67-522: 51°30′58″N 0°07′00″W / 51.5161°N 0.1166°W / 51.5161; -0.1166 Lincoln's Inn Fields is the largest public square in London . It was laid out in the 1630s under the initiative of the speculative builder and contractor William Newton, "the first in a long series of entrepreneurs who took a hand in developing London", as Sir Nikolaus Pevsner observes. The original plan for "laying out and planting" these fields, drawn by
134-708: A winding cloth , rising for the moment of judgement. This depiction, Donne's own idea, was sculpted from a painting for which the Poet posed. Another of Stone's finest works is the effigy of Elizabeth, Lady Carey in the parish church at Stowe Nine Churches , Northamptonshire, is considered one of his masterpieces. While other surviving examples of his monuments to the dead include those to: Sir Francis Vere, Earl of Middlesex ; Sir Dudley Digges at Chilham church, Kent ; Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton , in Dover Castle (removed to Greenwich); Sir Thomas Sutton , at
201-577: A bust of The 1st Earl of Danby , who founded the garden in 1621 and commissioned the gateways. In 1637, Stone designed a new entrance porch for the University Church of St Mary the Virgin , Oxford, this was one of his most spectacular works, in a European baroque design. The porch's heavy Baroque is quite unlike the eventual form the style was later to take in England. A huge scrolled pediment
268-621: A context where most sculptors in stone were "mason-sculptors", in modern terms combining sculpture with architecture. The quality of his sculptural work is variable, probably because much of it was done by his workshop colleagues. Netherlandish influence was dominant in English sculpture, and in Stone's training, but the importation of classical antiquities by collectors influenced his later work. There continued to be few sculpture commissions other than tombs in England during his career, and he developed
335-522: A fire in 1684). It remains substantially in its form of c. 1700, although a remodelling in 1930 by Edwin Lutyens gives it a curiously pastiche appearance. As London fashion moved west, Lincoln's Inn Fields was left to rich lawyers who were attracted by its proximity to the Inns of Court . In this way the former Newcastle House became in 1790 the premises of the firm of solicitors Farrer & Co , which
402-569: A leading set of commercial barristers ' chambers, known as Essex Court Chambers after their own former premises at 4 Essex Court in the Temple . Essex Court Chambers now occupy five buildings, nos. 24–28 Lincoln's Inn Fields. Other barristers' chambers, including leading family law chambers 1GC Family Law, have since then also set up in Lincoln's Inn Fields, but solicitors' firms still outnumber them there. In Charles Dickens ' novel Bleak House ,
469-533: A new garden house just built in the Villa Ludovisi , Rome, "for Mr Paston", and marbles, architectural books (Vignola, Vitruvius, and Maggi's Le fontane di Roma ), and plaster casts sent home from Livorno. With the onset of the Civil War , commissions from Sir William abruptly ceased in 1642; five years later, his outstanding account was settled, for £24. Christopher Hatton was rebuilding Kirby Hall in
536-564: A period of ownership in the 18th century by the earls of Lindsey. Another seventeenth-century survival is now 66 Lincoln's Inn Fields, which was built for Lord Powis and known as Powis House . The charter of the Bank of England was sealed there on 27 July 1694. It was in 1705 acquired by the Duke of Newcastle (whereupon it became known as Newcastle House ) who had it remodelled by Sir John Vanbrugh (following earlier work by Christopher Wren after
603-597: A sculptor, who worked under Bernini in Rome. The outbreak of the civil war put an end to Stone's career, and he was to personally suffer. Like Inigo Jones, he was seen by the Puritans as a royal architect; his son, John, fought for the Royalists during the civil war. According to a presentation to King Charles II, in 1690 after the restoration, Stone had been 'sequestered, plundered and imprisoned' because of his loyalty to
670-535: A tomb for her at Dunglass in Scotland. In 1613 Stone married Mayken de Keyser, the daughter of his master, Hendrick de Keyser . The year after his marriage Stone returned to England with his wife, settling in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields , Westminster, where they remained throughout their lives. The marriage produced three sons: John (1620–1667), a sculptor; Henry Stone (1616–1653) an artist most notable for his copies of Van Dyck and Nicholas (1618–1647),
737-475: Is centered on the terraced parterres , in the lowest of which, he says, stood the fountain of two tiers of bold opposed scrolls supporting a shallow basin, re-erected after the Oxnead sale at the rival Norfolk house, Blickling Hall . Repton's drawing showed the banqueting house constructed as a wing; its style was so advanced for its date in the 1630s that the younger Repton concluded that it had been "erected by
