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32-653: The names Lilla Bommen ("The Small Boom") and Stora Bommen ("The Large Boom"), which is slightly further to the west along the Göta älv , come from the booms that previously blocked the way for boats going in and out of the Gothenburg canals and where a government tax was collected. The harbor was located between two bastions : the Gustavus Primus at the present-day opera house, and the S:tus Ericus west of

64-402: A greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defence in the age of gunpowder artillery . As military architecture , the bastion is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries. By the middle of the 15th century, artillery pieces had become powerful enough to make the traditional medieval round tower and curtain wall obsolete. This

96-399: A larger area than most towers. This allows more cannons to be mounted and provided enough space for the crews to operate them. Surviving examples of bastions are usually faced with masonry. Unlike the wall of a tower this was just a retaining wall; cannonballs were expected to pass through this and be absorbed by a greater thickness of hard-packed earth or rubble behind. The top of the bastion

128-401: A number of respects. Bastions are lower than towers and are normally of similar height to the adjacent curtain wall. The height of towers, although making them difficult to scale, also made them easy for artillery to destroy. A bastion would normally have a ditch in front, the opposite side of which would be built up above the natural level then slope away gradually. This glacis shielded most of

160-442: A source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film , but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ’40s, and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day. By the end of the 1960s television news broadcasts had supplanted

192-416: A trench was dug across the rear (gorge) of the bastion, isolating it from the main rampart. Various kinds of bastions have been used throughout history: Attribution: Newsreel A newsreel is a form of short documentary film , containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a cinema , newsreels were

224-405: Is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification , most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. Compared with the medieval fortified towers they replaced, bastion fortifications offered

256-609: Is moored between the dock and the high-rise. The former Lilla Bommen Bridge crossed the Östra Hamnkanalen at its outlet in the Lilla Bommen harbor. It connected the Kanaltorget ("Canal Square") with the S:t Eriks Torg ("S:t Eric's Square"). It was a wide and heavily trafficked bridge with railway tracks. It became part of the landfill when the canal was filled in. East of the harbor is Lilla Bommen Square, which

288-654: The DuMont Television Network launched two short-lived newsreel series, Camera Headlines and I.N.S. Telenews , the latter in cooperation with Hearst's International News Service . On August 15, 1948, CBS started their evening television news program Douglas Edwards and the News . Later the NBC, CBS, and ABC (USA) news shows all produced their own news film. In New Zealand, the Weekly Review

320-640: The Gothenburg Municipality through the Liseberg company, for visiting pleasure craft. Lilla Bommen is also the name of the land surrounding the harbor. On the west side of the dock is The Göteborg Opera house, completed in 1994 while on the east is an office complex that includes a high-rise with the same name as the area, the Lilla Bommen . The building is locally known as "The Lipstick" or "The Skanska Skyscraper". The barque Viking

352-539: The 1970s, rendered them obsolete. Newsreel cinemas either closed or went to showing continuous programmes of cartoons and short subjects, such as the London Victoria Station News Cinema, later Cartoon Cinema that opened in 1933 and closed in 1981. The last American newsreel was released on December 26, 1967, the day after Christmas . Nonetheless, some countries such as Cuba, Japan, Spain, and Italy continued producing newsreels into

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384-479: The 1980s and 1990s. An Australian movie production dramatizing the cameramen and producers of newsreels was released in 1978. The title was Newsfront . Some events featured during the presentation were regarding the 1949 election of the Australian Prime Minister, the rabbit plague, and the introduction of television (1956). A 2016 Irish documentary, Éire na Nuachtscannán ("Ireland in

416-520: The Lilla Bommen high-rise. Completed in 1860, with a quay 525 m (1,722 ft) and 3.5 m (11 ft) deep, Lilla Bommen soon became the main port in Gothenburg for canal boats, and domestic shipping. It was the starting point for cargo and passenger ships going up the Göta älv, through the Göta Canal , then across lakes Vänern and Vättern to Stockholm and Norrköping . Demolition of

448-619: The administration's goals, created Die Deutsche Wochenschau (1940–1945). There were no other newsreels disseminated within the country during the war. In some countries, newsreels generally used music as a background for usually silent on-site film footage. In some countries, the narrator used humorous remarks for light-hearted or non-tragic stories. In the U.S., newsreel series included The March of Time (1935–1951), Pathé News (1910–1956), Paramount News (1927–1957), Fox Movietone News (1928–1963), Hearst Metrotone News (1914–1967), and Universal Newsreel (1929–1967). Pathé News

480-413: The bastion from the attacker's cannon while the distance from the base of the ditch to the top of the bastion meant it was still difficult to scale. In contrast to typical late medieval towers, bastions (apart from early examples) were flat sided rather than curved. This eliminated dead ground making it possible for the defenders to fire upon any point directly in front of the bastion. Bastions also cover

512-509: The bastions. The resulting construction was called a bolwerk . To augment this change they placed v-shaped outworks known as ravelins in front of the bastions and curtain walls to protect them from direct artillery fire. These ideas were further developed and incorporated into the trace italienne forts by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban , that remained in use during the Napoleonic Wars . Bastions differ from medieval towers in

544-654: The country. The newsreels were often accompanied by cartoons or short subjects . The First World War saw the major countries using the newest technologies to develop propaganda for home audiences. Each used carefully edited newsreels to combine straight news reports and propaganda. During the Second World War, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda , a state organization in Nazi Germany for disseminating stories favorable to

