Misplaced Pages

#468531

81-551: The plant was one of China's largest energy projects of the latter 1990s. Ling Ao phase I has two nuclear reactors , 950 MWe PWRs Ling Ao I-1 and I-2, based on the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design (M310), which started commercial operation in 2002 and 2003. The planned investment sum for phase I was ca 4 billion USD. In a Phase II development two CPR-1000 reactors, Ling Ao II-1 and II-2 (alternatively, units 3 and 4), were constructed in conjunction with Areva , based on

162-519: A cluster effect among businesses and consumers. To facilitate carbon trading and to more broadly help assess emissions targets and meet the transparency requirements of the Paris Agreement , the Plan improved the system for greenhouse gas emissions monitoring. This was the first time that carbon emissions trading had featured in one of China's Five-Year Plans. The plan also provided for

243-459: A coal shortage elsewhere in China. The National Development and Reform Commission responded by relaxing some environmental standards and the government allowed coal-fired power plants to defer tax payments. Trade policy was adjusted to permit the importation of a small amount of coal from Australia . The energy problems abated in a few weeks. In 2023, China accounted for about two-thirds of

324-490: A country that depends heavily on foreign petroleum import for both domestic consumption and as raw materials for light industry manufacturing , electrification is a huge component of the Chinese national energy policy. Between 1980 and 2000, China's emissions density (its ratio of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions to gross domestic product ) declined sharply. The country quadrupled its GDP while only doubling

405-613: A direct cost to taxpayers, over the study period. Subsidies for renewable fuels totaled $ 29 billion over the same period. In some cases, the US used energy policy to pursue other international goals. Richard Heinberg claimed that a declassified CIA document showed that, during the Reagan administration , the US used oil prices as leverage against the Soviet Union economy by working with Saudi Arabia to keep oil prices low, thus decreasing

486-466: A global shift away from coal, this rise underscores potential conflicts with China's climate goals. Additionally, coal capacity also grew in Indonesia and India, marking the first global increase outside China since 2019. China is the world's leading renewable energy producer, with an installed capacity of 152 GW. China has been investing heavily in the renewable energy field in recent years. In 2007,

567-456: A long-term proposal to develop globally integrated smart grids and ultra high voltage transmission networks to connect over 80 countries. The idea is supported by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and his administration in attempting to develop support in various internal forums, including UN bodies. Although a majority of the renewable energy in China is from hydropower , other renewable energy sources are in rapid development. In 2006,

648-448: A need to reduce the unsustainably high level of subsidies these fuels attract, given the global trend in the price of oil. Top oil producers were in 2010: Russia 502 Mt (13%), Saudi Arabia 471 Mt (12%), US 336 Mt (8%), Iran 227 Mt (6%), China 200 Mt (5%), Canada 159 Mt (4%), Mexico 144 Mt (4%), UAE 129 Mt (3%). The world oil production increased from 2005 to 2010 1.3% and from 2009 to 2010 3.4%. China's natural gas supply

729-589: A net exporter. In December 2020, Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 , which contained the Energy Act of 2020 and was the first major revision package to U.S. energy policy in over a decade. The bill contains increased incentives for energy efficiency (particularly in federal government buildings), improved funding for weatherization assistance, standards to phase out the use of hydrofluorocarbons , plans to rebuild

810-625: A period of three years. In 1975, the United States implemented a crude oil export ban, which limited most exports to other countries. It came two years after an OPEC oil embargo banned oil sales to the U.S. and sent gas prices skyrocketing. Newspaper photographs of long car lines outside of gas stations became a common and worrisome image. Forty years later in 2015, Congress voted to repeal its ban on exporting U.S. crude oil. Since that year, crude exports have skyrocketed nearly 600% to 3.2 million barrels per day in 2020, according to data from

891-573: A steady supply via actions such as protecting Persian Gulf sea lanes. Hydroelectricity was the basis of Nikola Tesla 's introduction of the US electricity grid, which started at Niagara Falls, New York , in 1883. Electricity generated by major dams, such as the TVA Project , Grand Coulee Dam and Hoover Dam , still produce some of the cheapest ($ 0.08/kWh) electricity. Rural electrification strung power lines to many more areas. A National Maximum Speed Limit of 55 mph (88 km/h)