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#1732801898244804-673: Is still there: their clients include Queen Elizabeth II . The Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre was located in the Fields from 1661 to 1848, when it was demolished. This, originally called the Duke's Theatre, was created by converting Lisle's Tennis Court in 1695. The theatre presented the first paid public performances of Henry Purcell 's Dido and Aeneas in 1700, John Gay 's The Beggar's Opera in January 1728, and George Frideric Handel 's final two operas in 1740 and 1741. Lincoln's Inn Fields
871-512: Is supported by a pair of massive solomonic columns , an ancient architectural feature revived, in Italy, as a feature of the Baroque, and used most notably, as Stone would have been aware, for the baldacchino at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which has been completed by Bernini just four years earlier. The obvious European, and thus Catholic, design of the porch was later to cause problems for
938-702: Is thought to have made the portico to the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam . In 1613 he returned to London with Bernard Janssens, a fellow pupil of de Keyser and settled in Long Acre , St Martin-in-the-Fields , where he established a large practice and workshops and soon became the leading English sculptor of funeral monuments. Stone owed his early success in London in part to Inigo Jones, the King's Surveyor. In 1616 Stone
1005-659: The London Charterhouse (with Janssens); Sir Robert Drury at Hawstead church, Suffolk ; Sir William Stonhouse at Radley church, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire); Sir Thomas Bodley at Merton College , Oxford (1612-May 1615), with his bust in an oval niche flanked by pilasters of stacked books; Thomas, Lord Knivett , at Stanwell , Middlesex (1623); Sir William Pope, in Wroxton church, near Banbury; Sir Nicholas Bacon , in Redgrave church , Suffolk (with Janssens),
1072-536: The "Patterne of the greate gate" in Foster Lane and patterns for the ceiling, wainscoting and the screen in the Great Hall and wainscot panelling in the parlour and the great chamber above it. His surveillance over workmen who found themselves working in a new manner, to which their apprenticeships had not accustomed them, can be sensed in his notation concerning Cornbury Park, where he contracted to "dereckt all
1139-458: The 18th century for many monuments in the metropolis and in the country: they were for Sir George Villiers and his wife, the Countess of Buckingham (c 1631), and for Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, and his wife (after 1638). Stone's 1631 monument to Dr John Donne , at St Paul's Cathedral is considered to be among his most remarkable. It depicts the poet, standing upon an urn, dressed in
1206-536: The 18th century. Lincoln's Inn was situated in the county of Middlesex . Up to the 17th century cattle were grazed upon the fields, which were part of the Holborn grassland named Pursefield and belonged to St Giles Hospital. In the report of excavations of 64 Lincoln's Inn Fields, it is noted that one Katherine Smyth, the owner of the White Hart Inn on Drury Lane, leased the land from 1520. It then reverted to
1273-721: The Crown, and was used as pasture and occasionally for an execution. The use of the pastures meant that turnstiles were placed around the square to enable pedestrians to enter without the animals escaping. Shops and other businesses developed along these footpaths, and some of these alleys still exist – the Great and Little Turnstile . Schemes for redevelopment of the fields by Inigo Jones and Charles Cornwallis in 1613 and 1618 were unsuccessful. William Newton gained permission, however, to erect 32 houses in what became known as Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1638 for an annual fee of £5 6s 8d. However,
1340-659: The English types of the previous century. Nicholas Stone was born in 1586, the son of a quarryman of Woodbury , near Exeter . He was first apprenticed to Isaac James, a Dutch-born London mason working in Southwark , London. When the sculptor Hendrik de Keyser (1567–1621), master mason to the City of Amsterdam, visited London in 1606, Stone was introduced to him and contracted to work for him in Holland , where he married de Keyser's daughter and worked with his son Pieter . Stone
1407-492: The Fields were enclosed within an iron railing, on account of the then Master of the Rolls , Sir Joseph Jekyll , being ridden over by a horse. An alternative version of the story claims that Jekyll was attacked for his support of an Act of Parliament raising the price of gin. From 1750 to 1992, the solicitors Frere Cholmeley were in premises on the north side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, after which their buildings were taken over by
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#17328018982441474-623: The Roman Arundel marbles , and this is reflected in two of his works, both in Westminster Abbey , the memorial to Sir John Holles and his brother Francis both dressed Roman armour reflecting classical influence, something new to England. It has been said that until this time English sculpture resembled that described by the Duchess of Malfi : "the figure cut in alabaster kneels at my husband's tomb." A taste for realism, in part
