Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials , and nearly all annuals and biennials .
39-547: Alstroemeriaceae Campynemataceae Colchicaceae Corsiaceae Liliaceae Melanthiaceae Petermanniaceae Philesiaceae Ripogonaceae Smilacaceae Liliiflora Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system , within the lilioid monocots . This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae . The APG III system (2009) places this order in
78-566: A sister group to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. In the cladogram the numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago). Acorales Alismatales Petrosaviales Dioscoreales 115 Pandanales 91 Liliales 121 Asparagales 120 Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales The crown group of Liliales has been dated to ca. 117 Myr (million years ago) in
117-496: A direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods for determining taxonomic circumscription and phylogeny led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification, and establishment of Liliales as a monophyletic group. It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision. The new classification
156-500: A more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of subphylum monocotyledons. Cronquist (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass Liliidae , one of five in the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms). Dahlgren (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of
195-414: A much reduced order. The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following cladogram . The monocot orders form three grades , the alismatid monocots , lilioid monocots and the commelinid monocots by order of branching, from early to late. These have alternatively been referred to as Alismatanae, Lilianae and Commelinanae. The alismatid monocots form the basal group , while
234-401: A number of taxa there are three separate styles, particularly some Melanthiaceae s.l. (e.g. Helonias , Trillium , Veratrum ) and Chionographis . The outer integument epidermis of the seed coat is cellular, and the phytomelanin pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are plesiomorphic . The Liliales are characterised by ( synapomorphies )
273-474: A simple secretory epidermal region at the tepal bases ( Lapageria ) or small, depressed regions fringed with hairs, often with glandular surface protuberances, at the bases of the inner tepals ( Calochortus ), while in Tricyrtis the tepals become bulbous or spur-like at the base, forming a nectar-containing sac. Ovaries may be inferior or superior, the style often long and stigma capitate (pin headed). In
312-405: A woody stem, allowing plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients over longer distances within the plant body. Since most woody plants are perennials with a longer life cycle because it takes more time and more resources (nutrients and water) to produce persistently living lignified woody stems, they are not as able to colonize open and dry ground as rapidly as herbs. The surface of herbs
351-475: Is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants that have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees , shrubs , vines and woody bamboos . Banana plants are also regarded as herbaceous plants because the stem does not contain true woody tissue. Some herbaceous plants can grow rather large, such as
390-400: Is a catalyst for dew, which in arid climates and seasons is the main type of precipitation and is necessary for the survival of vegetation, i.e. in arid areas, herbaceous plants are a generator of precipitation and the basis of an ecosystem. Most of the water vapor that turns into dew comes from the air, not the soil or clouds. The taller the herb ( surface area is the main factor though),
429-540: Is given to Perleb (1826), who grouped eleven families ( Asparageae , Pontederiaceae , Asphodeleae , Coronariae , Colchicaceae , Dioscoreaceae , Hypoxideae , Amaryllideae , Haemodoraceae , Burmanniaceae , Irideae ) into an order he called Liliaceae. In Perleb's system, he divided the vascular plants into seven classes, of which the Phanerogamicae or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders ( ordo ), including
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#1732771971299468-562: Is notable for being heterotrophic . The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the Northern Hemisphere , or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere , or sometimes just to Australia or South America . The total number of species in
507-488: Is of the Convallaria type, consisting of parallel orientated platelets. The order includes taxa with some of the largest genomes among Angiosperms , particularly Melanthiaceae , Alstroemeriaceae and Liliaceae . With 11 families , about 67 genera and about 1,558 species , Liliales is a relatively small angiosperm order , but a large group within the monocotyledons. The botanical authority for Liliales
546-607: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines "herb" as: The same dictionary defines "herbaceous" as: Botanical sources differ from each other on the definition of "herb". For instance, the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation includes the condition "when persisting over more than one growing season, the parts of the shoot dying back seasonally". Some orchids, such as species of Phalaenopsis , are described in some sources (including
585-579: The APG system , of 1998), treats the family in the order Liliales , in the clade monocots . The APG III system , of 2009, merged the obscure family Luzuriagaceae into the Alstroemeriaceae, since the former group included only two genera, was the sister group of the Alstroemeriaceae, and possessed the same distinctive twisted petioles . 123 species 110 - 122 species Alstroemeriaceae is distributed in tropical and temperate America, from Mexico and
624-612: The Americas , from Central America to southern South America . One species of Luzuriaga occurs in New Zealand, and the genus Drymophila is endemic to south-eastern Australia. The genus Alstroemeria , commonly called the Peruvian lilies, are popular florist's and garden flowers. The genus Bomarea is a vine that produces clusters of variously-colored, bell-shaped flowers. The APG II system , of 2003 (unchanged from
663-719: The Antilles to Tierra del Fuego . Luzuriageae is distributed from Peru to the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego, New Zealand and Australia (NSW to Tasmania). Bomarea edulis is distributed from Mexico to Argentina . Its tubers have been used from pre-Columbian times as a food source. A single plant can have up to 20 tubers each 5 cm in diameter. Some of the Alstroemeriaceae species used for ornamental purposes are: Other species, such as Luzuriaga radicans , also endemic to Chile, have potential as ornamental plants. Herbaceous The fourth edition of
702-747: The Early Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era. The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826. Many of these families are now considered to be in Asparagales , with the remainder in commelinids and Dioscoreales , as shown in this table. The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families; The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had
741-635: The endosperm are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Asparagales , using predominantly molecular phylogenetics . The newly delimited Liliales is monophyletic , with ten families. Well known plants from the order include Lilium (lily), tulip , the North American wildflower Trillium , and greenbrier . Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous plants, but lianas and shrubs also occur. They are mostly perennial plants , with food storage organs such as corms or rhizomes . The family Corsiaceae
780-443: The monocot clade . In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae and the family Petermanniaceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous tepals and lacking starch in