SECTION 10

#1732797515469

972-555: A total of 10 billion US dollars had been invested in renewable energy, second only to Germany. China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries. Approximately 54% of the Belt and Road Initiative 's energy projects are in clean energy or alternative energy sectors. In 2006, 16 million tons of corn were used to produce a first generation biofuel (ethanol). However, because food prices in China rose sharply during 2007, China has decided to ban

1053-399: Is a major cause of global warming . China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer (see this article ), and the largest producer of hydroelectricity , solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy , where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements .     Being

1134-530: Is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country , and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases , and coal in China

1215-428: Is known as Power of Siberia 2 . In November 2021, U.S. producer Venture Global LNG signed a twenty-year contract with China's state-owned Sinopec to supply liquefied natural gas (LNG). China's imports of U.S. natural gas would more than double. In 2013, China's total annual electricity output was 5.398 trillion kWh and the annual consumption was 5.380 trillion kWh with an installed capacity of 1247 GW (all

1296-409: The 1973 oil crisis have been criticized for having an alleged crisis-mentality, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population but consume 26% of the world's energy to produce 26% of the world's industrial output. Technologies such as fracking and horizontal drilling allowed

1377-816: The CHIPS and Science Act to boost DOE and National Science Foundation research activities by $ 174 billion. He also signed the Inflation Reduction Act to create assistance programs for utility cooperatives and a $ 27 billion green bank , which includes $ 6 billion to lower the cost of solar power in low-income communities and $ 7 billion to capitalize smaller green banks. The bill appropriates $ 270–663 billion in clean energy and energy efficiency tax credits, including at least $ 158 billion for investments in clean energy and $ 36 billion for home energy upgrades from public utilities . The Biden administration itself claimed that as of September 3, 2024 ,

1458-803: The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to invest $ 73 billion in the energy sector. $ 11 billion of that amount will be invested in power grid infrastructure, with the first selected recipients for $ 3.46 billion announced in October 2023. This is the largest investment in the grid since the Recovery Act . $ 6 billion will go to domestic nuclear power . From the $ 73 billion, the IIJA will invest $ 45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $ 430 million to $ 21 billion in new demonstration projects at

1539-657: The State Council . Following the completion of the similar Township Electrification Program in 2005, the Village Electrification Program plans to provide renewable electricity to 3.5 million households in 10,000 villages by 2010. This is to be followed by full rural electrification using renewable energy by 2015. In 2015, State Grid Corporation of China proposed the Global Energy Interconnection ,

1620-582: The Three Gorges Dam is currently the largest hydro-electric power station in the world, with a total capacity of 22.5 GW. It has been in full operation since 2012. China is the largest producer of wind turbines and solar panels . In 1991, China's first nuclear power plant became operational. As of 2020, it had 49 operational reactors, China, 41 additional nuclear reactors planned, and 168 proposed reactors under consideration. As of at least 2023, China's goals for nuclear power expansion are

1701-569: The United States ) in the list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions , with emissions of 3.3 billion metric tons, representing 14.5% of the world total. In 2006, China overtook the US, producing 8% more emissions than the US to become the world's largest emitter of CO 2 emissions. However per capita China was ranked 51st in CO 2 emissions per capita in 2016, with emissions of 7.2 tonnes per person (compared to 15.5 tonnes per person in

SECTION 20

#1732797515469

1782-759: The United States Department of Energy (DOE). The new agency, which began operations on October 1, 1977, consolidated the Federal Energy Administration , the Energy Research and Development Administration , the Federal Power Commission , and programs of various other agencies. Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger , who served under Presidents Nixon and Ford during the Vietnam War ,

1863-592: The United States Patent and Trademark Office announced the Green Patent Pilot Program. The program was initiated to accelerate the examination of patent applications relating to certain green technologies, including the energy sector. The pilot program was initially designed to accommodate 3,000 applications related to certain green technology categories, and the program was originally set to expire on December 8, 2010. In May 2010,

