This is an accepted version of this page
115-417: [REDACTED] The Lima and Callao Metro ( Spanish : Metro de Lima y Callao ) is a rapid transit system that serves the cities of Lima and Callao , which make up the Lima metropolitan area . The existing metro lines (1 and 2) currently link the district of Villa El Salvador in the south of Lima with San Juan de Lurigancho in the northeast of the city, as well as a 5 km (3.1 mi) segment in
230-565: A "high speed" line, based on the distances between stations. On May 13, 2013, the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) said that the government had also awarded concessions for the construction of lines 3 and 4 by July 2016, out of the five lines that constitute the system. On May 9, 2012, the director of the Private Investment Promotion Agency ( Proinversión ), Hector Rene Rodriguez, announced that
345-608: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. American Popular Revolutionary Alliance This
460-576: A complete unknown, was subsequently elected. As Fujimori assumed the presidency in 1990, Congress was dominated by the opposition forces of Mario Vargas Llosa 's Democratic Front . Fujimori's party had gained only 32 deputies out of 180, and 14 senators out of 60. The majority was divided between APRA (22%) and the Democratic Front, with about 32% of Congress. In 1992, Fujimori organized a successful coup d'état . This allowed García to flee Peru and request asylum denouncing political persecution,
575-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
690-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
805-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
920-528: A guest presidential candidate for former minister Mercedes Aráoz , but her candidacy was frustrated by numerous internal conflicts with other party leaders. In this way, the party participated in the elections without a candidate, obtaining 4 seats in Congress. It has remained an organized opposition party against the Ollanta Humala administration. For the 2016 elections , APRA signed an alliance with
1035-546: A length of 32 km extending, from the Naranjal Station of BRT system Metropolitano through Av. Tupac Amaru, Los Alisos Avenue, Universitaria Avenue, Bertolotto Avenue, Perez Aranibar Avenue and Angamos-Primavera Avenue. [REDACTED] Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from
1150-478: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
1265-481: A maintenance facility in the district of Villa El Salvador , south of the city, where the trains were meant to be stored and receive preventive maintenance. Construction advanced at a relatively fast pace, but when Line 1 reached the Atocongo Station, the country became immersed in a deep economical and social crisis, in addition to corruption scandals involving President Garcia, which halted construction. It
SECTION 10
#17327723184161380-497: A network of anti-imperialist social and political movements in Latin America . Members are called " compañeros " (fellows), based on the fraternity espoused by Haya de la Torre. Originally a centre-left to left-wing party with democratic socialist and nationalist elements (in addition to the aforementioned anti-imperialism), the party moved closer to the political centre under the leadership of Alan García starting in
1495-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1610-644: A public bid to select the consortium that would build the remaining sections of the project. Financing would come from a foreign debt operation with the Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF) for US$ 300 million. This credit was approved on August 18, 2009. On December 2, 2009, the government approved for the "Consorcio Tren Eléctrico Lima" consortium, (formed by Brazilian company Odebrecht and Peruvian company Graña y Montero) to build
1725-493: A public contest for the implementation of this system, won by the Italian-capital "Consorcio Tralima" consortium. It started promptly the infrastructure work for an elevated viaduct metro. Construction started by placing the first stone on October 18, 1986, making its construction the main promise made in 1987 by the newly elected Mayor of Lima and member of the government party Jorge del Castillo . The work began with
1840-617: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1955-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
2070-407: A slim margin over Lourdes Flores , and faced Ollanta Humala in a run-off election on 4 June. He became president again as Humala conceded after exit polls and partial vote counts showed García leading. Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera . He officially took office on 28 July 2006. On the eve of leaving the government, García called a general election for 10 April 2011. APRA ran as
2185-491: A violent response from President Sánchez Cerro that resulted with about 1,500 Apristas killed and the arrest of Haya de la Torre. Abelardo Mendoza Leyva , an Aprista, later assassinated President Sánchez Cerro on 30 April 1933. In 1944, APRA formed the National Democratic Front political coalition beside the far-right Reformist Democratic Party and the fascist Revolutionary Union party, excluding
2300-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
2415-633: Is an accepted version of this page [REDACTED] The Peruvian Aprista Party ( Spanish : Partido Aprista Peruano , PAP ) ( listen ) is a Peruvian social-democratic political party and a member of the Socialist International . The party was founded as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance ( Spanish : Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana , APRA ) by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre , who originally intended to create
