eight nodes. This is then planted in the field with a spacing of about 40 centimetres (16 in). The field is prepared beforehand by flooding it to a depth of 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in). The soil itself is tramped into a liquid mud so that the cuttings can root easily. Once the plants are established, the depth of the flooding is increased to 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in). The first harvest in

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1974-641: The tender shoots along with the leaves are usually stir-fried with chili pepper , garlic , ginger , dried shrimp paste ( belacan / terasi ) and other spices . In Penang and Ipoh , it is cooked with cuttlefish and a sweet and spicy sauce. Also known as eng chhai in the Hokkien dialect, it can also be boiled with preserved cuttlefish, then rinsed and mixed with spicy rojak paste to become jiu hu eng chhai . Boiled eng chhai also can be served with fermented krill noodles – belacan bihun – and prawn mi. In Burmese cuisine , water spinach

2021-693: The vegetable grew remarkably easily in many areas, and became a popular wartime crop. Water spinach has been found to be cultivated in the following countries: In the United States it is cultivated in California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, Arizona, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is also found in Africa and in its wild form, is collected and used by the Sambaa people in Tanzania . Water spinach

2068-423: The water spinach is planted in wastewater fed urban systems. Water spinach has great potential as a purifier of aquatic habitats. It is an efficient accumulator of cadmium , lead , and mercury . This characteristic can be dangerous if water spinach is planted for human or animal feed in polluted aquatic systems. Mercury in water spinach is composed mostly as methylmercury and has the highest potential of becoming

2115-562: The waters where water spinach grows are fed by domestic or other waste. Pigs in southeast Asia are a natural reservoir for the parasite Fasciolopsis buski . Infections in the Mekong regions resulted from feeding on water spinach. Infections of F. buski in humans through water spinach can be anticipated. The infection can be prevented by proper preparation such as frying or boiling. Contamination with thermotolerant coliforms (ThC) or protozoan parasites with fecal origin, are very likely when

2162-422: The wetland method can usually be done at around 30 days after transplantation. Also, the harvesting differs from the dryland system: In the wetland, the upper part of the main shoot is cut at about water level. This stimulates lateral growth and produces horizontal shoots carrying vertical branches. After the first harvests, every seven to ten days throughout the summer, these vertical branches can be harvested. After

2209-490: The wild. In the US, water spinach has mainly become a problem in Florida; why is unclear although the fast growth rate has been cited as a threat to native plants in certain areas of Florida. It could be owing to the time since introduction, or owing to climatic factors. I. aquatica has been extensively cultivated in Texas for over 30 years, having been originally brought there by Asian immigrants. Because no evidence indicates

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