1541-763: The Virgin in Oxford, it is crowned by a broken segmented pediment - again, a strong Baroque feature. Stone's Goldsmith's Hall was burnt to a standing shell in the Great Fire of London , rebuilt, and eventually demolished in 1829. Stone also designed Digges chapel, Chilham church, Kent , for Sir Dudley Digges to contain his monument to Lady Digges (1631, demolished); Cornbury House, Oxfordshire, partly rebuilt by Stone 1632-33 (altered); Copt Hall, Essex, 1638-39 (demolished in 1748). He worked for Mary, Countess of Home at her London townhouse in Aldersgate and also planned
1608-425: The advent of England's brief Baroque period which began in the 1690s. When servant's became confined out of sight to their own designated areas rather than sharing rooms with their employers. This was an important milestone in English domestic design. Another strong Baroque feature of Goldsmith's Hall was the massive porch, rather than a more Palladian portico, similar, but more restrained in design than that of St Mary
1675-647: The basement windows and oval windows, recalled by local people, in a mezzanine above. Stone provided a magnificent chimneypiece that cost £80 and another for the banqueting house, a balcony with two door surrounds and an architrave in Portland stone , a "copper branch"— probably a cast bronze candelabrum— weighing 166 pounds, and an achievement of the Paston arms. There were many miscellaneous carved furnishings, picture frames and stands for tables, balustrades and paving-stones, and busts of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina. For
1742-420: The building licence was only given if the central area remained an outdoor space open to the public. Quarry pits were discovered in the excavations at No. 64 (see above), probably for building materials, in particular, gravel. In the fill of one was a fragment of a ' fuddling cup ', a drinking vessel which made it deliberately difficult to drink from without spillage. When originally laid out, Lincoln's Inn Fields
1809-424: The building of Inigo Jones ' Banqueting House, Whitehall , but the execution of elaborate funerary monuments for some of the most prominent of his era that were avant-garde by English standards. As an architect he worked in the Baroque style providing England with some of its earliest examples of the style that was not to find favour in the country for another sixty years, and then only fleetingly. He worked in
1876-714: The building of a water gate to give access to the Thames from the gardens, at that time the river being a favoured method of transport on London. With the Banqueting House , it is one of the few surviving reminders in London of the Italianate court style of Charles I . The water gate is believed to have been designed by Stone. However, like the Banqueting House, the design of the water gate has been attributed to Inigo Jones, with Stone only being credited with
1943-521: The building. It has also been attributed to the diplomat and painter Sir Balthazar Gerbier . The similarity of the architecture to the Danby Gate ( below ) and its bold vermicelli rusticated design in a confident Serlian manner indicate that it is by the same hand as the Danby Gate itself. Today, of the York House complex, only the water gate survives; the house was demolished in 1670 and
2010-413: The career of an architect (then known as a surveyor) of the period. A list of works by Stone's relative John Stoakes includes some work known not to have been designed by Stone, including Inigo Jones' Banqueting House, Whitehall, but permits some attributions, noted below. This amount of information available concerning Stone has led to his importance to English architecture often being overstated. However,
2077-418: The close working relationship that Stone had with both Inigo Jones and Isaac de Caus both of whom worked on the design of Wilton. York House, London, was one of the great houses of the aristocracy which lined the Thames during the 17th century. During the 1620s, it was acquired by the royal favourite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham . The Duke rebuilt and modernised the house and, in 1623, commissioned
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2144-573: The composer Orlando Gibbons , in Canterbury Cathedral (1626); and Sir Julius Caesar , in St Helens, Bishopsgate . Of Stone's non-sepulchre sculpture precious little remains: a chimneypiece, from 1616, at Newburgh Priory depicting mythological standing deities in bas-relief; two crumbling garden statues at Blickling Hall and a collection of statues in good repair at Wilton House . The Wilton House statues, as at Woburn, indicate
2211-406: The crown. Nicholas Stone died at Long Acre , London, on 24 August 1647, and was buried in the parish church at St Martin-in-the-Fields . The sculpted memorial tablet, to the man who had created so many memorials for others, has been lost; only a drawing of it (above) remains to indicate his likeness. Despite being Master Mason to the Crown, and his revolutionary works being for and commemorating
