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63-633: Lincoln Gardens was a very large dance hall and nightclub located at 459 East 31st St Chicago, IL 60616. An important venue in youth culture in Chicago during the early 20th century, it was the largest dance hall in South Side, Chicago prior to the construction of the Savoy Ballroom in 1927. It could accommodate approximately 1000 dancers on its floor. Lincoln Gardens was not the first establishment to occupy this dance hall. Opening some time in

126-518: A 1/3 partner in the business venture, and Anderson in turn used his influence as part of Chicago mayor William Hale Thompson 's political machine to get the political will to support the club and prevent police harassment of the establishment and its patrons. Bottoms was the third partner in this venture, and the newly formed club was titled the Royal Gardens Café, which was shortened to Royal Gardens in press. Royal Gardens opened in 1918 as

189-1015: A CHA policy of construction of family housing only in black residential areas, concentrated on the South and West Sides. Historian Arnold R. Hirsch said the CHA was "a bulwark of segregation that helped sustain Chicago's 'second ghetto'". Gentrification of parts of the Douglas community area has bolstered the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District . Gentrification in various parts of the South Side has displaced many black citizens. The South Side offers numerous housing cooperatives . Hyde Park has several middle-income co-ops and other South Side regions have limited equity (subsidized, price-controlled) co-ops. These regions experienced condominium construction and conversion in

252-442: A definite natural or artificial boundary. One source states that the boundary is Western Avenue or the railroad tracks adjacent to Western Avenue. This border extends further south to a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue and then Interstate 57 . The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly white, black, and Hispanic neighborhoods, usually dominated by one of these races. On

315-497: A former company town, Hyde Park Township, various platted communities and subdivisions were the results of such efforts. The Union Stock Yards , which were once located in the New City community area (#61), at one point employed 25,000 people and produced 82 percent of US domestic meat production. They were so synonymous with the city that for over a century they were part of the lyrics of Frank Sinatra 's " My Kind of Town ", in

378-530: A grid demarcating Madison Street as the east–west axis and State Street as the north–south axis. Madison is in the middle of the Loop. As a result, much of the downtown "Loop" district is south of Madison Street, and the river, but the Loop is usually excluded from any of the Sides. One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road , at the Loop's southern boundary, with the community area known as

441-656: A large part of the housing supply during and after the Great Depression , especially in the "Black Belt". The South Side had a history of philanthropic subsidized housing dating back to 1919. The United States Congress passed the Housing Act of 1949 to fund and improve public housing. CHA produced a plan of citywide projects, which was rejected by the Chicago City Council 's white aldermen who opposed public housing in their wards. This led to

504-568: A larger city of Chicago. Lake View, Jefferson, Lake, Hyde Park Townships and the Austin portion of Cicero voted to be annexed by the city in the June 29, 1889, elections. After the Civil War freed millions of slaves, during Reconstruction black southerners migrated to Chicago and caused the black population to nearly quadruple from 4,000 to 15,000 between 1870 and 1890. In the 20th century,

567-403: A new jazz club at that location was spearheaded by Virgil Williams who was the housemate of William Bottoms, the operator of the Chicago jazz club Dreamland Café. Both African-American, the two men also operated the music publication Whip which promoted clubs and musicians in the city of Chicago. Williams successfully lobbied Chicago politician Louis B. Anderson to support the club by making him

630-481: A place of political controversy. Although the locations of some of these notable controversies have not become official landmarks, they remain important parts of Chicago history. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was the worst of the approximately 25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919 and required 6,000 National Guard troops. As mentioned above, segregation has been a political theme of controversy for some time on

693-491: A venue open to musicians and patrons of all races. Bill Johnson and the Original Creole Band were the ensemble in residence at the newly opened establishment. Johnson quickly established the club's high reputation for quality jazz performances, and helped recruit a series of guest appearances by some of the best New Orleans Jazz musicians that had a profound impact on the development of jazz in Chicago. In 1921

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756-579: Is a cornerstone of the city's Chinese community. The South Side offers many outdoor amenities, such as miles of public lakefront parks and beaches, as it borders Lake Michigan on its eastern side. Today's South Side is mostly a combination of the former Hyde Park and Lake Townships. Within these townships many had made speculative bets on future prosperity. Much of the South Side evolved from these speculative investments. Stephen A. Douglas , Paul Cornell , George Pullman and various business entities developed South Chicago real estate. The Pullman District ,