819-569: The Liliaceae. A number of later taxonomists , such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the Cormophyta into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae. The term Liliales was introduced by Lindley (1853), referring to these higher orders as alliances . Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called
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#1732771971299858-404: The analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem . Herbaceous plants do not produce perennializing above-ground structures using lignin , which is a complex phenolic polymer deposited in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and hydrophobicity to secondary cell walls creating
897-928: The authoritative Plants of the World Online ) as "herbs" but with "leaves persistent or sometimes deciduous". In the glossary of Flora of the Sydney Region , Roger Charles Carolin defines "herb" as a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" as meaning "herb-like, referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture". Herbaceous plants include graminoids , forbs , and ferns . Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad-leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including true grasses , sedges, and rushes. Herbaceous plants most often are low-growing plants, different from woody plants like trees and shrubs , tending to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth
936-497: The current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago. The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,768 species. The Liliales are a diverse order of predominantly perennial erect or twining herbaceous and climbing plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in temperate and tropical zones, while most species of
975-538: The families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2020): Campynemataceae Corsiaceae Melanthiaceae Liliaceae Smilacaceae Philesiaceae Ripogonaceae Petermanniaceae Colchicaceae Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants , with 254 known species in four genera , almost entirely native to
1014-400: The following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae: The APG II system (2003) added Corsiaceae to the Liliales, while APG III (2009) added Petermanniaceae and merged Luzuriagaceae into Alstroemeriaceae. The subsequent revision of APG IV (2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families. The exact phylogenetic relationship between
1053-609: The genus Musa , to which the banana belongs. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants (especially annuals) are pioneers , or early-successional species. Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests , or in naturally open habitats such as meadow , salt marsh or desert . Some habitats, like grasslands and prairies and savannas , are dominated by herbaceous plants along with aquatic environments like ponds , streams and lakes . The age of some herbaceous perennial plants can be determined by herbchronology ,
1092-547: The higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order ( Reihe ) in his class monocotyledons, as did Engler (1903), Lotsy (1911), and Wettstein in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae. Hutchinson (1973) restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1985), Takhtajan (1997) as well as Thorne and Reveal (2007). Hutchinson (1973) derived
1131-586: The initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower Cretaceous , over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus Cratosmilax suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America. The initial diversification to
1170-702: The leaves are resupinate (twisted). The flowers are highly variable, ranging in size from the small green actinomorphic (radially symmetric) blooms of Smilax to the large showy ones found in Lilium , Tulipa and Calochortus (Liliaceae) and Lapageria (Philesiaceae). Sepals and petals are undifferentiated from each other, and known as tepals , forming a perianth . They are usually large and pointed and may be variegated in Fritillaria (Liliaceae). Nectaries may be perigonal (at base of tepals) but not septal (on ovaries ). Perigonal nectaries may be
1209-471: The monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales. Although Bentham (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven Series making up the monocotyledons , it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications ( see Table for history ). Subsequent authors, now adopting a phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary approach over the natural method, did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. Eichler (1886) used Liliiflorae for
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1248-606: The monocots. Takhtajan (1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within superorder Lilianae , one of four within subclass Liliidae . Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class Liliopsida (monocots). In contrast Thorne and Reveal (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which Liliidae consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder Lilianae . In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either
1287-517: The more dew it produces, so a short cut of the herbs necessitates watering. For example, if you frequently and shortly cut the grass without watering in an arid zone, then desertification occurs. Most herbaceous plants have a perennial (85%) life cycle but some are annual (15%) or biennial (<1%). Annual plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at
1326-510: The order is now about 1768. As with any herbaceous group, the fossil record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the Eocene , such as Petermanniopsis anglesaensis or Smilax , but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is Ripogonum scandens from the Miocene . Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and
1365-790: The presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or stamen filaments ( Colchicum , Androcymbium ) most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries, together with extrorse (outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other monocots . Exceptions are some Melanthiaceae in which nectaries are absent or septal and anthers that are introrse (dehiscence directed inwards) in Campynemataceae, Colchicaceae, and some Alstroemeriaceae, Melanthiaceae, Philesiaceae, Ripogonaceae and Smilacaceae. Tepals are largely three-traced in net-veined taxa of Liliales (e.g. Clintonia , Disporum ), distinguishing them from
1404-459: The remaining grades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is pectinate , that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. The lilioid monocot orders constitute a paraphyletic assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are
1443-468: The single-traced Asparagales, and is associated with the presence of tepal nectaries, presumably to supply them. The presence of separate styles is also a distinguishing feature from Asparagales, where it is rare. Phytomelan is completely absent in Liliales seed coats, unlike Asparagales, which nearly all contain it. The stems contain fructans , the plants also contain chelidonic acid , saponins , while some species contain velamen . The epicuticular wax
1482-527: The subtropical and tropical genus Smilax (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include woody shrubs , which have fleshy stems and underground storage or perennating organs, mainly bulbous geophytes, sometimes rhizomatous or cormous . Leaves are elliptical and straplike with parallel venation or ovate with palmate veins and reticulate minor venation (Smilacaceae). In Alstroemeria and Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae)
1521-514: Was formalised with the creation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (1998–2016), based on monophyletic clades , which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders. Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren, into Asparagales , with other taxa placed in Dioscoreales , resulting in
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