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68-492: Linc , The Linc or LINC may refer to: Science [ edit ] LINC , Laboratory Instrument Computer, MIT and DEC, 1962 LINC 4GL , a programming language LINC complex , a protein complex of the cytoskeleton LINC complex, or simply LINC, another name for the DREAM complex Organizations [ edit ] MIT LINC , Learning International Networks Consortium of

136-407: A colorful assortment of shops, restaurants, and bars. Moody Street's booming nightlife, convenience to the commuter rail and lower rents have attracted younger professionals to Waltham in growing numbers in recent years. Moody Street is also referred to as "Restaurant Row" and has become a destination because of the number, variety and quality of its locally owned restaurants. The city of Waltham has

204-483: A computer instruction. The dial box was a convenient user input device at a time before general adoption of the mouse . For example, one knob could control the scaling of a displayed graph, and another might be used as a cursor to display the actual data value at a point. The LINC hardware allowed a 12-bit word to be rapidly and automatically displayed on the screen as a 4-wide by 6-high matrix of pixels, making it possible to display full screens of flicker-free text with

272-509: A democratic process for city-wide decision-making. For over 25 years, the Waltham Arts Council has sponsored "Concerts On Waltham Common", featuring a different musical act each week of the summer, free of charge to attendees. "Concerts On Waltham Common" was created and organized by Stephen Kilgore until his death in 2004. The Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University is devoted to modern and contemporary art. The Rose holds

340-568: A difficult time, the Waltham Traffic Commission closed off a segment of the road to allow businesses to have outdoor dining and storefronts amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Bus stops that would typically be on the blocked off part of Moody St. are temporarily relocated to nearby spots. Restaurants are supportive of the closure, as they can offer outdoor seating and increase their capacity for business. However, Moody Street has

408-417: A division of Becton, Dickinson and Company ). The LINC sold for more than $ 40,000 at the time. A typical configuration included an enclosed 6'X20" rack ; four boxes holding (1) two tape drives, (2) display scope and input knobs, (3) control console and (4) data terminal interface; and a keyboard. The LINC interfaced well with laboratory experiments. Analog inputs and outputs were part of the basic design. It

476-674: A faster clock speed. While Bell in his book says designing the LINC provided the ideas for DEC's second and third machines, the PDP-4 and the PDP-5 . Digital Equipment Corporation would launch the extremely successful PDP-8 before it manufactured the first next-generation LINC-compatible computer, the LINC-8 and a combination PDP-8/I and LINC, combined as the PDP-12 , the last machine incorporating

544-607: A free "Tick Tock Trolley" on Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings from 6pm–11pm for visitors that provides easy access to local municipal parking lots. Starting in 2020, the City of Waltham in Massachusetts has shut down a large portion of the main road, Moody St., to vehicular traffic from May 1 until October 31 annually. Moody Street is lined with restaurants and other small businesses but typically has high volumes of automobile passage. In an effort to assist these businesses in

612-474: A language other than English at home. The age distribution is as follows: 13.7% under 18, 20% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 9.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% 65 or older. The median age was 34. The population was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. The median income for a household was $ 95,851, and per capita was $ 44,977. In 2020, 9.2% of the population and 5% of families lived below the poverty line . 11.7% of those under 18 and 8.45% of those 65 and older lived below

680-420: A minimum of dedicated hardware. The standard display routines generated 4 by 6 character cells, giving the LINC one of the coarsest character sets ever designed. The display screen was a CRT about 5 inches square which was actually a standard Tektronix oscilloscope with special plug-in amplifiers. The special plug-ins could be replaced with standard oscilloscope plug-ins for use in diagnostic maintenance of

748-445: A particular address was accessed. The single-step and the resume functions can be automatically repeated. The repetition rate can be varied over four orders of magnitude by means of an analog knob and a four-position decade switch, from about one step per second to about half of the full speed. Running a program at one step per second and gradually accelerating it to full speed provided an extremely dramatic way to experience and appreciate

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816-424: A portable cart, and equipable with Digital-designed laboratory I/O modules supporting capabilities such as analog input and output. A programming language, MINC BASIC , included integrated support for the laboratory I/O modules. MINC stood for "Modular Instrument Computer." The name undoubtedly was intended to evoke memories of the LINC, but the 16-bit machine had no architectural resemblance to, or compatibility with,