SECTION 20
#17327723184162530-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
2645-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
2760-595: Is one of the oldest political parties in Latin America. Among the Peruvian political parties in activity, specifically for having been stripped of electoral victories by coups or military governments after having triumphed democratically, it also went through two long periods of illegality, both under military and civilian governments, having been persecuted by the presidencies of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro and Manuel A. Odría . The Peruvian Aprista Party has gained in
2875-732: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
2990-521: Is seen. In the elections of said year, Alan García lost resoundingly, remaining in fifth place with 6.19%. Hours later, the candidate resigned from the APRA presidency calling for an "internal restructuring of the party." On Monday, 3 October 2016, Enrique Cornejo asks that they not think of putting obstacles that hinder votes, where he said do not think of cheating on the part of your "companions". On 17 April 2019, former President Alan García died at
3105-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
3220-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
3335-600: Is used on this line, unlike the most metro systems in South America. Prior to July 2014, Line 1 was 21.48 kilometers (13.3 mi) long, operating from Villa El Salvador (where the maintenance depot is located) to the Miguel Grau station in Downtown Lima . The third phase of Line 1 was completed on July 25, 2014, with the opening of the 12.4-kilometer (7.7 mi), ten-station extension of Line 1. With
3450-573: The Izquierda Unida Coalition. Barrantes, however, decided not to enter the second round of the elections, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country. García was thus declared president on 1 June and officially took power on 28 July 1985. It was the first time in its sixty-year history that the populist APRA party had come to power in Peru. His presidency was marked by world-record hyperinflation with
3565-489: The Partido Popular Cristiano and Vamos Perú , under the title of " Alianza Popular (Popular Alliance) ", with Alan García as the presidential candidate, who will serve a third term and long-time rival Lourdes Flores as Garcia's first running mate. According to Javier Barreda, this alliance did not benefit these three parties at all. On 13 May 2016, a political alliance between APRA and Keiko Fujimori
Lima and Callao Metro - Misplaced Pages Continue
3680-503: The Peruvian Communist Party . The alliance led to the triumph of ultraconservative José Luis Bustamante y Rivero becoming president the same year. By the 1950s, APRA would become a right-wing party according to PBS , leaving many of its left-wing supporters disillusioned. After several years of military rule, APRA was allowed to participate as a legal political party in 1979. The party gathered strong support from
3795-735: The Socialist Party of Chile . APRA was founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre in Mexico City on 7 May 1924 with aspirations to becoming a continent-wide party, and it subsequently influenced a number of other Latin American political movements, including Bolivia 's Revolutionary Nationalist Movement ( Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario , MNR), Dominican Republic 's Dominican Revolutionary Party ( Partido Revolucionario Dominicano , PRD) and Costa Rica 's National Liberation Party ( Partido Liberación Nacional , PLN). The party
3910-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
4025-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4140-696: The Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ;
4255-608: The collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to
4370-470: The 16 stations. This fleet includes an additional 42 trains in order to be able to service with the adequate frequencies, contemplating 26 stations in total, the integral remodeling of the current stations and the revamping of wagons, including the installation of air conditioning among other facilities and 19 new Alstom trains similar to the 9000 Series on the Barcelona Metro . Left-hand running
4485-534: The 1930s, the party was banned after being inaccurately labeled as communist ; Italy and the United States supported the ban as they believed APRA served as a front group for bolshevism . The conflict between APRA and the government of fascist president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro led to civil war -like conditions. On 2 July 1932, APRA militants massacred sixty soldiers in Trujillo , which resulted in
4600-603: The 1980s, embracing social democracy and later some Third Way policies. In 2006, the party adopted a new platform as García's second presidency implemented a series of policies labelled as centre-right, embracing free-market capitalism , dialogue with other right-wing parties and organizations in the country, and closer ties with the Catholic Church and Evangelical churches. Founded continentally in 1924 in Mexico City , Mexico , and nationally in 1930 in Lima , it
4715-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
Lima and Callao Metro - Misplaced Pages Continue