1944-401: The chemical industry (30%), petroleum and coal processing (18%), mining (9%) and paper (9%). The most energy-intensive industry was by far petroleum and coal, at over 30 billion BTU per employee. The paper industry was second at 6.5 billion BTU per employee. Each of these handles energy sources as part of their raw materials (fossil fuels and wood). The same survey found that half of

2025-630: The 11th Five-Year Plan. Successful achievement of emissions and energy conservation targets in the 11th Five-Year Plan shaped policymaker's approach for the 12th Five-Year Plan, prompting expanded use of binding targets to capitalize on successes in these areas. In January 2012, as part of its 12th Five-year Plan , China published a report 12th Five-year Plan on Greenhouse Emission Control (guofa [2011] No. 41) , which establishes goals of reducing carbon intensity by 17% by 2015, compared with 2010 levels and raising energy consumption intensity by 16%, relative to GDP . More demanding targets were set for

2106-456: The 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement . In the early days of the Republic, energy policy allowed free use of standing timber for heating and industry. Wind and water provided energy for tasks such as milling grain. In the 19th century, coal became widely used. Whales were rendered into lamp oil . Coal gas was fractionated for use as lighting and town gas . Natural gas

2187-502: The Biden administration announced several changes to its energy policy approach. First, the EPA issued new tailpipe emissions limits that it projected would cut emissions by 7 billion metric tons, or 56% of 2026 levels, by 2032. Second, it raised royalty rates from 12.5% to 16.7%, doubled rents and increased lease bond minimums by a factor of 15 on federal lands for oil and gas companies. Third,

2268-875: The CAFE standard to 35 mpg by 2020. In February 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was passed, with an initial projection of $ 45 billion in funding levels going to energy. $ 11 billion went to the Weatherization Assistance Program, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant, and the State Energy Program; $ 11 billion went to federal buildings and vehicles; $ 8 billion went to research and development programs; $ 2.4 billion went to new technology and facility development projects; $ 14 billion went to

2349-549: The DOE; and nearly $ 24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience , and bolstering competitive advantages in energy, divided into an $ 8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage , $ 3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $ 3 billion in battery recycling , $ 1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $ 8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen . $ 4.7 billion will go to plugging orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies. In August 2022, Biden signed

2430-476: The Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 provided funding to help improve building codes and outlawed the sale of incandescent light bulbs in favor of fluorescents and LEDs . The act included a solar air conditioning program and funding to increase photovoltaics . The act also created the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant and set

2511-413: The EPA finalized new standards for power plant carbon emissions, projecting cuts of 65,000 tons by 2028 and 1.38 billion tons by 2047. Fourth, the DOE announced that it would assume the role of default lead agency on permitting approvals for most new power transmission projects, as well as enact a two-year deadline, require only one environmental impact statement per project, and increase transparency around

Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-471: The Eastern Seaboard; diesel locomotives replaced coal-fired steam engines ; oil-fired power plants dominated; petroleum-burning buses replaced electric streetcars , and citizens bought gasoline-powered cars. Interstate Highways helped make cars the major means of personal transportation. As oil imports increased, US foreign policy was drawn into Middle Eastern politics, seeking to maintain

2673-556: The French three cooling loop design. Ling Ao II-1, China’s first domestic CPR-1000 nuclear power plant, was first connected to the grid on 15 July 2010, having started criticality testing on 11 June 2010. It started commercial operations on 27 September 2010. Ling Ao II-2 was synchronized to the grid on May 3, 2011, with commercial operation beginning on August 7, 2011. The Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant consist of 4 operational reactors. Energy policy of China China

2754-440: The IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $ 910 billion in private investment (including $ 395 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $ 177 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $ 167 billion in clean power, $ 82 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $ 47 billion in heavy industry) and over $ 582.8 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $ 78.6 billion in energy aside from tax credits in

2835-466: The IRA). Even so, the Biden administration also presided over record high oil and gas production, reaching averages of 12.9 million barrels per day nationwide in 2023, and 530,000 barrels per day from public lands since 2020 (despite a campaign pledge to halt drilling on said lands). However, growth has been driven more by Permian Basin drilling than by the administration's policies. Around spring 2024,