819-1083: Is along Roosevelt Road , is the tallest building on the South Side. One Museum Park West , which is next door to One Museum Park, is another of Chicago's tallest . 1700 East 56th Street in Hyde Park is the tallest building south of 13th Street. This neighborhood hosts several other highrises. Many landmark buildings are found in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District, including Powhatan Apartments , Robie House and John J. Glessner House . The South Side has many of Chicago's premier places of worship such as Eighth Church of Christ, Scientist , First Church of Deliverance and K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple . The South Side has several landmark districts including two in Barack Obama 's Kenwood community area: Kenwood District , North Kenwood District and (partially) Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District . The South Side hosts

882-616: Is larger in area than the North and West Sides combined. Out of 77 community areas in the city, the South Side of Chicago comprises a total of 42 neighborhoods, with some divided into different regions of the area or consolidated into Chicago as part of the annexation of various townships within Cook County . The exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South, and Southeast Sides vary by source. If primarily racial lines are followed,

945-499: Is located on the South Side. Among the highways through the South Side are I-94 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway , Bishop Ford Freeway and Kingery Expressway on the South Side), I-90 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway and Chicago Skyway on the South Side), I-57 , I-55 , U.S. 12 , U.S. 20 and U.S. 41 . Several Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus and train lines and Metra train lines link

1008-864: Is located on the Southwest Side of the city, as are Beverly and Morgan Park , home to a large concentration of Irish Americans . With its factories, steel mills and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a sustained period of immigration which began around the 1840s and continued through World War II . Irish , Italian , Polish , Lithuanian and Yugoslav immigrants, in particular, settled in neighborhoods adjacent to industrial zones. The Illinois Constitution gave rise to townships that provided municipal services in 1850. Several settlements surrounding Chicago incorporated as townships to better serve their residents. Growth and prosperity overburdened many local government systems. In 1889, most of these townships determined that they would be better off as part of

1071-574: The 2016 presidential election , Armour Square cast 2,892 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 761 votes for Donald Trump (76.67% to 20.17%). In the 2012 presidential election , Armour Square cast 2,581 votes for Barack Obama and cast 575 votes for Mitt Romney (81.01% to 18.05%). Armour Square is served by the Dan Ryan branch of the Chicago Transit Authority 's Red Line , with stops at Cermak-Chinatown and Sox-35th . It

1134-543: The Beverly neighborhood along Western Avenue each year on the Sunday before St. Patrick's Day . The parade, which was founded in 1979, was at one time said to be the largest Irish neighborhood St. Patrick's celebration in the world outside of Dublin , Ireland , and was—until being scaled back in 2012—actually larger than Chicago's other St. Patrick's Day parade in the Loop. The South Side parade became such an event that it

1197-536: The CHA Wentworth Gardens housing project. Armour Square is bordered by Bridgeport to the west, Pilsen to the northwest, Douglas and Grand Boulevard to the east and southeast, and with the Near South Side bordering the area to the north, and Fuller Park bordering its southernmost boundary, along Pershing Road. Armour Square is bounded by 18th Street to the north, Pershing Road to

1260-464: The Chicago Imagists . Music in Chicago flourished, with musicians bringing blues and gospel influences up from the South and creating a Chicago sound in blues and jazz that the city is still renowned for. The South Side was known for its R&B acts and the city as a while had successful rock acts. Many major and independent record companies had a presence in Chicago. In 1948, Blues

1323-642: The Chicago Landmark KAM Isaiah Israel . The Southwest Side's ethnic makeup also includes the largest concentration of Gorals ( Carpathian highlanders) outside of Europe; it is the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America . A large Mexican-American population resides in Little Village (South Lawndale) and areas south of 99th Street. The South Side Irish Parade occurs in

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1386-638: The Chicago Plan Commission approved a plan to renovate a vacant Armour Square warehouse building into 47 solar-powered apartments. The Chicago Housing Authority operates a 392-unit residential building for seniors age 62 and up in Armour Square on Wentworth Avenue. In 1900, Charles Comiskey moved his St. Paul Saints to Chicago, where they became the team now known as the Chicago White Sox . They began play at

1449-474: The Chicago Transit Authority , it hosts Midway International Airport , and includes several Metra rail commuter lines. There are portions of the U.S. Interstate Highway System and also national highways such as Lake Shore Drive . There is some debate as to the South Side's boundaries. Originally the sides were taken from the banks of the Chicago River. The city's address numbering system uses

1512-583: The Chicago White Sox . There are three Catholic parishes in Armour Square: Santa Lucia, St. Therese Catholic Community at 218 W. Alexander St., and St. Jerome Croatian Catholic Church . Historical images of Armour Square can be found in Explore Chicago Collections, a digital repository made available by Chicago Collections archives, libraries and other cultural institutions in the city. In September 2022,