4830-595: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
4945-465: The Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on
5060-553: The BCCI scandal and had found millions of dollars in banks. New York District Attorney Robert Morgenthau charged García officially. Later in 1992, then Senator John Kerry presided over the BCCI Scandal Report, ( The BCCI Affair ) which concluded that García was not only guilty of corruption, but also directly involved in an international racketeering network with activities that included drug and arms trafficking. Finally,
5175-483: The Basic Metro Network of Lima and Callao, signaling the implementation of a network consisting of 5 lines of metro for Lima, contemplating the construction of ground, elevated and underground segments. The consortium "Nuevo Metro de Lima", consisting of the companies COSAPI (Peru), Impregilo, Ansaldo Breda & Ansaldo STS (Italy), Iridium, and Vialia (Spain) won the bid for the construction of Line 2 of
5290-698: The Casimiro Ulloa Hospital in Miraflores after shooting himself in the head after a preliminary search and arrest warrant against him due to the Odebrecht corruption scandal . In the extraordinary congressional elections of 2020 , held after the dissolution of Congress in 2019 , the APRA had its worst electoral result of 2.7%, failing to pass the 5% electoral threshold, which means that it would not have parliamentary representation after 25 uninterrupted years. However, it managed to maintain
5405-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
5520-568: The General Rules of Organization on the basis of which produces the respective functions manual, which must be approved by the National Political Commission. It is led by two general secretaries, which are elected by a National Convention. The current National Executive Committee is led by Belén García Mendoza , former congressional nominee from Ica , and Benigno Chirinos , former Senator and current Chairman of
5635-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
5750-715: The Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador , south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores . Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos and then on to Av. Aviación to finish in Av. Grau in the city center . Currently, Line 1 has a fleet of trains from the 1980s by AnsaldoBreda , put in service through
5865-580: The Italian government. During the second presidency of Alan García (2006–2011) the government resumed construction of Line 1, which opened for full revenue service in 2014. The completed line now totals 34.6 kilometers (21.5 mi) of elevated viaduct with 26 stations and crosses several districts: Villa El Salvador , Villa María del Triunfo , San Juan de Miraflores , Santiago de Surco , Surquillo , San Borja , San Luis , La Victoria , Lima District and San Juan de Lurigancho . The elevated viaduct of
SECTION 50
#17327723184165980-601: The Lima Metro, and a segment of Line 4 that will connect it to the airport. The contract was signed on April 28, 2014. Though initially scheduled for completion in 2021, only the first segment of the project, spanning 5 kilometers and 5 stations, has been completed as of January 2024. This segment opened for operations in December 2023. The Lima Metro first phase has sixteen passenger stations, located at an average distance of 1.2 km (0.7 mi). It starts its path in
6095-482: The MTC (Ministry of Transport and Communication) would construct Lines 2 and 4 simultaneously. Line 4 will follow an east–west route connecting the district of La Molina with Jorge Chavez International Airport. This line will have an 8 km stage developed as a part of the concession of line 2, which is already under construction. This section will link line 2 to Jorge Chávez International Airport . Metro Line 5 will connect
6210-511: The Metro railway is the longest in Latin America , and was the longest in the world until it was surpassed by Wuhan Metro Line 1 in 2017. Line 2 started operations on December 21, 2023 with the opening of its first 5 stations within Santa Anita district in the east of the city. Between 1972 and 1973, the "Metrolima" consortium elaborated the technical-economical feasibility studies and
6325-416: The National Convention, while are four appointed by the president of the party, and the two general secretaries. The current National Political Commission is chaired by Mauricio Mulder , former Congressman from Lima and former party Secretary General. Mulder was first elected at the XXIV National Convention "Armando Villanueva", held at the party headquarters in Breña , Lima , from 7 to 9 July 2017, and
6440-424: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
6555-399: The Party is César Trelles Lara , the former Governor of Piura , elected and ratified as such pursuant to the law of Political Parties, by the XXV National Convention, held from 25 to 27 October 2019. The National Political Commission is the highest ranking organ on party policy, after the convention. It is in charge of defining and expressing the party's position on transcendental aspects of
6670-568: The Peruvian Aprista Party is the implementing body of organic action and mobilization of the party. It is the responsibility of the National Executive Committee to give the unit of total action committees and party cadres, efficiently support the development of decentralized activities and delegate decision-making authority to the Base Committees throughout the Republic, with knowledge of the national political leadership. The establishment, functions, powers of each National Institute and Regional Institute delegates and general coordinators, are set out in