2916-530: The President Barack Obama administration. On November 3, 2020, incoming President Joe Biden announced that the U.S. would resume its participation. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicted that the reduction in energy consumption in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic would take many years to recover. For many decades, the US imported much of its oil, but in 2020 it became

2997-567: The Prevention and Control of Air Pollution illustrates government desire to increase the share of natural gas in China's energy mix. In May 2014 China signed a 30-year deal with Russia to deliver 38 billion cubic metres of natural gas each year. The Power of Siberia pipeline is designed to reduce China's dependence on coal, which is more carbon intensive and causes more pollution than natural gas. The proposed western gas route from Russia's West Siberian petroleum basin to North-Western China

3078-609: The U.S. Energy Information Administration. Under President Biden, the pattern continued, as hundreds of other new oil and gas projects, many of them marked for boosting exports to counter China and Russia's influence, were approved. In response to criticism from environmentalists, Biden temporarily suspended regulatory approvals for new natural gas export terminals in January 2024, but in July, Louisiana federal judge James D. Cain Jr. halted

3159-731: The U.S., utilities are regulated at the federal level by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission . In each state, a public utility commission (PUC) regulates electricity, gas, and other forms of power. States began deregulating electricity systems in the 1990s as a way to promote competition and lower costs. While transmission lines and distribution services are still provided by local utility companies, wholesale markets were created to enable power plant investments and allow utilities to acquire power for customers. Those wholesale markets are operated by regional transmission organizations (RTOs). Deregulation led to

3240-471: The US Department of Energy estimate that 2.1 million electric vehicles used 6.1 TWh to travel 19 billion miles, indicating an average fuel efficiency of 3.1 miles per kWh. Over two-thirds of the energy used by homes, offices, and other commercial businesses is electric, including electric losses . Most of the energy used in homes was for space heating (34%) and water heating (19%), much more than

3321-480: The USPTO announced that it would expand the pilot program. In 2016, federal government energy-specific subsidies and support for renewables, fossil fuels, and nuclear energy amounted to $ 6,682 million, $ 489 million and $ 365 million, respectively. On June 1, 2017, then-President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation , agreed to under

Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-624: The United States fell by 1.4%, compared to 2005. The study used energy and cement production data from BP which they believed to be 'reasonably accurate', while warning that statistics for rapidly changing economies such as China are less reliable than data on OECD countries . The Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China calculated that carbon dioxide emissions in 2004 had risen to approximately 5.05 billion metric tons, with total greenhouse gas emissions reaching about 6.1 billion metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent. In 2002, China ranked 2nd (after

3483-503: The United States to become the world's top oil fossil fuel producer in 2014. In 2018, US exports of coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum products exceeded imports, achieving a degree of energy independence for the first time in decades. In the second half of 2019, the US was the world's top producer of oil and gas. This energy surplus ended in 2020. Various multinational groups have attempted to establish goals and timetables for energy and other climate-related policies, such as

3564-475: The United States). In addition, it has been estimated that around a third of China's carbon emissions in 2005 were due to manufacturing exported goods. In the industrial sector, six industries – electricity generation, steel, non-ferrous metals, construction materials, oil processing and chemicals – account for nearly 70% of energy use. In the construction materials sector, China produced about 44% of

3645-514: The amount used for space cooling (16%) and refrigeration (7%). Businesses use similar percentages for space cooling and refrigeration. They use less for space and water heating but more for lighting and cooking. In 2021, energy in the United States came mostly from fossil fuels : 36% originated from petroleum , 32% from natural gas , and 11% from coal . Renewable energy supplied the rest: hydropower , biomass , wind , geothermal , and solar supplied 12%, while nuclear supplied 8%. In

3726-592: The cities of Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , Chongqing and Shenzhen , and the provinces of Hubei and Guangdong would become the first to participate in a pilot carbon cap and trade scheme that would operate in a similar way to the European Union Emission Trading Scheme . The development follows an unsuccessful experiment with voluntary carbon exchanges that was set up in 2009 in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Coal remains

