30-398: Limoniidae is the largest of four crane fly families, with more than 10,700 species in more than 150 genera. Some studies have suggested it to be a paraphyletic group, with some limoniids being more closely related to Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae than to other limoniids. Limoniid crane flies can usually be distinguished by the way the wings are held at rest. Limoniids usually hold/fold
60-555: A beak. The apical segment of the maxillary palpi is short and never longer than subapical one. The antennae are, in most species, 14- or 16-segmented (rarely 6-, 10-, or 17-segmented), usually verticillate (whorls of trichia) and only exceptionally ctenidial or serrate ( Rhipidia ). There is a distinct V-shaped suture between the mesonotal prescutum and scutum (near the level of the wing bases). The wings are monochromatic or punctate and (in females more often than in males). sometimes shortened or reduced. The subcosta always fuses with
90-580: A few minutes to hours and may be accomplished in flight. The female immediately oviposits , usually in wet soil or mats of algae . Some lay eggs on the surface of a water body or in dry soils, and some reportedly simply drop them in flight. Most crane fly eggs are black in color. They often have a filament, which may help anchor the egg in wet or aquatic environments. Crane fly larvae (leatherjackets) have been observed in many habitat types on dry land and in water, including marine , brackish , and fresh water . They are cylindrical in shape, but taper toward
120-473: A name which is also used for arachnids of the family Pholcidae and the order Opiliones . The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets. Crane flies first appeared during the Middle Triassic , around 245 million years ago, making them one of the oldest known groups of flies, and are found worldwide , though individual species usually have limited ranges. They are most diverse in
150-870: A relict group that was much better represented in the Tertiary . Tipulidae probably evolved from ancestors in the Upper Jurassic , the Architipulidae, and representatives of the Limoniidae are known from the Upper Triassic . Numerous common names have been applied to the crane fly. Many of the names are more or less regional in the U.S., including mosquito hawk, mosquito eater, gallinipper, and gollywhopper. They are also known as "daddy longlegs" in English-speaking countries outside
180-425: A slender body and long, stilt-like legs that are deciduous, easily coming off the body. Like other insects, their wings are marked with wing interference patterns which vary among species, thus are useful for species identification. They occur in moist, temperate environments such as vegetation near lakes and streams. They generally do not feed, but some species consume nectar, pollen and/or water. The wingspan
210-922: A wide range of habitats and micro habitats: in earth rich in humus, in swamps and marshes, in leaf litter and in wet spots in woods (numerous genera and species); in soils with only moderate humus content along stream borders ( Gonomyia Meigen, Rhabdomastix Skuse, Arctoconopa Alexander, Hesperoconopa Alexander); in dry to saturated decaying wood in streams, where the larvae feed on fungal mycelia ( Gnophomyia Osten Sacken, Teucholabis Osten Sacken, Lipsothrix Loew); in decaying plant materials (various subgenera and species of Limonia ), in woody and fleshy fungi ( Limonia ( Metalimnobia Matsumura); in fresh water, especially rapidly flowing streams ( Antocha Osten Sacken, Hesperoconopa Alexander, Cryptolabis Osten Sacken); intertidal zones and brackish water ( Limonia ( Idioglochina Alexander, Limonia ( Diuanomyia ) Stephens); freshwater aquatic environment during
240-462: Is an enduring urban legend that crane flies are the most venomous insects in the world; however, they have neither venom nor the ability to bite. The myth probably arose due to their being confused with the cellar spider as they are also informally called "daddy longlegs", and although the arachnid does possess venom , it is not especially potent. Despite widely held beliefs that adult crane flies (or "mosquito hawks") prey on mosquito populations,
270-441: Is consistent with the more derived larval characters similar to those of 'higher' Diptera. The Pediciidae and Tipulidae are sister groups (the "limoniids" are a paraphyletic clade ). Specifically, Limoniidae has recently been treated by numerous authors at the rank of family, but subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed that the remaining groups of tipulids render the group paraphyletic . The Cylindrotomidae appear to be
300-435: Is currently accepted. (Species counts are approximate, and vary over time.). Recent phylogenetic analyses have revealed the family to be paraphyletic and further research is suggested. These flies are found in damp places throughout the world , and many species form dense swarms in suitable habitats. For terms see Morphology of Diptera Limoniids are medium or small-sized, rarely large. The proboscis or rostrum lacks