576-610: The dismissal of fifteen men on the grounds of redundancy while conciliation under trade union agreements was pending. Their strike lasted through to at least Tuesday August 16, the Tuesday being the last day for production on new newsreels shown on the Thursday. Events of the strike resulted in over three hundred cinemas across Britain having to go without newsreels that week. In 1936, when the BBC Television Service

608-556: The format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events. this list is incomplete. Silent news films were shown in cinemas from the late 19th century. In 1909 Pathé started producing weekly newsreels in Europe. Pathé began producing newsreels for the UK in 1910 and the US in 1911. Newsreels were a staple of

640-475: The hull, consisting of the keel , the sternpost and parts of the hull sides. The boat was mainly made from oak and pine, and was estimated to have been approximately 12 m (39 ft) long. On 15   April 1908, the steamboat Göta Elf , capsized and sank in the Lilla Bommen harbor. The steamer was fully loaded with cargo and passengers, twentysix people died and the accident was widely publicized in national press. The somewhat gruesome salvage operation

672-497: The old gunpowder house at Lilla Bommen started on 7   October 1862. In 1899, a station house was built at Lilla Bommen at the end of the line for the Västergötland–Göteborgs Järnvägar (" Västra Götaland –Gothenburg Railway"). In 1936, the then Östra Hamnkanalen ("East Harbor Canal"), running from Lilla Bommen between the two lanes of the Östra Hamngatan ("East Harbor Street") and ending at Brunnsparken

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704-758: The typical North American , British , and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada , Australia , and New Zealand ), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. The National Film and Sound Archive in Australia holds the Cinesound Movietone Australian Newsreel Collection, a comprehensive collection of 4,000 newsreel films and documentaries representing news stories covering all major events. The first official British news cinema that only showed newsreels

736-509: Was "the principal film series produced in the 1940s". The first television news broadcasts in the country, incorporating newsreel footage, began in 1960. Newsreel-producing companies excluded television companies from their distribution, but the television companies countered by sending their own camera crews to film news events. Newsreels died out because of the nightly television news broadcast, and technological advances such as electronic news-gathering for television news , introduced in

768-660: Was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures from 1931 to 1947, and then by Warner Brothers from 1947 to 1956. An example of a newsreel story can be found in the film Citizen Kane (1941), which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff. Citizen Kane includes a fictional newsreel called "News on the March" that summarizes the life of title character Charles Foster Kane while parodying The March of Time . On August 12, 1949, one hundred twenty cinema technicians employed by Associated British Pathé in London went on strike to protest

800-586: Was done at S:t Eriksgatan in Lilla Bommen, in connection to the construction of the Götatunneln , a boat wreck from the mid 1700s was found. It was designated the Götabåten ("Göta Boat"). The boat was buried under more than 3 m (9.8 ft) of heavy landfill, at a depth that is about 0.6 m (2.0 ft) below the current water level of the Göta älv. What was left of the boat was a 10 m × 3 m (32.8 ft × 9.8 ft) section of

832-658: Was exemplified by the campaigns of Charles VII of France who reduced the towns and castles held by the English during the latter stages of the Hundred Years War , and by the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the large cannon of the Turkish army. During the Eighty Years War (1568–1648) Dutch military engineers developed the concepts further by lengthening the faces and shortening the curtain walls of

864-408: Was exposed to enemy fire, and normally would not be faced with masonry as cannonballs hitting the surface would scatter lethal stone shards among the defenders. If a bastion was successfully stormed, it could provide the attackers with a stronghold from which to launch further attacks. Some bastion designs attempted to minimise this problem. This could be achieved by the use of retrenchments in which

896-526: Was filled in, then in 1937–38, a third of the Lilla Bommen harbor (the inner part) was also filled in. An option considered at the time was to fill in the entire dock and move shipping to the Gullberg quay northeast of the dock. Lilla Bommen is a part of the Gothenburg harbor on the shore of the Göta älv. Said to have been constructed in the 1640s, as of 2015 it is used as a marina, owned and operated by

928-589: Was filmed by photographer Charles Magnusson and was shown, uncensored, as part of one of Sweden's first newsreels . The boat was built in 1884 at Thorskogs wharf and operated the route Gothenburg– Lilla Edet – Trollhättan . In 1991, a 1975 marine vessel was transformed into a floating pontoon multistorey car parking facility. The ship was given the new name P-Arken and it is permanently moored in Lilla Bommen near Skeppsbron . 57°42′41″N 11°57′56″E  /  57.71139°N 11.96556°E  / 57.71139; 11.96556 Bastion A bastion

960-675: Was launched in the United Kingdom, it was airing the British Movietone and Gaumont British newsreels for several years (except for a hiatus during World War II), until 1948, when the service launched their own newsreel programme, titled Television Newsreel , that would last until July 1954, when it was replaced by News and Newsreel . On February 16, 1948, NBC launched a ten-minute television program called Camel Newsreel Theatre with John Cameron Swayze that featured newsreels with Swayze doing voiceovers. Also in 1948,

992-645: Was named in 1883. The square was created in 1878 when part of the Vallgraven ("Moat"), from Lilla Bommen harbor to the Fattighusån was filled in to create an extended land area northeast of the harbor. Another part of Lilla Bommen outside the Vallgraven was the Stadstjänareholmen . This area was leased by master carpenter Hultman, who gave his name to Hultmans Holme ("Hultman's Islet") a district in modern Gothenburg. In July 2001, when digging

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1024-632: Was the Daily Bioscope that opened in London on May 23, 1909. In 1929, William Fox purchased a former cinema called the Embassy . He changed the format from a $ 2 show twice a day to a continuous 25-cent programme, establishing the first newsreel theater in the United States; the idea was such a success that Fox and his backers announced they would start a chain of newsreel theaters across

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