6785-485: The Peruvian Supreme Court, overturned prior judicial verdicts and declared all the probes and constitutional accusations against García "null". In May 1989, APRA chose as its standard bearer Luis Alva Castro for the 1990 general election. For the final runoff, APRA sealed a hidden deal with Cambio 90 and Alberto Fujimori , to prevent the leading candidate Mario Vargas Llosa , today a Nobel laureate and renown novelist and political analyst, from getting elected. Fujimori,
6900-424: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
7015-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
SECTION 60
#17327723184167130-413: The Workers Confederation, a trade union affiliated to the party. As Institutional and Political General Secretaries, respectively, they were elected at the XXV National Convention, held from 25 to 27 October 2019. The Office of the President of the Party was established on 15 July 1985, in honor of Alan García 's triumph in being the first member of the party to be elected President of Peru . According to
7245-399: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
7360-429: The annual rate exceeding 13,000 percent per year. García's administration devastated the local economy as well as all governmental institutions. Hunger, corruption, injustice, abuse of power, elitism, and social unrest raised to dramatic levels spreading throughout the whole nation, spurring terrorism. At García's farewell speech, he was booed by the entire opposition forces and prevented from speaking. The anecdotal event
7475-527: The asylum was granted by Colombian president César Gaviria . Shortly after, under the protection of president Francois Mitterrand , García received again the privilege of political refuge and left Colombia to reside in Paris. Fujimori convened elections for a Democratic Constituent Congress , in which APRA did not participate. In the 1995 general elections , the APRA nominee for president was Mercedes Cabanillas , gaining only 4%, behind former United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (21%) and
7590-566: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
7705-407: The columns and walls with images of Peruvian landscapes and nature, deeming the project as definitively cancelled. On August 5, 2001, the AATE (Electrical Train Autonomous Authority) was passed on to the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima through the Urgency Decree N° 058–2001. Subsequently, the Lima Metro only made trips to give preventive maintenance to the trains. The columns and rights-of-way of
7820-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
7935-493: The construction of the first stage of line 4 (8 km), which will connect the system at Carmen de la Legua station to the International Airport. An international consortium won the bidding for this project; and construction started in September 2014. The first stage of Line 2 (1a) opened on 21 December 2023. It includes a five-station stretch spanning 5 kilometers from Evitamiento station to Mercado Santa Anita station. The five operational stations are not yet connected to Line 1 of
8050-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
8165-421: The country, conducting party thought and action, within the framework of its ideological and programmatic conception. It establishes the political line, agrees and guides the organization, party action and the development of the objectives and goals of the National Executive Committee and the Autonomous Bodies. According to the party's statute, the commission is formed by eleven members. Five members are elected by
8280-442: The districts in the south of the city, like Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos; with a final station next to the south Panamerican highway Villa toll. By now it is planned but there is no studies of design nor construction yet. Metro Line 6 has been presented in 2014 as a private initiative and is under evaluation. These studies will determine technical aspects regarding whether Line 6 will be underground, aerial or both. The line has
8395-518: The east of the metro area. Furthermore, there are four additional lines planned for the network. Line 1 started full operations on July 28, 2014, after decades of delays. Construction of the line began during the first presidency of Alan García (1985–1990) with an initial seven stations, but the segment did not have the distance or demand required to make it commercially viable. Thus, the project stalled and became mired in accusations of bribery involving an investment of 226 million dollars co-financed by
8510-502: The electorate, managing to win a majority of seats in the newly created Constituent Assembly, and supervised the first democratic elections in 12 years. Haya de la Torre was elected president of the Constituent Assembly and was slated to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1980. However, he died before the election. The party was divided between Armando Villanueva and Andres Townsend, each of them claiming to be
8625-611: The extension now open, Line 1 is 34.6 kilometers (21.5 mi) in total serving 26 stations. On February 15, 2012, at the conclusion of discussions between the Central Government and the Municipalities of Lima and Callao, President Ollanta Humala announced the upcoming construction of the Lima Metro Line 2. It is to be a west-east line, entirely underground, with a length of 27 km. The line will link