1575-525: The Museum of Science and Industry , located in the Palace of Fine Arts, one of the few remaining buildings from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , which was hosted in South Side. The South Side is the residence of other prominent black leaders such as Jesse Jackson and Louis Farrakhan . It is also where U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush , a former Black Panther leader, serves. The South Side has been

1638-824: The Near South Side immediately adjacent. Another definition, taking into account that much of the Near South Side is in effect part of the commercial district extending in an unbroken line from the South Loop, locates the boundary immediately south of 18th Street or Cermak Road , where Chinatown in the Armour Square community area begins. Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries. The southern border changed over time because of Chicago's evolving city limits. The city limits are now at 138th Street, in Riverdale and Hegewisch . The South Side

1701-781: The South Side Park on 39th Street in Armour Square, and have remained in the neighborhood ever since. No other major professional sports franchise has played in the same neighborhood longer than the White Sox. In 1910, Comiskey Park opened just 4 blocks north of South Side Park on a site that was formerly a junkyard. The Park remained the home of the Sox until 1990, when it was the oldest park in Major League Baseball . The new Comiskey Park, currently known as Guaranteed Rate Field , opened in 1991 across 35th Street from

1764-473: The 1940s. Other four-year educational institutions there are the Illinois Institute of Technology , St. Xavier University , Chicago State University , Illinois College of Optometry and Shimer College . The South Side also hosts community colleges such as Olive-Harvey College , Kennedy-King College and Richard J. Daley College . Chicago Public Schools operates the public schools on

1827-511: The 1970s and 1980s. In the late 20th century, the South Side had some of the poorest housing conditions in the U.S., but the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) began replacing the old high-rise public housing with mixed-income , lower-density developments, part of the city's Plan for Transformation. Many of the CHA's massive public housing projects, which lined several miles of South State Street, have been demolished. Among

1890-465: The 1970s gangs returned to violence and the drug trade. By 2000, traditionally all-male gangs crossed gender lines to include about 20% females. By the 1930s, the city of Chicago boasted that over 25% of its residential structures were less than 10 years old, many of which were bungalows . These continued to be built in the working-class South Side into the 1960s. Studio apartments , with Murphy beds and kitchenettes or Pullman kitchens , comprised

1953-631: The Armour Square community area is not to be confused with the West Argyle Street Historic District , sometimes called "New Chinatown", which is on the North Side of Chicago in and around Argyle Street and hosts Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Thai and other Southeast Asian homes and businesses. The Armour Square community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In

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2016-618: The Bronzeville neighborhood, through the main portion of the South Side. Neighborhood rehabilitation, and in some cases, gentrification, can be seen in parts of Washington Park , Woodlawn (#42) and Bronzeville, as well as in Bridgeport and McKinley Park. Historic Pullman 's redevelopment is another example of a work in progress. Chinatown is located on the South Side and has seen a surge in growth. It has become an increasingly popular destination for both tourists and locals alike and

2079-473: The Dan Ryan divided Daley's own neighborhood, the traditionally Irish Bridgeport, from Bronzeville. The economic conditions that led to migration into the South Side were not sustained. Mid-century industrial restructuring in meat packing and the steel industry cost many jobs. Blacks who became educated and achieved middle-class jobs also left after the Civil Rights Movement to other parts of

2142-487: The Royal Gardens Cafe was sold to Mrs. Florence Majors, and sometime between February and July 1921 its name was changed to Lincoln Gardens. Under her tenure King Oliver took over as the resident band leader at the hall from 17 June 1922 until February 1924; leading King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. After Oliver departed for a four-month tour elsewhere, several of his band members stayed behind to continue leading

2205-717: The South Side as exhibited by Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940). President Obama announced in 2015 that the Barack Obama Presidential Center would be built adjacent the University of Chicago campus. Both Washington Park and Jackson Park were considered and it was announced in July 2016 that it would be built in Jackson Park. The South Side is served by mass transit as well as roads and highways. Midway International Airport

2268-463: The South Side can generally be divided into a White and Hispanic Southwest Side, a largely Black South Side and a smaller, more racially diverse Southeast Side centered on the East Side community area and including the adjacent community areas of South Chicago , South Deering and Hegewisch . The differing interpretations of the boundary between the South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of

2331-632: The South Side such as Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940), went to the U. S. Supreme Court . The case, which reset the limitations of res judicata , successfully challenged racial restrictions in the Washington Park Subdivision by reopening them for legal argument. Blacks resided in Bronzeville (around 35th and State Streets) in an area called "the Black Belt". After World War II , blacks spread across

