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33-662: Lincolndale Agricultural School was an adjunct to the New York Catholic Protectory , a facility for orphans, children referred by the courts, or those entrusted by parents who were unable to provide adequate care. The main campus was located in the Parkchester section of the Bronx. The Boys Department was managed by the Christian Brothers , while the girls and younger children were cared for by

66-537: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Protectories ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Auburn System The Auburn system (also known as the New York system and Congregate system ) is a penal method of the 19th century in which prisoners worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during

99-463: A superintendent. In the great majority of cases the institutions were public, but in several states the reformation and correction of delinquents was entrusted in whole or in part to private or religious agencies. San Michéle, the first protectory for youth, was founded at Rome in 1704 by Pope Clement XI . When John Howard, the English prison reformer (1726–90), visited the institution, he read above

132-514: A version of a common cat-o'-nine tails whip to be used in the Auburn Prison. Lynds' version of the whip included a "cow-hide handle, eighteen inches long and wound with leather, with six hemp or flax strands that were twelve to fifteen inches long," and "saturated in shoemaker's wax, the weight of which increased the severity of the blows." In 1839 a prisoner died from neglect and over-flogging. The committee of Auburn and other staff members of

165-539: The Auburn Theological Seminary petitioned to bring the issue of the punishments to the State government. "The law stated that six blows on the naked back with the 'cat' or six-stranded whip was the most punishment that could be assigned for any one offense." In 1846 another meeting was congregated to abolish the use of whips. Flagellation could only be used for riots or severe cases. When whipping

198-804: The Sisters of Charity of New York . In 1902, the brothers opened St. Philip's Home on Broome Street in Manhattan as transitional housing for boys who had "aged out" of the Protectory's care program. It assisted with job placement and served as a center to help former students establish themselves to live independently. In 1907, the Protectory purchased a number of farms in Lincolndale, a hamlet in Somers in Westchester County, New York . While

231-593: The 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, New York , as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it quickly replaced in the United States. Whigs favored this system because it promised to rehabilitate criminals by teaching them personal discipline and respect for work, property, and other people. Most unique about this system, and most important to it, however,

264-410: The 1840s, the prison began to produce silk using silk worms and trees. The Auburn correctional facility was the first prison to profit from prisoner labor. To ensure silence and to compel prisoners to work, agent Lynds, at first hired to oversee construction and command workers, used several methods of violence and coercion. The prison had many sightseers in the 19th century. The goal of this system

297-496: The Archdiocese of Montreal. In England: for boys, at Walthamstow , Essex; Farnworth , Lancashire; Birkdale , Lancashire and Market Weighton , Yorkshire and for girls, at Bristol, Gloucestershire and Liverpool, Lancashire. In Scotland, at Parkhead, Glasgow. In Ireland: for boys, at Glencree, Co. Wicklow, and Philipstown, King's Co.; for girls, at Drumcondra, Co. Dublin. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

330-618: The Auburn system. Within the next fifteen years, the system was used in prisons in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Upper Canada, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Illinois, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Indiana, and Michigan. Among notable elements of the Auburn system were striped uniforms , lockstep , and silence. During the 19th century, prisoners had no rights nor any opportunity to live semi-comfortably. The Auburn system established several characteristics that were unique to

363-467: The boys at the Parkchester campus received training in the building trades, printing, shoemaking, tailoring, photography, and other potential job-related skills, the boys at Lincolndale learned farming and agricultural skills, with the intent that they might be placed out on farms. Rather than living in a large dormitory, a number of cottages were built, each housing fifty boys, with each cottage under

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396-576: The call the uniforms "'poison.'" In 1821 a new principal keeper, Elam Lynds, was appointed to run the prison. He believed in the disciplinary power of the lash , and used flogging to punish even minor infractions. According to historian Robin Bernstein, Lynds also prevented inmates from communicating with their families as a part of the severe practice of isolation within the Auburn System. To maintain discipline through whipping, Lynds created

429-566: The direction of two brothers. The School produced its own food on the dairy farm and truck farm. Fruits and vegetables were canned and preserved. In "Brother Barnabas" by W. J. Battersby PhD, it states BB became director in January 1909 of the school renaming it the next month for Abraham Lincoln. He was there until 1914. This seems more likely than 1912 since he was appointed to serve on a White House Child Welfare committee in 1909 . Protectory#New York Catholic Protectory A protectory

462-589: The entrance this inscription: "Clement XI, Supreme Pontiff, for the reformation and education of criminal youths, to the end that those who when idle had been injurious to the State, might, when better instructed and trained, become useful to it. In the Year of Grace 1704; of the Pontiff, the fourth". On a marble slab inserted in one of the interior walls he read further: "It is of little use to restrain criminals by punishment, unless you reform them by education". This became

495-628: The keynote of modern penology . The inmates worked together by day in a large hall where was hung up in large letters, visible to all, the Latin word silentium , indicating that the work must go on in silence. At night they slept in separate cells. This system of associated or congregate labour in silence by day and cellular separation at night, for which, under the name of the Auburn System , so much excellence has been claimed in American penology,

528-639: The largest child welfare organization in the country. By the mid 1860s, many children in New York City were the offspring of immigrants living in squalid and disease-ridden neighborhoods. Adding to the destitution was the fact that casualties of the Civil War left many women widows and their children fatherless. "The Society for the Protection of Destitute Roman Catholic Children in the City of New York"

561-551: The library or recreational facilities. According to the 1910 Report of Benevolent Institutions, young African-American men numbered among the 100 residents. At the Lincoln Agricultural School, a subsidiary institution, the boys also receive a training in dairy-farming and other agriculture. In 1938, due to high overhead and declining residents with other resources and options available, the Girls' Department