2278-460: The documentation does clearly prove that by 1629 he was England's foremost sculptor and that by the end of his life he held comparable status in architecture. His first appointment in the royal Office of Works was as "master mason and architect" to Windsor Castle in April 1626; in 1632 he succeeded William Cure as Master Mason to the Crown. A consistent private patron over a period of many years
2345-428: The effigy and achievement of arms, stands beside his wife's. Oxnead was emptied of its treasures, sold off and all but demolished, but in 1809 its long-term tenant, John Adey Repton , made a conjectural drawing of it, based on the foundations and recollections of local inhabitants, which was illustrated in W.H. Bartlett and John Britten's Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain 1809, following p. 98. his view
2412-607: The first Earl of Yarmouth, to receive King Charles II. and his attendants, who visited Oxnead in 1676; it was a lofty building, with sash-windows, called the Banquetting-room. Underneath this was a vaulted apartment, which was called the Frisketting room , probably from the Italian 'frescati', a cool grotto." Repton's drawing shows a building of three bays articulated by a giant order, with large rectangular windows over
2479-465: The first instance outside the King's works in which a "surveyor", the predecessor of an architect, was engaged to oversee every detail, a process that seems to have been unfamiliar to the members of the Goldsmiths' Company. The company's official minutes record the detailed designs, vetted by Inigo Jones, that he drew up, not merely the "plotts" or floor plans and street and courtyard elevations but
2546-417: The flanking smaller pediments of the projecting lateral bays. The stone work is heavily decorated being bands of alternating vermicelli rustication and plain dressed stone. The pediments of the lateral bays are seemingly supported by circular columns which frame niches containing statues of Charles I and Charles II in classical pose. The tympanum of the central pediment contains a segmented niche containing
2613-404: The future better secured." The oldest building from this early period is Lindsey House, 59–60 Lincoln's Inn Fields, which was built in 1640 and has been attributed to Inigo Jones . The builder may have been David Cunningham, 1st Baronet of Auchinhervie , a friend of the mason-sculptor Nicholas Stone , who also supervised the rebuilding of Berkhamsted Place for Charles I. It derives its name from
2680-452: The gardens he provided figures of Venus and Cupid, Jupiter, Flora, and, to guard the garden front door, a large figure of Cerberus on a pedestal, all long gone, but Stone's Hercules — and perhaps others— are preserved in the gardens at Blickling. In the garden Stone erected a large iron pergola painted green, surmounted by eight gilded balls. In 1638, he sent his son, Nicholas Stone the younger, to Italy, whence there returned an elevation of
2747-535: The hand of Inigo Jones , was said still to be seen in Lord Pembroke's collection at Wilton House in the 19th century, but its location is now unknown. The grounds, which had remained private property, were acquired by London County Council in 1895 and opened to the public by its chairman, Sir John Hutton , the same year. The square is today managed by the London Borough of Camden and forms part of
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2814-654: The intriguing medical collections of John Hunter ). There is a blue plaque marking the home of the surgeon William Marsden at number 65. On the west side the Royal College of Radiologists has premises at 63 Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the London School of Economics and Political Science owns a number of buildings. Aside from the Royal College of Surgeons, the School will then own the entire south side of
2881-486: The manner in which Inigo Jones' ideas on architecture were disseminated in England. Jones himself advised the Goldsmiths' Company not to further patch its medieval fabric but build it anew. Stone's appointment as surveyor in charge of all the workmen in the design and erection of the new hall, came after a committee of the company had voted on competitive plans offered by ad hoc partnerships of workmen, appears to be
2948-460: The most eminent in the land and being displayed in the country's most prominent buildings, Stone was always thought of as a craftsman, and accorded that status. It was to be his contemporary and less accomplished rival, the French sculptor Hubert Le Sueur , working in bronze, who was to cause the status of a sculptor to be elevated to that of an artist. Evaluated today, Stone's architecture combines
3015-494: The neighbouring building at 57–58, which includes some features designed by Sir John Soane , including a geometric staircase. The London School of Economics and Political Science moved onto the square in 2003, taking the leasehold of 50 Lincoln's Inn Fields, on the corner of Sardinia Street. At the end of 2008, a new £71 million state-of-the-art building housing the LSE's Departments of Law and Management (54 Lincoln's Inn Fields)