884-414: A unique locking solenoid. The internal mechanism of each key had a slot that worked with a set of bars to encode the character and another slot that caught a locking bar, which locked all the keys in one mechanical movement of the locking solenoid. When the user pressed a key, the pressed key was locked in its down position, and all the other keys were locked in the up position. When the running program read

952-672: A variety of exhibitions and programs, and collections are free and open to the public. The city's history is also celebrated at a number of museums, monuments, and archives. The Charles River Museum of Industry & Innovation , the Waltham Watch Factory historic district, the Gore Estate, the Lyman Estate, and the Robert Treat Payne Estate are among the most well known of the 109 sites in

1020-442: A variety of other businesses like small grocery stores, clothing stores, and jewelers. Some of these non-restaurant business owners oppose repeating the plan in the future, arguing that closing off the road makes their businesses less accessible due to a lack of automobile access. While Waltham has included a variety of stakeholders in the process of the street closure, it is crucial that they continue to do so in order to continue using

1088-876: A well regarded Ugandan eatery. Wilberforce Kateregga, a Ugandan immigrant to Waltham has since established Waltham College Uganda in Seeta Nazigo, Uganda, a boarding school for over 300 orphans and children affected by AIDS. The school was named in honor of Kateregga's new home city. Among the companies based in Waltham are medtech corporation PerkinElmer , biopharmaceutical services provider Paraxel , energy supply company Global Partners , data services provider Lionbridge , Steel Connect , broker-dealer Commonwealth Financial Network , technology companies Care.com and StudentUniverse , research and development organization Education Development Center (EDC), provisioner of scientific instrumentation Thermo Fisher Scientific , and

1156-594: Is French-born American conductor, Patrick Botti. Open space in the city is protected by the Waltham Land Trust . Waltham embraces its ethnic diversity in a number of festivals. The annual Latinos en Acción Festival celebrates the many Puerto Rican, Mexican, Peruvian, and Guatemalan residents. It is held by Latinos in Action, a local nonprofit group that helps the Latino population register to vote, understand

1224-472: Is also remembered for its reliability, which was higher than that of the diskettes which supplanted it. LINCtape incorporated a very simple form of redundancy—all data was duplicated in two locations across the tape. LINC users demonstrated this by punching holes in a tape with an ordinary office paper punch. Tape damaged in this way was perfectly readable. The formatting track made operation almost independent of tape speed, which was, in fact, quite variable. There

1292-653: Is currently represented in the United States House of Representatives by Katherine Clark . Waltham is also represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by State Representative John J. Lawn and State Representative Thomas M. Stanley, and in the Massachusetts Senate by Senator Michael Barrett . Waltham is close to several U.S. interstate highways. Interstate 95 , multiplexed with Route 128 , runs through

1360-652: The Lyman Estate , a 400-acre (1.6 km ) estate built in 1793 by Boston merchant Theodore Lyman . In 1857, the Waltham Model 1857 watch was produced by the American Watch Company in the city of Waltham, Massachusetts. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Waltham was home to the brass era automobile manufacturer Metz , where the first production motorcycle in the U.S. was built. Another first in Waltham industrial history involves

1428-505: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 13.6 square miles (35 km ), of which 12.7 square miles (33 km ) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km ) (6.69%) is water. Waltham has several neighborhoods or villages, including: It is bordered to the west by Weston and Lincoln , to the south by Newton , to the east by Belmont and Watertown , and to the north by Lexington . As of

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1496-605: The Waltham-Lowell system of labor and production. The city is now a center for research and higher education as home to Brandeis University and Bentley University . The population was 65,218 at the census in 2020 . Waltham is part of the Greater Boston area and lies 9 miles (14 km) west of Downtown Boston. Waltham has been called "watch city" because of its association with the watch industry. Waltham Watch Company opened its factory in Waltham in 1854 and

1564-433: The census in 2020, there were 65,218 people and 23,891 households in the city. The population density was 5,117.9/mile². According to 2021 census estimates, the racial makeup of the city was 60.5% White , 7.6% Black or African American , 0.5% Native American or Alaska Native, 11.8% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 5.3% from other races , and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.3% of