2394-653: The South Side to rest of the city. The South Side is served by the Red , Green and Orange lines of the CTA and the Rock Island District , Metra Electric and South Shore Metra lines and a few stops on the SouthWest Service Metra line. Standard local metropolitan bus service and CTA express service bus routes provide service to the Loop. Chicago's African American community, concentrated on

2457-546: The South Side's Bridgeport community area, which also produced two other Chicago Mayors. University of Chicago Lab School , affiliated with the University of Chicago, is a private school located there. The South Side is home to many official landmarks and other notable buildings and structures. It hosts three of the four Chicago Registered Historic Places from the original October 15, 1966 National Register of Historic Places list ( Chicago Pile-1 , Robie House and Lorado Taft Midway Studios ). One Museum Park , which

2520-421: The South Side, descendants of earlier immigrants, such as ethnic Irish, began to move out. Later housing pressures and civic unrest caused more whites to leave the area and the city. Older residents of means moved to newer suburban housing as new migrants entered the city, driving further demographic changes. The South Side was racially segregated for many decades. During the 1920s and 1930s, housing cases on

2583-561: The South Side, experienced an artistic movement from the 1930s until the 1960s. The movement was concentrated in and around the Hyde Park community area. Prominent writers and artists included Gwendolyn Brooks , Margaret Burroughs , Elizabeth Catlett , Eldzier Cortor , Gordon Parks , and Richard Wright . Other Chicago Black Renaissance artists included Willard Motley , William Attaway , Frank Marshall Davis , and Margaret Walker . St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton represented

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2646-456: The South Side, including DuSable High School , Simeon Career Academy , John Hope College Prep High School and Phillips Academy High School . The De La Salle Institute , located in the Douglas community area across the street from Chicago Police Department headquarters, has taught five Chicago Mayors : Richard J. Daley , Michael A. Bilandic , Martin H. Kennelly , Frank J. Corr and Richard M. Daley . Three of these mayors hail from

2709-510: The South Side; its center, east, and western portions. The Black Belt arose from discriminatory real estate practices by whites against blacks and other racial groups. In the early 1960s, during the tenure of then Mayor Richard J. Daley , the construction of the Dan Ryan Expressway created controversy. Many perceived the highway's location as an intentional physical barrier between white and black neighborhoods, particularly as

2772-424: The Southwest Side exclusively, the northern portion has a high concentration of Hispanics, the western portion has a high concentration of whites, and the eastern portion has a high concentration of blacks. Architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicago's Bungalow Belt, which runs through it. Archer Heights , a Polish enclave along Archer Avenue , which leads toward Midway Airport ,

2835-707: The Yards , Bridgeport , and Pullman host more blue collar and middle-class residents, while Hyde Park , the Jackson Park Highlands District , Kenwood , Beverly , Mount Greenwood , and west Morgan Park range from middle class to more affluent residents. The South Side boasts a broad array of cultural and social offerings, such as professional sports teams, landmark buildings, museums, educational institutions, medical institutions, beaches, and major parts of Chicago's parks system. The South Side has numerous bus routes and 'L' train lines via

2898-590: The city's conference business with various convention centers . The current McCormick Place Convention Center is the largest convention center in the U.S. and the third largest in the world. Previously, the South Side hosted conventions at the Chicago Coliseum and the International Amphitheatre . The Ford City Mall and the surrounding shopping district includes several big-box retailers . The South Side has been home to some of

2961-573: The city, with the other two being the North and West Sides . It radiates and lies south of the city's downtown area, the Chicago Loop . Much of the South Side came from the city's annexation of townships such as Hyde Park . The city's Sides have historically been divided by the Chicago River and its branches. The South Side of Chicago was originally defined as all of the city south of

3024-552: The city. Street gangs have been prominent in some South Side neighborhoods for over a century, beginning with those of Irish immigrants, who established the first territories in a struggle against other European and black migrants. Some other neighborhoods stayed relatively safe for a big city. By the 1960s, gangs such as the Vice Lords began to improve their public image, shifting from criminal ventures to operating social programs funded by government and private grants. However, in

3087-404: The first black Mayor of Chicago , as well as groundbreaking Congressman William L. Dawson , achieved political success from the South Side. The University of Chicago is one of the world's leading universities, counting 97 affiliated Nobel laureates . At Chicago Pile-1 at the university, the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved under the direction of Enrico Fermi in

3150-411: The first years of the 20th century, the facility was originally a segregated dance hall by practice if not by law, that featured bands with only white musicians and patrons. This business closed sometime before 1918 after two police officers were murdered on the premises. The Chicago City Council had banned any further club or cabaret from opening at the location following this event. The effort to open

