Limyra ( Ancient Greek : Λίμυρα ) ( Lycian : 𐊈𐊚𐊎𐊒𐊕𐊁 was a small city in ancient Lycia on the southern coast of Asia Minor , on the Limyrus River ( Ancient Greek : Λιμύρος ).
23-642: Already flourishing in the second millennium BCE, the city was one of the oldest and most prosperous in Lycia; it gradually became one of the most flourishing trade centres in the Greek world. In the 4th century BCE Pericles, Dynast of Lycia supported a rebellion of satraps in Asia Minor against the ruling Persians and adopted Limyra as the capital of the Lycian League ; subsequently it came under control of
46-681: A bishopric in Notitiæ Episcopatuum down to the 12th and 13th centuries as a suffragan of the metropolitan of Myra . Six bishops are known: Diotimus, mentioned by St. Basil (ep. CCXVIII); Lupicinus, present at the First Council of Constantinople , 381; Stephen, at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Theodore, at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; Leo, at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787; Nicephorus, at
69-432: A bishopric in Notitiæ Episcopatuum down to the 12th and 13th centuries as a suffragan of the metropolitan of Myra . Six bishops are known: Diotimus, mentioned by St. Basil (ep. CCXVIII); Lupicinus, present at the First Council of Constantinople , 381; Stephen, at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Theodore, at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; Leo, at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787; Nicephorus, at
92-500: A military frieze as "when Pericles besieges Arttum̃para" ( Lycian : ẽke : ese : Perikle : tebete : Arttum̃para ). Arttum̃para was minting coins at Side in Pamphylia by c. 372 – c. 370 BCE, at which point Pericles had driven him out of Lycia. Mithrapata was probably deposed earlier, perhaps by Trbbẽnimi as well as Pericles. Further evidence for Pericles' expansion into western Lycia
115-400: A theatre into the hill which held 8000 spectators. It was commissioned in the second century CE by an important Lycian benefactor named Opramoas of Rhodiapolis . Also from this period are a bathhouse with a complex heating system and the colonnaded streets. The Roman Bridge at Limyra , east of the city, is one of the oldest segmental arch bridges in the world. Limyra is mentioned as
138-399: A theatre into the hill which held 8000 spectators. It was commissioned in the second century CE by an important Lycian benefactor named Opramoas of Rhodiapolis . Also from this period are a bathhouse with a complex heating system and the colonnaded streets. The Roman Bridge at Limyra , east of the city, is one of the oldest segmental arch bridges in the world. Limyra is mentioned as
161-508: Is king of Lycia". He cast himself as a native Lycian fighting for liberation against Persians. One inscription explicitly describes his rival Arttum̃para as a Mede ( Lycian : 𐊀𐊕𐊗𐊗𐊒𐊐𐊓𐊀𐊕𐊀:𐊎𐊁𐊅𐊁, Arttum̃para mede ). Pericles took part in the Revolt of the Satraps . This was not a coordinated effort; Pericles had established himself as an independent king of Lycia throughout
184-448: Is provided by the Greek historian Theopompus . He describes how Pericles, as king (βασίλευς), besieged Telmessos on the western frontier of Lycia. Pericles styled himself as king of Lycia. The Lycian word for this title was xñtawata ( Lycian script : 𐊜𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊇𐊀𐊗𐊀), and appears on many inscriptions in reference to Pericles. An altar from Limyra gives us the Greek equivalent of this title: Περικλῆς Λυκίας β[ασιλεύων], "Pericles who
207-656: The Council of Constantinople (879-880). In the Annuario Pontificio it is listed as a titular see of the Roman province of Lycia . 36°20′34.19″N 30°10′13.87″E / 36.3428306°N 30.1705194°E / 36.3428306; 30.1705194 Pericles, Dynast of Lycia Perikles ( Perikle in Lycian ), was the last known independent dynast of Lycia . A dynast of Limyra in eastern Lycia c. 375–362 BCE, he eventually ruled
230-874: The Persian Empire . The Persians eventually regained rule through Mausolus , the Carian satrap at Halicarnassus. After Alexander the Great ended Persian rule, most of Lycia was ruled by Ptolemy I Soter ; his son Ptolemy II Philadelphos supported the Limyrans against the invading Galatians and the inhabitants dedicated a monument, the Ptolemaion, to him in thanks. Limyra is mentioned by Strabo (XIV, 666), Ptolemy (V, 3, 6) and several Latin authors. Augustus had adopted his grandson Gaius Caesar in 17 BCE (aged 3) as his heir. In 1 BC (aged 19) Gaius Caesar
253-543: The 370s BCE, whereas the Great Revolt took place in the late 360s BCE. Nonetheless, Persian rule was firmly reestablished in Lycia in c. 362 BCE, after the Revolt of the Satraps had collapsed and effort was made to subdue rebellious parts of Anatolia. Control was taken by Autophradates , the satrap of Lydia , who shortly transferred the province to Mausolus , the satrap of nearby Caria . A monumental tomb
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#1732782764465276-445: The 4th c. BCE and before demonstrate the city's importance. The mausoleum of Pericles is particularly notable for its fine reliefs and exquisite sculptures such as Perseus slaying Medusa and one of her sisters. A gate in the western city leads down through a marshy area towards the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar, grandson and heir apparent of Augustus, a massive structure standing on a stone podium and dating from around 4 CE. The Romans cut