1632-557: The "Old Connecticut Path" saw continued use after colonization and became the basis for present day Route 20 . Waltham is most likely named for Waltham Abbey in the County of Essex , England. The first record of the name is from the articles of incorporation, dated January 15, 1738. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon words, weald or wald "forest" and ham "homestead" or "enclosure." Waltham had no recognizable town center until

1700-566: The 1830s, when the nearby Boston Manufacturing Company gave the town the land that now serves as its central square . In the early 19th century, Francis Cabot Lowell and his friends and colleagues established in Waltham the Boston Manufacturing Company —the first integrated textile mill in the United States, with the goal of eliminating the problems of co-ordination, quality control, and shipping inherent in

1768-888: The American Securitization Forum Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway , expressway in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Lincoln Financial Field , the home stadium of the Philadelphia Eagles LINC (Learning Innovation Centre), Edge Hill University , Lancashire, England LINC, the computer controlling Union City in Beneath a Steel Sky LINC, reporting mark of the Lewis and Clark Railway , Clark County, Washington, United States See also [ edit ] Linc's , an American television series from 1998 to 2000 Lincs Wind Farm , off

1836-690: The British way, "Walthum", but when people came to work in the mills from Nova Scotia, the pronunciation evolved. The local version became a phonetic sounding to accommodate French speakers who could not pronounce it in the British way. In some areas, the city is referred to as "The Waltham". Waltham is located at 42°22′50″N 71°14′6″W  /  42.38056°N 71.23500°W  / 42.38056; -71.23500 (42.380596, −71.235005), about 11 miles (18 km) north-west of downtown Boston , Massachusetts , and approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Boston's Brighton neighborhood. The heart of

1904-520: The City Hall and one near Brandeis University. MBTA bus service also covers the city, including routes 61, 70, 170, 505, 553, 554, 556 and 558. The Charles River runs through Waltham, and bike and walking paths cover most of the south bank, as well as part of the north bank from Prospect Street to Moody Street. Some commuters ride the path to offices in Cambridge and Boston. The city of Waltham

1972-748: The First Avenue area. New retail development has also been active at a former Polaroid site. According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten non-city employers in the city are as follows. Waltham is home to: The Waltham Public Schools system includes seven elementary schools (Northeast, Fitzgerald, MacArthur, Plympton, Whittemore, Stanley, and the Waltham Dual Language Elementary School), two middle schools (McDevitt, Kennedy), and one senior high school ( Waltham High School ). Waltham High School's sports teams had been referred to as

2040-508: The LINC instruction set. DEC's final 12-bit lab machine, the LAB-8/E, did not incorporate the LINC instruction set. The first follow-on, the LINC-8, booted (slowly) to a PDP-8 program called PROGOFOP (PROGram OF OPeration) which interfaced to the separate LINC hardware. The PDP-12 was the last and most popular follow-on to the LINC. It was a capable and improved machine, and was more stable than

2108-475: The LINC project began in 1961, with first delivery in March 1962, and the machine was not formally withdrawn until December 1969. A total of 50 were built (all using DEC System Module Blocks and cabinets), most at Lincoln Labs, housing the desktop instruments in four wooden racks. The first LINC included two oscilloscope displays. Twenty-one were sold by DEC at $ 43,600 (equivalent to $ 439,000 in 2023), delivered in

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2176-450: The LINC was octal . In this section, all numbers are given as base ten unless identified as octal. The LINC instruction set was designed for ease of use with scientific instruments or custom experimental apparatus. The LINC control panel is used for single-stepping through programs and for program debugging . Execution can be stopped when the program counter matched a set of switches. Another function allows execution to be stopped when

2244-575: The LINC-8, but architecturally was still an imperfect hybrid of a LINC and a PDP-8, full of many small technical glitches. (For example, the LINC had an overflow bit which was a small but important part of the LINC's machine state; the PDP-12 had no provision for saving and restoring the state of this bit across PDP-8 interrupts.) Digital produced a version of the PDP-11/03 called the MINC-11 , housed in

