Prakriti ( Sanskrit : प्रकृति IAST : Prakṛti ) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". It is a key concept in Hinduism , formulated by its Sāṅkhya school, where it does not refer to matter or nature, but "includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality", stressing " Prakṛti 's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities". Prakriti has three different innate qualities ( guṇas ), whose equilibrium is the basis of all observed empirical reality as the five panchamahabhootas namely Akasha , Vayu , Agni , Jala , Pruthvi . Prakriti , in this school, contrasts with Puruṣa , which is pure awareness and metaphysical consciousness. The term is also found in the texts of other Indian religions such as Jainism and Buddhism .
37-490: Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Linga Purana (लिङ्गपुराण, IAST : Liṅga-purāṇa ) is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas , and a Shaivism text of Hinduism . The text's title Linga refers to the iconographical symbol for Shiva . The author(s) and date of the Linga Purana are unknown, and estimates place
74-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
111-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
148-653: Is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
185-513: Is an early Indic concept meaning "making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". The term is discussed by Yāska (~600 BCE) in Nirukta , and is found in numerous Hindu texts . It connotes "nature, body, matter, phenomenal universe" in Hindu texts. According to Dan Lusthaus, In Sāṃkhya puruṣa signifies the observer,
222-460: Is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of Brahman , which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less. The Linga Purana states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless". The source of the universe
259-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
296-463: Is called the highest worship of the Lord of eight forms. — Linga Purana 2.13.35-36 Transl: Stella Kramrisch The Linga Purana is notable for its aggressiveness in retaliating against those who censure Shiva, suggesting in chapter 1.107 that Shiva devotee should be willing to give his life to end the censorship of Shiva, if necessary with violence against those who censure Shiva. In Chapter 1.78,
333-668: Is described in Bhagavad Gita as the "primal motive force". It is the essential constituent of the universe and is at the basis of all the activity of the creation. In Vishishtadvaita Vedanta , Prakṛti is one of the six substances ( dravya ) . The guṇas (qualities) are the attributes of primordial Nature ( Prakṛti ), and not its constituents, unlike Sāṅkhya . These qualities are inseparable from Prakṛti , but not identical with it and inextricably related to Ishvara . Prakṛti in Vishishtadvaita Vedanta
370-459: Is difficult to ascertain when, where, why, and by whom these were written: "As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at
407-475: Is held in place. In Chapter 13 verses 19-23, Krishna discusses the eternal nature of both prakriti and purusha, as well as their distinction. You should understand that both prakriti (matter) and purusha (spirit) have no beginning. You should also know that all transformations and the gunas have their origin in prakriti . In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali , prakriti is described as encompassing
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#1732765085981444-449: Is limited above by the eternal manifestation ( nityavibhuti ) whereas it's infinite in Sāṅkhya . According to Dvaita Vedanta , Prakṛti is the material cause ( Satkaryavada ) of the world. Prakriti is closely associated with the concept of Maya within Hindu texts. In Jainism the term " Prakriti " is used in its theory of Karma , and is considered "that form of matter which covers
481-561: Is presented by the text as an abstract concept, the formless reality , contrasted with Alinga (Vyakta), along with its phallic significance with the sexual truth in nature's process of life creation in the universe. The verses of the text, states Kramrisch, present Linga as an aniconic symbol of both the matter and the spirit, the Prakriti and the Purusha , whereby the "powers of creation, liberation, and annihilation" are symbolized by
518-502: Is signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever-changing nature. The Linga Purana text builds on this foundation. The Linga Purana consists of two parts – the longer Purva-bhaga and the shorter Uttara-bhaga . They discuss diverse range of topics, and illustrative sections include: Ethics in Linga Purana Giving help to everyone, showing kindness to all,
555-688: Is the conscious witness in every living being, while Prakriti is the manifest world. In Hindu cosmology, Prakṛti is the feminine aspect of existence, the personified will and energy of the Supreme (Brahman); while in Shaktism , the Goddess is presented as both the Brahman and the Prakṛti . In Samkhya-Yoga texts, Prakriti is the potency that brings about evolution and change in the empirical universe. It
592-430: Is used, it can either have a supportive or hindering effect on the evolution of the soul. Tamas is commonly associated with inertia, darkness, insensitivity. Souls who are more Tamasic are considered imbued in darkness and take the longest to reach liberation. In Samkhya, prakriti , comprising the three gunas , exists in equilibrium before the cosmos manifests, neutralizing each other's properties. Samkhya argues that
629-538: The Sāṅkhya and Yoga philosophical literatures, it is contrasted with Purusha (spirit, consciousness), and Prakriti refers to "the material world, nature, matter, physical and psychological character, constitution, temper, disposition". According to Knut Jacobsen , in the dualistic system of the Samkhya school, " Purusha is the principle of pure consciousness, while Prakriti is the principle of matter", where Purusha