3082-455: The new simple classical Palladian style currently fashionable, which had just been introduced to England from Italy by Inigo Jones , and drew his inspiration from an illustration in Serlio 's book of archways. The gateway consists of three bays, each with a pediment . The largest and central bay, containing the segmented arch is recessed, causing its larger pediment to be partially hidden by
3149-549: The north side of the square features Sir John Soane's Museum , home of the architect, at numbers 12, 13 and 14. On the same side, at number 7, is Thomas More Chambers, led by Geoffrey Cox QC MP. Organisations with premises on the south side of the square include the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the Royal College of Surgeons (including the Hunterian Museum , in which are exhibited
3216-619: The porch's patron Archbishop Laud because at the centre of the scrolled pediment was placed a statue of the Virgin and Child , a composition considered to be Roman Catholic idolatry , and later used against the Archbishop at his trial for treason in 1641 following the grand Remonstrance . Today, the statue is still bears the bullet holes cause when it was fired upon by Cromwellian soldiers. Stone designed and built Goldsmiths' Hall, Foster Lane, in 1635–38, which has provided an example of
3283-668: The product of his training in the Netherlands, informs the floor tomb of Sir William Curle (died 1617) in the church at Hatfield, Hertfordshire ; Sir William is sculpted lying in his grave coat, his knees drawn up in his last agonies: "in its sad and poignant realism," observes Colin Platt, "it was as much a culture shock as the Whitehall Banqueting House". Two prominent funeral monuments, Stone's box tombs in Westminster Abbey served as influential models far into
3350-412: The re-opening of Lincoln's Inn Fields with its new railings in 1993, gates have been locked every night at dusk. During the 2008 Muslim holy month of Ramadan , Muslims attended the Fields at sunset to feed the homeless. The nearest London Underground stations are Holborn , Chancery Lane and Temple . List of city squares by size This article lists the 250 largest city squares in
3417-412: The royal works led to the spectacular contract for building Jones's Banqueting House, that placed him in the forefront of London builders. Throughout his life, Stone recorded his work in two journals; These are his autograph notebook (covering the years 1614–1641) and his accounts book (covering 1631–1642). These journals record all his works and patrons, and provide in unequalled detail documentation of
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#17328018982443484-537: The same decade. For him Stone provided "6 Emperors heads, with their pedestals cast in Plaster, moulded from the Antiques" (£7 10s), a "head of Apollo, fairly carved in Portland stone , almost twice as big as life" and "one head carved in stone of Marcus Aurelius" still preserved set in the north front above the loggia (each £4). While Stone's London workshop received commissions for garden statuary, perhaps including
3551-507: The same fields, previously to 1 October in that year, provided that they paid for the public service one year's full value for every such house within one month of its erection; and provided that they should convey the "residue of the said fields" to the Society of Lincoln's Inn, for laying the same into walks for common use and benefit, whereby the annoyances which formerly have been in the same fields will be taken away, and passengers there for
3618-540: The sculptures in Isaac de Caus ' grotto at Woburn Abbey , recently attributed to Nicholas Stone, and for domestic items such as door-cases and chimneypieces , the vast majority of Stone's surviving sculptures are funerary monuments, and it is by these that the quality of his sculpture is today judged. Stone was greatly influenced by the new classicizing fashion for art derived from the Italian Renaissance and
3685-406: The sinister solicitor to the aristocracy, Mr Tulkinghorn, has his offices in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and one of its most dramatic scenes is set there. The description of his building corresponds most closely to Lindsey House. After a spell of being occupied by a firm of patent agents, Lindsey House has become home to the leading civil liberties barristers' chambers, Garden Court Chambers , together with
3752-526: The site redeveloped as Villiers Street. The creation of the Thames embankment in the 19th century caused the gate to be marooned 150 yards (137 m) from the river. The water gate was restored during the 1950s. The Danby gateway to the University of Oxford Botanic Garden is one of three entrances to the garden designed by Nicholas Stone between 1632 and 1633. In this highly ornate arch, Stone ignored