8740-683: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
8855-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
8970-543: The general elections, the party could lose its registration as a political party. APRA is a member of the Socialist International . The youth organization of APRA is known as Juventud Aprista Peruana . Hilda Gadea – the first female Secretary of the Economy of the Executive National Committee for APRA; later married Che Guevara and wrote a memoir. The National Executive Committee of
9085-604: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
9200-450: The internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
9315-549: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
9430-480: The line from the unfinished first segment until Grau station in Downtown Lima. Construction started On March 2, 2010, and the second segment opened on July 11, 2011. The third segment of the line that connects Downtown Lima to the northeastern district of San Juan de Lurigancho opened for public service on July 25, 2014. On December 23, 2010, president Alan Garcia established through supreme decree 059-2010-MTC
9545-694: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
9660-488: The metro started to cover the unfinished segments in an attempt to diminish the negative impact on the urban landscape. This way, the centre median of Av. Aviación had pillars with grass in order to avoid the invasion of ambulatory commerce (which represented a large problem in Lima at the time). Vegetation was planted in order to cover the uncovered pieces of steel and concrete of the unfinished project. Some districts also painted
9775-734: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
9890-654: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
10005-451: The party has been unwavering for several generations. APRA initially espoused anti-imperialism, Pan-Americanism, international solidarity and economic nationalism. Years of repression and clandestinity, as well as Haya de la Torre's single-handed dominance of the party, resulted in striking sectarian and hierarchical traits. The party's structure and its hold over its rank and file proved more lasting than its original ideological platform. In
10120-506: The party statute, it is the highest rank in the party, exercising executive functions, and presiding all permanent organ meetings. Chosen by the National Convention, the presidency is widely perceived as honorific position created exclusively for García. Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre holds the eternal position of "Chief", according to Aprista lore, but never took an executive role as embodied by García. The current President of
10235-640: The political and ideological heir of Haya de la Torre. APRA chose Villanueva as its candidate, while Townsend and other members left the party to create the Hayist Bases Movement . The split among the Apristas allowed former president Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Acción Popular to win the election. However, APRA managed to win in virtual control of both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. It
10350-533: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
10465-478: The port of Callao in the west with the Historic Center of Lima, along with the eastern districts of Santa Anita and Ate. Furthermore, the line will be completely automated and will include accessibility features for people with physical disabilities The line will interconnect with the current BRT Central Station in Lima's historic center (which is also underground). Concurrently, the project also includes
10580-601: The pre-project of the "Mass Rapid Transit System for Passengers in the Metropolitan Area of Lima and Callao ", approved by the Government of Peru in 1974. However, the political crisis generated by the sudden illness of President Juan Velasco Alvarado and the problem of his succession, added to the complexity of the Limean soil located in a highly seismic zone , as well as the international economic crisis of
10695-553: The presidency in two occasions: in 1985 and 2006, both under the candidacy of Alan García . At parliamentary level, the party was represented uninterrupted from 1995 until 2020, falling below the electoral threshold to attain legislative representation. Although APRA does not operate throughout Latin America as its founder envisioned for, it has served as a powerful influence for other progressive Latin American political organizations, such as Democratic Action (AD) in Venezuela and
10810-429: The reelected Fujimori (64%). The party only got 8 congressman out of 120, while Fujimori's Cambio 90 - New Majority dominated Congress with 67. In 2000, Abel Salinas was elected as the presidential nominee, being the worst general election for APRA, gaining only 1% of the popular vote. Only 6 APRA congressman were elected. As many assume the election was a fraud, Fujimori resigned after the corruption of his government
10925-501: The registration as a political party since it was an extraordinary electoral process. In 2020, the party chose former Minister Nidia Vílchez as its presidential candidate for the 2021 general elections . However, and because the Special Electoral Jury (JEE) declared the party's congressional list inadmissible, they decided to withdraw Vílchez's candidacy for the presidency. Because the party did not participate in