3807-493: The creation of independent energy suppliers and allowed customers to choose their electric supplier. Opportunities for increased energy efficiency are available across the economy, including buildings/appliances, transportation, and manufacturing. Some opportunities require new technology. Others require behavioral change by individuals or at the community level or above. The U.S. federal government has initiated various energy-efficiency policies, programs and legislation, including

3888-536: The development of an ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission corridor to increase the integration of renewable energy from the point of generation to its point of consumption. In addition, the Government will in future include data on greenhouse emissions in its official statistics. In a separate development, on January 13, 2012, the National Development and Reform Commission announced that

3969-600: The early 1940s, the US government and the oil industry entered into a mutually beneficial collaboration to control global oil resources. By 1950, oil consumption exceeded that of coal. Abundant oil in California, Texas, Oklahoma, as well as in Canada and Mexico, coupled with its low cost, ease of transportation, high energy density , and use in internal combustion engines , led to its increasing use. Following World War II , oil heating boilers replaced coal burners along

4050-409: The electric grid; and $ 21 billion was projected to go to tax credits for renewable energy and electric vehicles, among other things. Due in part to the design of the tax credits, the final amount of energy spending and incentives reached over $ 90 billion, leveraged $ 150 billion in private investment, funded 180 advanced manufacturing projects, and created more than 900,000 job-years. In December 2009,

4131-453: The electric use was to drive machines and about 10% each for heating, cooling and electro-chemical processes. Most of the remainder was for factory lighting and HVAC . About half of the natural gas was for process heating, and most of the rest was for boilers . Transportation used 28% of energy, almost all of which was petroleum and other fuels. Half of the combustible fuels that make up the transportation sector were gasoline , and half of

SECTION 50

#1732797515469

4212-564: The energy it consumed. No other country at a similar stage of industrial development has matched this achievement. On June 19, 2007, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency announced that a preliminary study had indicated that China's greenhouse gas emissions for 2006 had exceeded those of the United States for the first time. The agency calculated that China's CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels increased by 9% in 2006, while those of

4293-471: The establishment of new power plants in 2020. China shut down roughly 7GW of power plants at the same time, continuing to decommission ageing coal-fired power reactors. In 2024, global coal-power capacity reached a record 2,130 gigawatts, with China initiating 70 gigawatts of new coal plants—nearly 20 times more than the rest of the world combined. This expansion led to a 2% increase in the world's coal fleet, primarily to enhance China's energy security. Despite

4374-445: The first developing country to publish a national strategy addressing global warming . The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010. Other commentators, however, put the figure at 0.950 billion metric tons. The publication of

4455-631: The first time in its history in 1993 due to demand rising faster than domestic production. In 2002, annual crude petroleum production was 1,298,000,000 barrels, and annual crude petroleum consumption was 1,670,000,000 barrels. In 2006, it imported 145 million tons of crude oil, accounting for 47% of its total oil consumption. By 2014 China was importing approximately 7 mil. barrels of oil per day. Three state-owned oil companies – Sinopec , CNPC , and CNOOC – dominate its domestic market. China announced on June 20, 2008, plans to raise petrol, diesel and aviation kerosene prices. This decision appeared to reflect

4536-403: The foundation of the Chinese energy system, covering close to 70 percent of the country's primary energy needs and representing 80 percent of the fuel used in electricity generation. China produces and consumes more coal than any other country. Analysis in 2016 shows that China's coal consumption appears to have peaked in 2014. According to Global Energy Monitor , China's government has limited

4617-849: The further expansion of the corn ethanol industry. Energy policy of the United States The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state, and local entities. It addresses issues of energy production, distribution, consumption, and modes of use, such as building codes, mileage standards, and commuting policies. Energy policy may be addressed via legislation , regulation, court decisions, public participation, and other techniques. Federal energy policy acts were passed in 1974, 1992, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2020, 2021, and 2022, although energy-related policies have appeared in many other bills. State and local energy policies typically relate to efficiency standards and/or transportation. Federal energy policies since