2312-595: The LINC. Waltham, Massachusetts Waltham ( / ˈ w ɔː l θ æ m / WAWL -tham ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts , United States, and was an early center for the labor movement as well as a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution . The original home of the Boston Manufacturing Company , the city was a prototype for 19th century industrial city planning, spawning what became known as

2380-629: The LINCtape was a small, nimble device which stored about 400K, had a fixed formatting track allowing data to be repeatedly read and re-written to the same locations, and took less than a minute to spool from one end to the other. The tape was formatted in fixed-sized blocks, and was used to hold a directory and file system. A single hardware instruction could seek and then read or write multiple tape blocks all in one operation. Filenames were six characters long. The file system allowed for two files—a source file and an executable binary file to be stored under

2448-566: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Linc Energy , an Australian energy company LINC TV , a community television station based in Lismore, New South Wales, from 1993 to 2012 Other [ edit ] Linc (name) , a list of people and fictional characters Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada , Canadian federal government language education programme ASF LINC , Loan Identification Number Code of

2516-489: The Production Model design. In these, the tall cabinet sitting behind a white Formica -covered table held two somewhat smaller metal boxes holding the same instrumentation, a Tektronix display oscilloscope over the "front panel" on the user's left, a bay for interfaces over two LINC-Tape drives on the user's right, and a chunky keyboard between them. The standard program development software (an assembler/editor)

2584-659: The Stop lever fast if a very bright spot suddenly appeared because of a programming mistake. Printed output on a Teletype Model 33 ASR was controlled by a single pole relay. A subroutine would convert the LINC character codes into ASCII and use timing loops to toggle the relay on and off, generating the correct 8-bit output to control the Teletype printer. The LINC connector module included bays for two plug-in chassis allowing custom interfacing to experimental setups. Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters were built into

2652-627: The Watchmen and the Crimson, before they changed the name to the Hawks. Waltham is governed by a mayor and a city council. The current mayor is Jeanette A. McCarthy. There are 15 members of the city council, each elected to two-year terms in non-partisan elections. The current president of the city council is John J. McLaughlin. The city is in Massachusetts's 5th congressional district and

2720-778: The annual Youth Concerto Competition, which provides opportunities for young musicians to perform solo works with the WPO. Annual concerts have included summer Concerts on the Common and the December Holiday Pops. Waltham is home to the Waltham Symphony Orchestra , a high-level semi-professional civic orchestra. The 55 piece orchestra performs five concerts each season at the Kennedy Middle-school Auditorium. Its music director

2788-593: The city is Waltham Common, which is home to Waltham City Hall and various memorial statues. The Common is on Main Street, which is home to several churches, the Waltham Public Library , and Post Office. The city stretches along the Charles River and contains several dams . The dams were used to power textile mills and other endeavors in the early years of the industrial activity. According to

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2856-470: The city on the National Register of Historical Sites. Many festivals are held at these sites each year, such as the annual sheep shearing festival at the Gore Estate. The National Archives and Records Administration Northeast regional branch is located in Waltham. The Waltham Public Library has extensive archives regarding the city's history. The Waltham Museum is devoted solely to the history of

2924-473: The city. Mark Gately is the only stakeholder left of the Waltham Museum. Waltham is known for its embracing of literary arts. Local author Jessica Lucci has written a series of books about Waltham which can be found at the Waltham Museum, The Waltham Historical Society, and many other regional establishments devoted to promoting literary arts. The Waltham Mills Artists Association is located in one of

2992-418: The computer and each could be accessed by a single machine instruction. Six relays were also available. In addition to the original "classic" LINC, slight programming variations occurred when using the micro-LINC (μ-LINC ) (1965), micro-LINC 300 (μ-LINC 300 ) (1968) ( integrated circuit [ MECL ] versions), and LINC-8 . There were variations in the input/output equipment, access to memory. Later models had

3060-447: The computer. Many LINCs were supplied as kits to be assembled by the end user, so the oscilloscope came in handy. The CRT used a very-long-persistence white or yellow phosphor, so that lines and curves drawn point-by-point at a relatively slow speed would remain visible throughout programmed drawing loops that frequently lasted half a second or more. The y-axis displayed both plus and minus zero as different values, unnecessarily reflecting