330-888: Is generally about 1.0 to 6.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in), though some species of Holorusia can reach 11 cm ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in). The antennae have up to 19 segments. It is also characterized by a V-shaped suture or groove on the back of the thorax (mesonotum) and by its wing venation. The rostrum is long and in some species as long as the head and thorax together. Larvae occur in various habitats including marshes, springs, decaying wood, moist soil, leaf litter, fungi, vertebrate nests and vegetation. They usually feed on decaying plant matter and microbes associated with this, but some species instead feed on living plants, fungi or other invertebrates. Tipuloidea are medium to large-sized flies ( 7–35 mm, 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) with elongated legs, wings, and abdomen. Their colour
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#1732783827764360-428: Is usually present. The wing has two anal veins. Sternite 9 of the male genitalia has, with few exceptions, two pairs of appendages. Sometimes appendages are also present on sternite 8. The female ovipositor has sclerotized valves and the cerci have a smooth or dentate lower margin. The valves are sometimes modified into thick bristles or short teeth. The larva is elongated, usually cylindrical. The posterior two-thirds of
390-421: Is yellow, brown or grey. Ocelli are absent. The rostrum (a snout) is short to very short with a beak-like point called the nasus (rarely absent). The apical segment of the maxillary palpi is flagelliform ( whip -like) and much longer than the subapical segment. The antennae have 13 segments (exceptionally 14–19). These are whorled, serrate, or ctenidial ( comb -like). There is a distinct V-shaped suture between
420-551: The Raritan - Magothy Formation suggests limoniids have been extant since the Upper Cretaceous period. Crane fly A crane fly is any member of the dipteran superfamily Tipuloidea , which contains the living families Cylindrotomidae , Limoniidae , Pediciidae and Tipulidae , as well as several extinct families. "Winter crane flies", members of the family Trichoceridae , are sufficiently different from
450-521: The mite family Ascidae . This is known as phoresis . Some members of the tipulid genus Tipula , such as the European crane fly, Tipula paludosa and the marsh crane fly T. oleracea are agricultural pests in Europe. The larvae of these species live in the top layers of soil where they feed on the roots , root hairs , crown, and sometimes the leaves of crops, stunting their growth or killing
480-524: The pitch and the pitch took unaccustomed spin for much of the season. The phylogenetic position of the Tipuloidea remains uncertain. The classical viewpoint that they are an early branch of Diptera —perhaps (with the Trichoceridae ) the sister group of all other Diptera—is giving way to modern views that they are more highly derived. This is thanks to evidence from molecular studies, which
510-427: The tropics but are also common in northern latitudes and high elevations. More than 15,500 species and over 500 genera of crane flies have been described, the majority by Charles Paul Alexander , who published descriptions of 10,890 new species and subspecies, and 256 new genera and subgenera over a period of 71 years, from 1910 to 1981. An adult crane fly, resembling an oversized male mosquito , typically has
540-615: The U.S., not to be confused with the U.S. usages of "daddy long legs" that refer to either arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae . The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets. They are also known as Jenny long legs in Scotland. In Ireland, they are generally called 'daddy long legs' in English, whereas in Irish they are commonly known as Pilib an Gheataire , which means Skinny Philip. There
570-426: The abdomen are glabrous , often partially sclerotized and bearing posterior spiracles. The spiracular disc is usually surrounded by lobe-like projections and anal papillae or lobes. Adults have a lifespan of 10 to 15 days. The adult female usually contains mature eggs as she emerges from her pupa , and often mates immediately if a male is available. Males also search for females by walking or flying. Copulation takes
600-537: The costa through Sc1. Radial vein R2 does not fuse with the costa, as in most other crane flies, but with radial vein R3. The radial sector Rs has one or two forks. Additional crossveins are sometimes present in cells r3 an1 and m. Cells m1 and d are often not present. The genitalia of males have large separated gonocoxis and one or two pairs of appendages which are sometimes greatly folded ( Dicranomyia , etc.). The ovipositor of