666-533: The 'witness'. Prakṛti includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality. It is often mistranslated as 'matter' or 'nature' – in non-Sāṃkhyan usage it does mean 'essential nature' – but that distracts from the heavy Sāṃkhyan stress on prakṛti's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities. Moreover, subtle and gross matter are its most derivative byproducts, not its core. Only prakṛti acts. In Indian languages derived from Sanskrit roots, Prakriti refers to
703-781: The Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST
740-554: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Prakriti Prakriti (Sanskrit: प्रकृति)
777-563: The complex and purposeful nature of the world suggests that it exists for the sake of something else, particularly the conscious souls. This view suggests that prakriti , though unconscious, serves to aid the liberation of the soul, similar to how milk nourishes a calf. The Bhagavad Gita emphasize the role of prakriti as the material energy of the universe, created and controlled by God (Krishna), and its distinction from purusha in different verses. In Chapter 4 verse 6, Krishna describes prakriti as His own power, through which He manifests in
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#1732765085981814-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
851-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
888-520: The end of the shelf, but randomly. The Linga Purana survives in many versions, consisting of two parts – the Purva-bhaga (older part, sometimes called Purvardha ) with 108 chapters and Uttara-bhaga (later part, sometimes called Uttarardha ) with 55 chapters. However, the manuscripts of the text assert in verse 2.55.37 that the Uttara-bhaga only has 46 chapters, suggesting that the text
925-413: The entire cosmos including its physical aspects. It is characterized by the three gunas - sattva, rajas, and tamas. However, the emphasis within the text primarily is on the psychological manifestations of these guṇas. Sattva , the purest guna , is associated with qualities like lucidity, tranquility, wisdom, discrimination, detachment, happiness, and peacefulness when expressed in the mind (citta). Rajas
962-500: The feminine aspect of all life forms, and more specifically a woman is seen as a symbol of Prakriti . In Hinduism, the concept of Prakriti is thoroughly mentioned. According to Sanskrit scriptures, Brahma Vaivarta Purana , Devi Mahatmya and Devi Bhagavata Purana , five Hindu goddesses are considered as the complete feminine personification of Prakriti – Saraswati , Lakshmi , Parvati , Gayatri and Radha . Together these five goddesses are worshiped as Pancha Prakriti . In
999-416: The icon. IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by
1036-477: The importance of these icons, a description of Yoga with claims of its various benefits. The estimated composition dates for the oldest core of Linga Purana vary among scholars, ranging from the 5th-century CE to the 10th-century. Like all the Puranas , the Linga Purana has a complicated chronology. Cornelia Dimmitt and J. A. B. van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it
1073-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
1110-490: The original text to have been composed between the 5th-10th century CE. The text exists in many versions and was likely revised over time and expanded. The extant text is structured into two parts, with a cumulative total of 163 chapters. The text presents cosmology , mythology, seasons, festivals, geography, a tour guide for pilgrimage ( Tirtha ), a manual for the design and consecration of the Linga and Nandi , stotras ,
1147-529: The perfections of the soul (jiva) and prevents its liberation". According to Samkhya and the Bhagavad Gita Prakrti or Nature is composed of the three guṇas which are tendencies or modes of operation, known as rajas (creation), sattva (preservation), and tamas (destruction). Sattva encompasses qualities of goodness, light, and harmony. Rajas is associated with concepts of energy, activity, and passion; so that, depending on how it
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1184-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
1221-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
1258-476: The text also emphasizes the virtues of non-violence, stating, "violence should be avoided always, and at all places." The Linga Purana's ideas incorporate, states Stella Kramrisch, those of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy . The chapter 1.17 of the Linga Purana introduces Linga as Pradhana or Prakriti (cosmic substance), while Shiva is described as Lingin , or one with this "subtle body". Lingam
1295-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
1332-425: The world. In Chapter 7 verse 4 and 5, Krishna mentions two types of prakriti : Earth, water, fire, air, space, mind, intellect, and the sense of ego comprise the eight component parts of my energy known as prakriti . This is the inferior prakriti , but you should also know about my higher prakriti , which is distinct from it. This is the element of life, O mighty one, the jiva bhuta , by means of which this world
1369-528: Was expanded over time. Some scholars suggest that the entire Uttara-bhaga may be a later insertion or attachment to the older part. The text is titled after its theme, which is the worship of Linga, and the text is primarily focused on Shiva as Supreme. However, along with Shiva-related themes, the Linga Purana includes chapters dedicated to Vedic themes, as well as includes reverence for Vishnu and Brahma . Linga, states Alain Daniélou , means sign. It
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