3128-470: The east coast of England Lincs FM , former name for a UK Independent Local Radio radio station serving Lincolnshire and Newark, now called Hits Radio Lincolnshire Library Information Network of Clackamas County (LINCC) lincRNA , large intergenic non-coding RNA Lincs (disambiguation) Link (disambiguation) Linq (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

3196-405: The fact that the LINC used ones' complement arithmetic. Programmers quickly learned to move any negative displayed data up one point to hide the artifact that otherwise tended to appear at y=0. Notoriously, a tight loop that displayed points repetitively in one place on the screen would burn a permanent dark hole in the delicate phosphor in well under a minute; programmers had to be ready to hit

3264-717: The former factories of the Boston Manufacturing Company. The WMAA Open Studios takes place each year on the first weekend of November. The 76 artists of the WMAA open their homes and studios to the public. Works of all media imaginable are demonstrated, displayed and discussed. The Waltham Philharmonic Orchestra, a civic symphony of the MetroWest area, began in 1985 under the direction of local musicians David J. Tierney and Harold W. McSwain, Jr. With almost 60 professional, semi-professional, and amateur musicians,

3332-434: The institution has long been covered by local and, at times, national media. The name of the city is pronounced with the primary stress on the first syllable and a full vowel in the second syllable, / ˈ w ɔː l θ æ m / WAWL -tham , though the name of the Waltham watch was pronounced with a reduced schwa in the second syllable: / ˈ w ɔː l θ əm / . At one time, most people would have pronounced it in

3400-474: The keyboard, the lock was released, and the pressed key would pop back up. This could have the effect of slowing down typing and preventing even 2-key rollover . This exotic keyboard was abandoned in favor of Teletype keyboards, such as the Model 35 KSR and Model 37 KSR, in the LINC-8 and PDP-12 follow-on computers. The LINC included a set of eight three-turn potentiometers (numbered 0-7) that could each be read by

3468-399: The laws and find scholarships. The festival includes a parade, music, food, and a beauty pageant. Waltham has in recent decades become a center for Ugandan culture, with an estimated 1500 Ugandans living in the city, leading some to call Waltham "Little Kampala". The Ugandan North America Association is headquartered in Waltham, along with St. Peters Church of Uganda Boston, as well as Karibu,

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3536-622: The marketing firm Constant Contact . Footwear manufacturer Wolverine World Wide, Inc. moved their regional headquarters from Lexington to the CityPoint campus in July 2016. C & J Clark America, Inc. moved their headquarters from Newton to the Polaroid site in October 2016. Retail activity is concentrated on Main Street, Moody Street, Lexington Street, River Street, parts of Route 60, and

3604-503: The method to mass-produce the magnetron tube, invented by Percy Spencer at Raytheon . During World War II, the magnetron tube technology was applied to radar. Later, magnetron tubes were used as components in microwave ovens. Waltham was also the home of the Walter E. Fernald State School , the western hemisphere's oldest publicly funded institution serving people with developmental disabilities . The storied and controversial history of

3672-401: The orchestra's mission is to provide the Waltham community with the opportunity to perform in and attend classical concerts of the highest quality. WPO musicians come from Waltham as well as from Boston and surrounding communities. The ensemble includes players of a wide range of ages and professions. There are five to six concerts throughout the season, including one that features the winner of

3740-430: The population. There were 23,891 households, 19.8% of which included children under the age of 18 and 28.4% with people 65 and older. 39.7% of households were married couples living together, 9.9% cohabitating couples, 21.2% male householders with no partner present, and 29.2% female householders with no partner present. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.02. 32.7% of households spoke

3808-698: The poverty line. As of 2020, 26.6% of Waltham residents were born outside of the United States. Of foreign-born residents, 41.5% were born in Asia, 32.7% in Latin America, 11.9% in Europe, and 9.7% in Africa. Waltham's combination of population (especially in central and south Waltham) parks, public transit, stores, and trails gives it 62 (out of 100) walkability ranking on walkscore.com . Moody Street in downtown Waltham offers its own brand of entertainment with

3876-452: The same name. In effect it was a 6.1 filename in which the extension was restricted to "S" or "B". Since the basic LINC had only 1024 12-bit words of core memory (RAM)—and the big, expanded LINC had only 2048—normal operations depended heavily on swapping to and from LINCtape. Digital later patented and marketed a similar design under the name DECtape ; Digital's patents on DECtape were eventually tested in court and found invalid. LINCtape