4698-435: The global increase in coal capacity, commissioning 47.4 gigawatts (GW) of new coal plants. This level of expansion represents the largest annual increase in coal capacity initiated by any country since 2015. China's oil supply was 4,855 TWh in 2009 which represented 10% of the world's supply. Although China is still a major crude oil producer, it became an oil importer in the 1990s. China became dependent on imported oil for

4779-421: The goal of achieving an integrated nationwide grid in the period between 2015 and 2020. In 2015, China generated 73% of its electricity from coal-fired power stations , which has been dropping from a peak of 81% in 2007. In recent years, China has increased its use of coal power and continued to build new coal power plants. The National Energy Administration's early warning risk rating for coal plants approved

4860-610: The hours of 40% of coal-fired power stations built in 2019, due to overcapacity in electricity generation. As part of China's efforts to achieve its pledges of peak coal consumption by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, a nationwide effort to reduce overcapacity resulted in the closure of many small and dirty coal mines. Major coal-producingregions like Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi instituted administrative caps on coal output. These measures contributed to electricity outages in several northeastern provinces in September 2021 and

4941-416: The importance of low-carbon technology as a strategic emerging industry, particularly in the areas of wind and solar power . The plan set a national energy intensity target. of a 20% reduction. It was identified as a "binding target" and focused on throughout the Plan's implementation. Policymakers viewed emissions reductions and energy conservation as the highest priority environmental matters under

SECTION 60

#1732797515469

5022-421: The largest in the world). This is an increase from 2009, when China's total annual electricity output was 3.71465 trillion kWh , and the annual consumption was 3.6430 trillion kWh (second largest in the world). In the same year, the total installed electricity generating capacity was 874 GW. China is undertaking substantial long-distance transmission projects with record breaking capacities, and has

5103-601: The mission statement is as follows: The US bans energy imports from countries such as Russia (because of the Russo-Ukrainian War ) and Venezuela . The US also limits exports of oil from Iran . Although it is a net exporter, the US imports energy from multiple countries, led by Canada. In May 2024, the Biden administration doubled tariffs on solar cells imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries imported from China. The increased tariffs will be phased in over

5184-528: The most ambitious of any country. China's domestic market for uranium is highly concentrated because Chinese policy identifies uranium as a strategic resource and only select companies are authorized to mine it . The country's civilian nuclear industry and its mining are industry are largely concentrated in China General Nuclear Power Group and China National Nuclear Corporation , two state-owned enterprise that report to

5265-407: The most developed regions and those with most heavy industry , including Guangdong , Shanghai , Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Tianjin . China also planned to meet 11.4% of its primary energy requirements from non-fossil sources by 2015. The plan will also pilot the construction of a number of low-carbon Development Zones and low-carbon residential communities , which it hopes will result in

5346-747: The nation's energy research sector including fossil fuel research, and $ 7 billion in demonstration projects for carbon capture and storage . Under President Joe Biden, one-third of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve was tapped to reduce energy prices during the COVID-19 pandemic . He also invoked the Defense Production Act to boost manufacturing of solar cells , renewable energy generators, fuel cells , electricity-dependent clean fuel equipment, building insulation , heat pumps , critical power grid infrastructure, and electric vehicle batteries . Biden also signed

5427-563: The permitting process. Lastly, it issued a new rule to make large water heaters much more energy-efficient by 2029, cutting carbon emissions by a projected 332 million tons over 30 years, as part of the DOE's overall effort since 2020 to drive 2.5 billion tons in 30-year appliance emissions cuts. The Energy Department's mission statement is "to ensure America's security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions." As of January 2023 , its elaboration of

5508-445: The strategy was officially announced during a meeting of the State Council , which called on governments and all sectors of the economy to implement the plan, and for the launch of a public environmental protection awareness campaign. The National Action Plan includes increasing the proportion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and from nuclear power , increasing the efficiency of coal-fired power stations ,

5589-417: The suspension temporarily amid a lawsuit from 16 Republican-governed states. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve stores as much as 600M barrels of oil. Industry has long been the country's largest energy sector. It used 33% of total energy in 2021, most of which was divided evenly between natural gas, electricity and petroleum. A survey from 2018 estimated that the largest energy users were