299-444: The 4th c. BCE and before demonstrate the city's importance. The mausoleum of Pericles is particularly notable for its fine reliefs and exquisite sculptures such as Perseus slaying Medusa and one of her sisters. A gate in the western city leads down through a marshy area towards the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar, grandson and heir apparent of Augustus, a massive structure standing on a stone podium and dating from around 4 CE. The Romans cut
322-453: The Great ended Persian rule, most of Lycia was ruled by Ptolemy I Soter ; his son Ptolemy II Philadelphos supported the Limyrans against the invading Galatians and the inhabitants dedicated a monument, the Ptolemaion, to him in thanks. Limyra is mentioned by Strabo (XIV, 666), Ptolemy (V, 3, 6) and several Latin authors. Augustus had adopted his grandson Gaius Caesar in 17 BCE (aged 3) as his heir. In 1 BC (aged 19) Gaius Caesar
345-412: The Revolt of the Satraps in Lycia. We have the most surviving evidence for the career of Arttum̃para, who may have governed in the area around Xanthos in western Lycia. It may be the case that Mithrapata was his equivalent in eastern Lycia, whom Pericles defeated more quickly. The most significant evidence which shows that Pericles went to war with these two is an inscription from Limyra, which describes
368-556: The entire country during the Revolt of the Satraps , in defiance of the Achaemenid Empire . Pericles was originally based in Limyra in eastern Lycia. He initially ruled Limyra alongside Trbbẽnimi, a Lycian dynast known primarily from his coinage. These eastern dynasts flourished in the 370s BCE, when the power of the traditionally-dominant rulers of Xanthos in western Lycia began to wane. Trbbẽnimi minted several coins on
391-422: The most flourishing trade centres in the Greek world. In the 4th century BCE Pericles, Dynast of Lycia supported a rebellion of satraps in Asia Minor against the ruling Persians and adopted Limyra as the capital of the Lycian League ; subsequently it came under control of the Persian Empire . The Persians eventually regained rule through Mausolus , the Carian satrap at Halicarnassus. After Alexander
414-617: The other's family. Pericles' power was concentrated in eastern Lycia, at least in the early part of his reign. As well as Limyra, inscriptions which date themselves to his reign have been found at Teimiussa in eastern Lycia, as well as Arneai and Kızılca in northern Lycia and southern Milyas . His coinage was minted at three sites: Phellos ( Lycian : Wehñte), Zagaba, and Wediwiẽ (location unknown). Pericles' two most serious rivals were Arttum̃para and Mithrapata . These two dynasts, who both had Iranian names , may have been subjects of Artaxerxes II who tried to subdue Pericles and end
437-562: The tomb are now visible in the Antalya Archeological Museum . Limyra Limyra ( Ancient Greek : Λίμυρα ) ( Lycian : 𐊈𐊚𐊎𐊒𐊕𐊁 was a small city in ancient Lycia on the southern coast of Asia Minor , on the Limyrus River ( Ancient Greek : Λιμύρος ). Already flourishing in the second millennium BCE, the city was one of the oldest and most prosperous in Lycia; it gradually became one of
460-575: The west Lycian weight standard , perhaps anticipating an invasion of the Xanthos valley . Trbbẽnimi may have died c. 375 BCE or slightly earlier, after which Pericles became the sole ruler in Limyra. Trbbẽnimi may have been Pericles' father, although coins of Trbbẽnimi only appear at around the same time as those of Pericles, so a parent-child relationship cannot be proven. Alternatively, they may have been brothers, or one may have married into
483-417: Was erected to Perikles in Limyra, decorated with frieze showing Pericles going to war. The tomb was in the form of a Greek Ionic temple. It was one of several monumental tombs built in southwestern Anatolia in the fourth century BCE and belongs to the same tradition as the earlier Nereid Monument and the later Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , blending Anatolian and Greek (Athenian) styles. Several friezes from
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#1732782764465506-523: Was sent to Syria and in 2 AD he went to Armenia, which the Parthians had recently invaded. Gaius successfully placed a pro-Roman king on the Armenian throne but was seriously wounded after being tricked. In 4 AD, during his return to Rome, Gaius died from his wounds at Limyra. The lower city is at the base of the acropolis hill and includes two separate walled areas. The five necropolises dating from
529-409: Was sent to Syria and in 2 AD he went to Armenia, which the Parthians had recently invaded. Gaius successfully placed a pro-Roman king on the Armenian throne but was seriously wounded after being tricked. In 4 AD, during his return to Rome, Gaius died from his wounds at Limyra. The lower city is at the base of the acropolis hill and includes two separate walled areas. The five necropolises dating from
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