3213-704: The largest were the Robert Taylor Homes . Some census tracts (4904 in Roseland , 7106 in Auburn Gresham ) are 99% black. The South Side covers over 50% of the city's land area alone. It has a higher ratio of single-family homes and larger sections zoned for industry than the North or West Sides. Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago , as well as the South Side's largest Jewish population, centered on Chicago's oldest synagogue ,

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3276-443: The main branch of the Chicago River, but it now excludes the Loop. The South Side has a varied ethnic composition and a great variety of income levels and other demographic measures. It has a reputation for crime, although most crime is contained within certain neighborhoods, not throughout the South Side itself, and residents range from affluent to middle class to poor. South Side neighborhoods such as Armour Square , Back of

3339-414: The most significant figures in the history of American politics. These include Richard J. Daley and his son, Richard M. Daley ; the first black U.S. President , Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama ; the first black female U.S. Senator , Carol Moseley Braun ; and the first black presidential candidate to win a primary, Jesse Jackson . Before them, Harold Washington , a Congressman and

3402-546: The musicians at the establishment; including Johnny Dodds , Baby Dodds , and Honore Dutrey . They were joined by trumpeter Bob Shoffner until Oliver's return in June 1924. After a fire significantly damaged the hall in late 1924, it was beautifully refurbished and reopened on 28 October 1925 as the New Charleston Café. The hall's name was later changed to the Café de Paris sometime before it closed in June 1927 when it

3465-422: The neighborhood speaks Chinese at home. The 3406 census tract in the south of Armour Square is 99% black or African American. Armour Square's most recognizable landmarks are the historic Armour Square Park and nearby Guaranteed Rate Field , which sits at the southeast corner of W.35th and Shields Avenue, on the neighborhood's southernmost end. Guaranteed Rate is home to the Major League Baseball franchise,

3528-470: The new wave of intellectual expression in literature by depicting the culture of the urban ghetto rather than the culture of blacks in the South in the monograph Black Metropolis . In 1961, Burroughs founded the DuSable Museum of African American History . By the late 1960s the South Side had a robost art movement led by Jim Nutt , Gladys Nilsson , Karl Wirsum and others, who became known as

3591-549: The numbers expanded with the Great Migration , as blacks left the agrarian South seeking a better future in the industrial North, including the South Side. By 1910, the black population in Chicago reached 40,000, with 78% residing in the Black Belt. Extending 30 blocks, mostly between 31st and 55th Streets, along State Street , but only a few blocks wide, it developed into a vibrant community dominated by black businesses, music, food and culture. As more blacks moved into

3654-411: The old ballpark. Comiskey Park was then demolished in 1991 and converted into a parking lot. A plaque embedded in the asphalt marks the spot where home plate was on the original field. Chicago's Chinatown is located in the Armour Square community area centered on and around Cermak and Wentworth Avenues, and is an example of an American Chinatown , or ethnic-Chinese neighborhood. The Chinatown in

3717-441: The phrase: "The Union Stock Yard, Chicago is ..." The Union Stock Yard Gate marking the old entrance to stockyards was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24, 1972, and a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1981. Other South Side regions have been known for great wealth, such as Prairie Avenue . 21st century redevelopment includes One Museum Park and One Museum Park West . The South Side accommodates much of

3780-517: The south, the Union Pacific railroad tracks on the west and the Dan Ryan Expressway to the east. Armour Square has historically been a predominantly white , working-class neighborhood with a particularly significant population of both Italian-Americans and Croatian-Americans . With its location being immediately south of Chinatown, today the neighborhood also has a large Asian population as well. A 2014 survey found that 46.6% of

3843-534: Was broadcast on Chicago's CBS affiliate . Following the 2009 parade, organizers stated the group was "not planning to stage a parade in its present form". The parade was cancelled in 2010 and 2011 before being revived with more strict security and law enforcement. The Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic , the second largest parade in the U.S. and the nation's largest black parade, runs annually on Martin Luther King Drive between 31st and 51st Streets in

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3906-407: Was introduced by Aristocrat Records (later Chess Records ). Muddy Waters and Chess Records quickly followed with Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Walter , Jimmy Rogers , and Howlin' Wolf . Armour Square, Chicago Armour Square is a Chicago neighborhood on the city's South Side , as well as a larger, officially defined community area , which also includes Chinatown and

3969-417: Was the target of a bombing suspected to be related to gang warfare. After this the venue remained closed. 41°50′18″N 87°36′53″W  /  41.83833°N 87.61472°W  / 41.83833; -87.61472 South Side, Chicago The South Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago , Illinois, United States. Geographically, it is the largest of the three sections of

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