630-411: The female has sclerotized cerci . Mostly, larvae are aquatic or semi-aquatic. In comparison, most other Tipuloidea larvae are terrestrial, though some are aquatic and found in huge numbers in lotic habitats like the limoniid larvae. Various species have evolved to feed on different food sources, so phytophagous , saprophagous , mycetophagous and predatory species occur. Limoniids occupy
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#1732783827764660-748: The front end, and the head capsule is often retracted into the thorax. The abdomen may be smooth, lined with hairs, or studded with projections or welt-like spots. Projections may occur around the spiracles. Larvae may eat algae, microflora, and living or decomposing plant matter, including wood. Some are predatory. Larval habitats include all kinds of freshwater, semiaquatic environments. Some Tipuloidea, including Dolichopeza , are found in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts. Ctenophora species are found in decaying wood or sodden logs. Nephrotoma and Tipula larvae are found in dry soils of pasturelands, lawns, and steppe. Tipuloidea larvae are also found in rich organic earth and mud, in wet spots in woods where
690-490: The head capsule is enclosed or retracted within the prothoracic segment. The larva is metapneustic (with only one pair of spiracles , these on the anal segment of the abdomen), but often with vestigial lateral spiracles (rarely apneustic). The head capsule is sclerotized anteriorly and deeply incised ventrally and often dorsolaterally. The mandibles are opposed and move in the horizontal or oblique plane. The abdominal segments have transverse creeping welts. The terminal segments of
720-450: The humus is saturated, in leaf litter or mud, decaying plant materials, or fruits in various stages of putrefaction. Larvae can be important in the soil ecosystem, because they process organic material and increase microbial activity. Larvae and adults are also valuable prey items for many animals, including insects, spiders , fish , amphibians , birds , and mammals . Adult crane flies may be used for transport by aquatic species of
750-420: The larval stage and nearby margin areas for pupation ( Limonia Meigen, Thaumastoptera Mik, many Pediciini , Limnophilinae , and Eriopterini ); steep cliff faces supporting a constantly wet film of algae (some species of Limonia Meigen, Orimarga Osten Sacken Elliptera Schiner); in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts growing on rocks or earth (various species). Phantolabis lacustris
780-413: The mesonotal prescutum and scutum (near the level of the wing bases). The wings are monochromatic, longitudinally striped or marbled. In females the wings are sometimes rudimentary. The sub-costal vein (Sc) joins through Sc2 with the radial vein, Sc1 is at most a short stump. There are four, rarely (when R2 is reduced) three branches of the radial vein merging into the alar margin. The discoidal wing cell
810-591: The plants. They are pests on a variety of commodities. Since the late 1900s, T. paludosa and T. oleracea have become invasive in the United States. The larvae have been observed on many crops, including vegetables, fruits, cereals, pasture, lawn grasses, and ornamental plants . In 1935, Lord's Cricket Ground in London was among venues affected by leatherjackets. Several thousand were collected by ground staff and burned, because they caused bald patches on
840-660: The typical crane flies of Tipuloidea to be excluded from the superfamily Tipuloidea, and are placed as their sister group within Tipulomorpha . The classification of crane flies has been varied in the past, with some or all of these families treated as subfamilies, but the following classification is currently accepted. (Species counts are approximate, and vary over time.) In colloquial speech, crane flies are known as mosquito hawks or " skeeter-eaters ", though they do not actually prey on adult mosquitos or other insects. They are also sometimes called " daddy longlegs ",
870-423: The wings along the back of the body, whereas other crane flies usually hold them out at right angles. Snow flies (genus: Chionea ) such as Chionea scita have no wings at all. Limoniids are also usually smaller than other crane flies, with some exceptions. The classification of Limoniid crane flies has been varied in the past, with the group treated both as subfamily and family, but the following classification
900-591: Was the first tipuloid species to be observed skating on the surface of water. It possesses morphological adaptations to allow for this phenomenon. Limoniids are not particularly common in amber deposits, but a few finds (e.g. Tipunia intermedia Krzeminski & Ansorge, 1995 from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen limestones ) suggest the group has been extant since the Jurassic period. Another specimen ( Limonia dillonae ) preserved in amber in
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