3819-406: The sophisticated classicism of Jones with an uncouth Artisan Mannerism popular at the time. The architectural historian, Howard Colvin 's assessment of Stone's architecture is that he "partly absorbed the new classicism of Inigo Jones, but without accepting its full discipline and without rejecting some of the mannerist or baroque features that he had learned in London and Amsterdam. The result
3886-544: The southern boundary of that borough with the City of Westminster . Lincoln's Inn Fields takes its name from the adjacent Lincoln's Inn , of which the private gardens are separated from the Fields by a perimeter wall and a large gatehouse. The grassed area in the centre of the Fields contains a court for tennis and netball , and a bandstand. It was previously used for corporate events, which are no longer permitted. Cricket and other sports are thought to have been played here in
3953-490: The square. There is a statue by Barry Flanagan , an abstract called Camdonian , in the north-east corner of the square. Also located at 67–69 is the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, the commercial law research and teaching centre of Queen Mary, University of London . During the 1980s Lincoln's Inn Fields attracted many homeless people, who slept there overnight. In 1992, they were cleared out and fences were raised, and since
4020-643: The workmen and mak all thar moldes", providing correctly classical profiles for mouldings for carpenters and plasterers. His fee there of £1000 suggested to John Newman that he combined with the surveyorship considerable mason's work. The placement of windows in the Hall's main facade show that Stone was ahead of his time in plans, smaller windows indicate the existence of mezzanine floors, such as those that exist at Easton Neston and Kinross , these housed small informal rooms, servant's rooms and rooms for housing closestools all features which were not common place until
4087-409: The world in descending order of area. The areas given are as noted in the articles and references provided, but may not be directly comparable. Nicholas Stone Nicholas Stone (1586/87 – 24 August 1647) was an English sculptor and architect . In 1619 he was appointed master-mason to James I , and in 1626 to Charles I . During his career he was the mason responsible for not only
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#17328018982444154-438: Was Sir William Paston , who was modernizing his Elizabethan seat at Oxnead , Norfolk. Paston commissioned from Stone the monument to his mother (died 1629) in the church at Paston, the family's ancient seat; in Stone's note-book, the price came to £340, and Stone remarks that in setting it up he was "very extreordenerly entertayned thar" by the genial Paston. The simpler monument by Stone of Sir Edmund Paston (died 1633), without
4221-489: Was a vernacular classical architecture, of which regrettably little remains today." Stone, as an architect, was at the cutting edge of modernity, his work in the Baroque style while Inigo Jones' was still promoting Palladianism was at odds with contemporary fashion, it was to be almost fifty years from Stone's death before William Talman's Chatsworth House , completed in 1696, was to be hailed as England's first Baroque house, while England's truest Baroque house, Castle Howard ,
4288-475: Was contracted by the depute-treasurer of Scotland Gideon Murray to decorate the chapel at Holyrood Palace with a wooden screen, stalls, and organ case. The carving was done in London and Stone came to Scotland in July 1616 to oversee the installation. He sub-contracted the painting and gilding work to Matthew Goodrick. John Chamberlain wrote that Inigo Jones was in charge of the project. This involvement with
4355-461: Was opened by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. Since then it has taken ownership of Sardinia House (2009), the former Land Registry building at 32 Lincoln's Inn Fields (2010), 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields (previously the home of Cancer Research), 5 Lincoln's Inn Fields (2016) and Nuffield House (2017), to expand to seven its portfolio of buildings on the square. Aside from Lindsey House and Powis House,
4422-511: Was part of fashionable London. The completion of the houses that surrounded it proceeded at a leisurely pace, interrupted by the English Civil War . In 1659 James Cooper, Robert Henley, and Francis Finch and other owners of "certain parcels of ground in the fields, commonly called Lincoln's Inn Fields", were exempted from all forfeitures and penalties which they might incur in regard to any new buildings they might erect on three sides of
4489-563: Was the site, in 1683, of the public beheading of Lord William Russell , son of the first Duke of Bedford, following his implication in the Rye House Plot for the attempted assassination of King Charles II . The executioner was Jack Ketch , who made such a poor job of it that four axe blows were required before the head was separated from the body; after the first stroke, Russell looked up and said to him "You dog, did I give you 10 guineas to use me so inhumanely?". Sometime after 1735
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