594-427: The lockstep as they performed it, 'stamping and gesticulating as if they were engaged in a game of romps.'" Lynds also instituted the notorious striped prison uniform in order to "break prisoners psychologically as well as physically." The clothing at the prison was a grayish material with horizontal stripes. During the intake process, each prisoner was stripped of their own clothing and belongings and forced to put on

627-415: The nucleus of the new establishment that later grew to vast proportions on Randalls Island . Boston followed with a similar institution in 1826; Philadelphia in 1828; and in 1855 a girls' reformatory was founded at Lancaster, Massachusetts on the family or cottage plan, dividing the institution into three separate houses of thirty girls each, with their three matrons, all under the general supervision of

660-451: The prison uniform, sometimes new, but most often they were used and in poor shape. One African American prisoner who was incarcerated at Auburn Prison during the early nineteenth century, Austin Reed (author) , "called the outfit 'robes of disgrace.'" Reformers of the era, like Samuel Gridley Howe , also held disdain for the prison uniforms. Howe, an abolitionist and physician, went so far as

693-500: The violence that took place to keep prisoners silent and keep them at work, since officers always made sure that tourists were not around when inflicting punishments such as whippings. Elam Lynds, in association with John D. Cray, developed a revolutionary system of transporting convicts within the prison. The prisoners marched in unison, and locked their arms to the convict in front of them. The prisoners had to look to one side, and were not allowed to look at guards or other inmates. This

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726-514: The warden's wishes. Prisoners were not allowed to speak to one another while at work, in line, or while in their cells. The second characteristic of the Auburn system was community activities during regimented times during the day in the form of work. Some of these included making " nails , barrels , clothing , shoes and boots , carpets , buttons , carpenters ' tools, steam engines and boilers , combs , harnesses, furniture, brooms , clocks , buckets and pails, saddle trees...". During

759-427: The world of disciplinary conditions. Silence was the biggest factor among rules for the prisoners. John D. Cray, a deputy warden at the Auburn Prison, and Elam Lynds , agent and keeper, demanded that prisoners be completely silent to take away the prisoners' "sense of self" and prevent solidarity from forming between the prisoners as they were forced to labor. When the "sense of self" was taken away, many convicts obeyed

792-419: Was "the yoke". The yoke used iron bars around the neck and arms of the prisoners. In the early days of the prison, women inmates were held in the windowless attic atop the high security prison. They shared a single room and slept in the same area where they worked, primarily at "picking wool, knitting, and spooling." In 1838 all women prisoners were transferred to the then-new female wing at Sing Sing . In 1892

825-533: Was a Catholic institution for the shelter and training of the young, designed to afford neglected or abandoned children shelter, food, raiment and the rudiments of an education in religion, morals, science and manual training or industrial pursuits. Institutions of this nature were once found in most of the dioceses of the United States . They were usually opened to receive orphans , truants , juvenile delinquents, and destitute children. The largest, by far,

858-413: Was called the "lockstep," which prisoners were forced to march in between every task and movement from one end of the prison to the other. Incarcerated men, however, resisted such forms of control in numerous ways, including passing notes, whispering, and even using ventriloquism to communicate with one another. According to historian Robin Bernstein, "some prisoners, particularly African Americans, parodied

891-522: Was chartered in 1863. St. Philip's Home was opened in 1902 at 417 Broome Street in Manhattan as transitional housing for boys who had "aged out" of the Protectory home. The Protectory's main office was at 415 Broome Street. It was run by the Christian Brothers and could accommodate about 100 young men. There former students were assisted with job placement and housing for those who were unemployed or homeless. Some would visit on weekends to use

924-451: Was closed and the Boys' relocated to the Lincolndale facility. The 129-acre main campus was sold to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, which constructed the Parkchester planned-housing development on the site. Similar institutions were: in the United States, at Arlington, New Jersey (Diocese of Newark); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Utica, New York (Diocese of Syracuse). In Canada, 4 in

957-446: Was prohibited, guards and keepers sought new ways to punish the disorderly. "The shower bath consisted of a barrel about 4½ feet high with a discharge tube at the bottom. The prisoner was stripped naked, bound hand and foot, with a wooden collar around his neck to prevent him moving his head. The barrel, with the inmate inside, was placed directly under an outlet pipe, where water, sometimes iced, would pour down." Another form of punishment

990-641: Was the Catholic Protectory in New York. Secular protectories or reform schools , or euphemistically termed "training schools", were instituted in America during the initial quarter of the nineteenth century. On 1 January 1825, the House of Refuge was opened with appropriate exercises on what is now Madison Square, New York City . Nine children, just gathered from the streets, were present and formed

1023-453: Was the fact that it was supported by state-funded capitalism and was driven by profit. Soon after its development, New York State adopted this system with the help of Elam Lynds , agent and keeper of Auburn Prison, for its third state prison, Sing Sing Prison . Several other states followed suit shortly after and adopted the for-profit prison system designed in Auburn. By 1829, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. adopted

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1056-572: Was thus inaugurated at Rome in the beginning of the eighteenth century, more than a hundred years prior to the introduction of the method into use here. The same pontiff established in connexion with this foundation of San Michéle a special court for the trial of offenders under twenty years of age, a plan that has re-appeared in the Juvenile Courts established in America and elsewhere for the trial of delinquents under (seventeen years of) age. The New York Catholic Protectory was, at one time,

1089-436: Was to instill good work habits and ideas of industry that were supposed to be rehabilitative. Tourists could visit the prison for a fee, adding to the prison's profits. Adults in the 1840s could visit for twenty-five cents, whereas children could enter for half the adult price. Prisoners were not allowed to speak or look at tourists during these visits. While tourists could watch prisoners as they worked, tourists did not witness

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