11040-453: The required investments for its operation and maintenance were unjustifiable for its ridership. In spite of that, the subsequent governments tried to revive the project because of the significant investment put into the trains and infrastructure. On several occasions, candidates in both presidential and municipal elections used it politically with the promise of finishing the project, although it never materialized. The municipalities crossed by
11155-586: The supposed future stations and gave out informative flyers on the streets, allowing the general public to find out that the project didn't have just one line but seven interconnected lines servicing the whole city. In 2009, the government decided that the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) would retake the administration of the AATE (Electrical Train Autonomous Authority). It also put an entity called "Provias Nacional" in charge of organizing
11270-412: The system, but it is projected the connection will be made during subsequent stages of the project. The rest of the line is currently under construction, and projected to be completed by 2028. On March 21, 2012, Lima's mayor Susana Villaran presented a feasibility study of an underground metro line that follows in large parts the route of Line 3 as originally planned by the central government. The study
11385-537: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
11500-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
11615-640: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
11730-624: The time, made it impossible to get the necessary financing of US$ 317,000,000. This way, the "Metrolima" project, contemplating a total of 5 lines of underground train, was unable to be realized. In 1986, the first presidency of Alan García created the "Autonomous Authority for the Mass Transit Electrical Transport System Special Project" with the Supreme Decree N° 001-86 MIPRE, with degree of Law N° 24565. This entity called for
11845-492: The train remained, for more than two decades, as a living example of the bad management of the first APRA government between 1985 and 1990. Several artistic and musical groups took advantage of the situation to satirize the project. The "El Tren Eléctrico" song by Juan Luis Dammert and the imaginary launch campaign denominated "Lima 2427" (calculated finishing year given the progress rate the project had thus far), launched by artist Camila Bustamante. This campaign placed stickers in
11960-585: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
12075-506: The world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after
12190-502: Was also during these election that Alan García started his political career, after being elected Deputy for the Province of Lima. The youthful and charismatic García was elected president on 14 April 1985, with 45% of the vote during the first round. Since he did not receive the 50% of the vote required to win the presidency, García was required to enter the second round against Alfonso Barrantes Lingán (the leftist mayor of Lima ) of
12305-634: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
12420-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
12535-411: Was done in 2009 for the municipality of Lima, with support from the French government. According to the mayor's statements, these studies will be under consideration by the Ministry of Transport and Communication, and construction of this line will take only four years. The line will be underground from north to south, serving a section of the city with high ridership potential. This line is described as
12650-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
12765-463: Was inspired by Haya de la Torre's observations of fascist and communist parties during his time in Europe. Initial supporters for APRA in the 1920s mainly included middle-class and wealthy Peruvians who were upset with the sugar industry's modernization. It is the oldest surviving political party in Peru and is as much a social phenomenon as a political movement, with a membership whose loyalty to
12880-478: Was meant to continue through Av. Aviación up to the Dos de Mayo Hospital in the city center, but the assigned budget had been already spent. On April 28, 1990, three months before ending the first government by APRA . Alan García celebrated the opening of the line, despite the fact that the line was incomplete and did not reach areas of higher demand and density. The metro remained nearly useless in practice, given that
12995-505: Was revealed by the opposition. At the legislative elections , the party won 19.7% of the popular vote and 28 out of 120 seats in Congress . Its presidential candidate at the elections of the same day, Alan García Pérez , won 25.8% of the vote, placing second and was defeated in the second round by Alejandro Toledo . In February 2005, García officially commenced his campaign for the 2006 presidential election . He came in second place by
13110-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
13225-425: Was televised. That same day the board of the Chamber of Deputies requested the creation of a special committee to investigate García's presidency, accusing him of massive corruption and illicit enrichment. The committee attacked García with numerous proven accusations involving embezzlement, misappropriation and bribery, based -among other trustworthy sources- on a U.S. congressional investigation that linked García with
#415584