3944-411: The single-level of subroutine call, automatically being updated with a return address on every jump instruction. The next fifteen locations can be used as index registers by one of the addressing modes. A programmable, six-bit relay register is intended for use by external instruments. A later modification to the LINC added a 12-bit Z register to facilitate extended precision arithmetic, and an interrupt

4012-458: The speed of the computer. A noteworthy feature of the LINC was the LINCtape. It was a fundamental part of the machine design, not an optional peripheral, and the machine's OS relied on it. The LINCtape can be compared to a linear diskette with a slow seek time. The magnetic tape drives on large machines of the day stored large quantities of data, took minutes to spool from end to end, but could not reliably update blocks of data in place. In contrast,

4080-577: The subcontracting based textile industry. The Waltham–Lowell system of production derives its name from the city and the founder of the mill. The city is home to a number of large estates, including Gore Place , a mansion built in 1806 for former Massachusetts governor Christopher Gore , the Robert Treat Paine Estate , a residence designed by architect Henry Hobson Richardson and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted for philanthropist Robert Treat Paine, Jr. (1810–1905), and

4148-604: The title Linc . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linc&oldid=1257884494 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages LINC The LINC and other "MIT Group" machines were designed at MIT and eventually built by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Spear Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts (later

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4216-698: The western part of the city. Exits in Waltham are 26, 27, and 28. Interstate 90 , which is also the Massachusetts Turnpike , is just to the south in Newton . Due to its proximity to the center of the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a number of state highways are within a few miles. The MBTA commuter rail has two stops in Waltham as part of the Fitchburg-Boston Line : one in Central Square Waltham across from

4284-434: Was designed by Mary Allen Wilkes ; the last version was named LAP6 (LINC Assembly Program 6). The LINC has 2048 12-bit words of memory in two sections. Only the first 1024 words were usable for program execution. The second section of memory could only be used for data. Programs can use a 12-bit accumulator and a one-bit link register. The first sixteen locations in program memory have special functions. Location 0 supports

4352-523: Was designed in 1962 by Charles Molnar and Wesley Clark at Lincoln Laboratory , Massachusetts, for NIH researchers. The LINC's design was in the public domain, perhaps making it unique in the history of computers. A dozen LINC computers were assembled by their eventual biomedical researcher owners in a 1963 summer workshop at MIT. Digital Equipment Corporation (starting in 1964) and, later, Spear Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts, manufactured them commercially. DEC's pioneer C. Gordon Bell states that

4420-477: Was no capstan ; the motion of the tape during reading and writing was directly controlled by the reel motors. There was no fast forward or rewind—reading and writing was performed at fast forward and rewind speeds. In some modes of operation, the data transfers were audible over the built-in loudspeaker and produced a very characteristic series of harsh bird-like squawks with varying pitch. The LINC keyboard, manufactured by company named Soroban Engineering, had

4488-657: Was officially incorporated as a separate town in 1738, but the area was inhabited for thousands of years prior to English colonization. At the time of European arrival, Waltham was in a border zone between the territories of the Pawtucket confederation and the Massachusett , with nearby native settlements at Nonantum and Pequosset (Watertown). Early colonizers recorded the presence of an "Indian Stockade" near today's Cambridge Reservoir , and an "Indian Hollow" in today's Calvary Cemetery. A native trail through Waltham,

4556-456: Was provided forcing execution to location 21 (octal). Alphanumeric input/output devices included a dedicated keyboard, and the ability to display text on the attached point-addressed CRT. A teleprinter could be connected for printed output. Arithmetic was ones' complement , which meant that there were representations for "plus zero" and "minus zero". The original LINC required 8 microseconds for each instruction. The natural notation used for

4624-548: Was the first company to make watches on an assembly line. It won the gold medal in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition . The company produced over 35 million watches, clocks, and instruments before it closed in 1957. Waltham borders Watertown and Belmont to the east, Lexington to the north, Lincoln and Weston to the west, and Newton to the south. Waltham was first colonized by Europeans in 1634 as part of Watertown , and

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