5670-574: The total renewable energy investment was US$ 12 billion, second only to Germany. In 2012, China invested US$ 65.1 billion in clean energy (20% more than in 2011), fully 30% of the total investment by the G-20 , including 25% (US$ 31.2 billion) of global solar energy investment, 37% percent (US$ 27.2 billion) of global wind energy investment, and 47% (US$ 6.3 billion) of global investment in "other renewable energy" (small hydro, geothermal, marine, and biomass); 23 GW of clean generation capacity

5751-477: The use of cogeneration , and the development of coal-bed and coal-mine methane . In 2007 China stated that the (now reversed) one-child policy prevented 300 million births, saving 1.3 billion tons of CO 2 emissions based on average world per capita emissions of 4.2 tons at 2005 level. Beginning with the 11th, each of China's five year plans have sought to move China away from energy-intensive manufacturing and into high-value sectors and have highlighted

5832-466: The value of the USSR's petroleum export industry. The 2005 Energy Policy Act (EPA) addressed (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology. The Act also started

5913-399: The vehicle usage was for cars and small trucks. Diesel and heavier trucks each made up about a quarter of their respective categories; jet fuel and aircraft were about a tenth each. Biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel made up 5%, while natural gas was 4%. Electricity from mass transit was 0.2%; electricity for light passenger vehicles is counted in other sectors, but figures from

5994-439: The world's cement in 2006. Cement production produces more carbon emissions than any other industrial process, accounting for around 4% of global carbon emissions. By 2023 most of its installed electricity capacity came from renewable energy. China has been taking action on climate change for some years, with the publication on June 4, 2007, of China's first National Action Plan on Climate Change, and in that year China became

6075-553: Was 1,015 TWh in 2009 that was 3% of the world supply. CNPC , Sinopec , and CNOOC are all active in the upstream gas sector, as well as in LNG import, and in midstream pipelines. Branch pipelines and urban networks are run by city gas companies including China Gas Holdings , ENN Energy , Towngas China , Beijing Enterprises Holdings and Kunlun Energy . China was top seventh in natural gas production in 2010. Issued by China's State Council in September 2013, China's Action Plan for

6156-667: Was appointed as its first secretary. On June 30, 1980, Congress passed the Energy Security Act , which reauthorized the Defense Production Act of 1950 and enabled it to cover domestic energy supplies. It also obligated the federal government to promote and reform the Strategic Petroleum Reserve , biofuels , geothermal power , acid rain prevention, solar power , and synthetic fuel commercialization . The Defense Production Act

6237-449: Was enacted in 1977. On average, low-cost weatherization reduces heating bills by 31% and overall energy bills by $ 358 per year at 2012 prices. Increased energy efficiency and weatherization spending has a high return on investment . On August 4, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 ( Pub. L.   95–91 , 91  Stat.   565 , enacted August 4, 1977 ), which created

6318-516: Was first used in America for lighting in 1816. Since then, natural gas has grown in importance, especially for electricity generation. US natural gas production peaked in 1973, and the price has risen significantly since then. Coal provided the bulk of US energy needs well into the 20th century. Most urban homes had a coal bin and a coal-fired furnace. Over the years these were replaced with oil furnaces that were easier and safer to operate. From

6399-407: Was further reauthorized in 2009, with modifications requiring the federal government to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and improved grid and grid storage installations with its defense procurements. The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables in the 2002–2008 period. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled approximately $ 72 billion,

6480-429: Was imposed in 1974 (and repealed in 1995) to help reduce energy consumption. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (aka CAFE) standards were enacted in 1975 and progressively tightened over time to compel manufacturers to improve vehicle mileage. Year-round Daylight Saving Time was imposed in 1974 and repealed in 1975. The United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created in 1975. The Weatherization Assistance Program

6561-401: Was installed. Approximately 7% of China's energy was from renewable sources in 2006, a figure targeted to rise to 10% by 2010 and to 16% by 2020. The major renewable energy source in China is hydropower . Total hydro-electric output in China in 2009 was 615.64 TWh, constituting 16.6% of all electricity generated. The country already has the most hydro-electric capacity in the world, and

#468531