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28-503: Lingan Generating Station rests on the shores of the Cabot Strait , open to Indian Bay, approximately 1.6 km (0.99 mi) south-west of the headland named North Head and 0.7 km (0.43 mi) north of the headland named Little Head. Its civic address is 2599 Hinchey Avenue, Lingan, NS. A thermal generating station, Lingan was opened by then-provincial Crown corporation Nova Scotia Power Corporation on November 1, 1979 at

56-400: A height above ground level ( AGL or HAGL ) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface . This is as opposed to height above mean sea level (AMSL or HAMSL), height above ellipsoid (HAE, as reported by a GPS receiver), or height above average terrain (AAT or HAAT, in broadcast engineering ). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, HAE, AAT) indicate where

84-480: A tsunami that devastated communities along Newfoundland's south coast and parts of Cape Breton Island. An infamous location in the strait for shipwrecks during the age of sail , St. Paul Island came to be referred to as the "Graveyard of the Gulf" (of St. Lawrence). A strategically important waterway throughout Canadian and Newfoundland history, the strait is also an important international shipping route, being

112-508: A major overhaul. The work involved completely tearing apart the turbine and the generator and then refurbishing and replacing numerous components as part of regular maintenance. Regularly about 120 people work at the Lingan power plant. About 130 additional workers were hired to help with the upgrades, with about 50 of those workers outside contractors. On April 14, 1994, a courier flight originating from Moncton and destined for Sydney Airport had

140-440: A near collision event with the power plant. Witnesses reported that the plane had nearly struck the building on its approach to the airport. An investigation into the incidence later confirmed that the plane had dropped to 140 feet agl and came within 50 feet of the structure while traveling at over 300 mph. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) determined that the crew did not properly plan and fly their approach to

168-502: A particular point (e.g. the airport, runway threshold , or ground at present location), and "elevation" describes a feature of the terrain itself in terms of distance above MSL. In weather and climate studies, measurements or simulations often need to refer to a specific height or altitude, which is naturally AGL. However, the values of geophysical variables measured in various places on the natural (ground) surface may not be easily compared in hilly or mountainous terrain, because part of

196-481: A variety of blends at each unit. The turbines and electric generators were manufactured by Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation . Unit 1 was commissioned in 1979, Unit 2 in 1980, Unit 3 in 1983, and Unit 4 in 1984. The capacities of the individual units average at 153 MW each, and range between 148 MW at Lingan 2 to 157 MW at Lingan 4. All units have over-fire air to control NO x and cold-side electrostatic precipitators to remove fly ash from

224-695: Is in Atlantic Canada between Cape Ray , Newfoundland , and Cape North , Cape Breton Island . The strait , approximately 110 kilometres wide, is the widest of the three outlets for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean , the others being the Strait of Belle Isle and Strait of Canso . It is named for the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto . The strait's bathymetry is varied, with

252-423: Is usually a barometer calibrated in units of distance instead of atmospheric pressure , can therefore be set in such a way as to indicate the height of the aircraft above ground. This is done by communicating with the control tower of the airport (to get the current surface pressure) and setting the altimeter so as to read zero on the ground of that airport. Confusion between AGL and AMSL, or improper calibration of

280-569: The Laurentian Channel creating a deep trench through its centre, and comparatively shallow coastal waters closer to Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island. These bathymetric conditions have been known by mariners to cause rogue waves . The steep slope of the Laurentian Channel was the site of a disastrous submarine landslide at the southeastern end of the strait, triggered by the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake and leading to

308-641: The MV ; Flare split in half in the Cabot Strait while sailing from Rotterdam to Quebec with the loss of 21 lives on board. The strait is crossed daily by the Marine Atlantic ferry service linking Channel-Port aux Basques and North Sydney . Ferries have been operating across the strait since 1898, and a submarine telegraph cable was laid in 1856 as part of the transatlantic telegraph cable project. The Trans Canada Microwave system

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336-801: The Quebec Railway Corporation to operate this rail line as the Sydney Coal Railway . In order to meet emissions standards, the company now imports coal containing fewer pollutants from the United States and South America, which is hauled from the Port of Sydney by the SCR to the generating station. In 2005, Nova Scotia Power announced a $ 100 million upgrade for the Lingan Generating Station, including

364-425: The broadcast range of a station. Rather, it is HAAT (the height above the average terrain (in the surrounding area)) which is used to determine how far a broadcast station (or any other sort of VHF or higher radio-frequency ) transmission will travel. From aviation safety perspective though, the more important aspect is the height of the radio tower used to support the radio antenna . In this case, height AGL

392-448: The "zero level" or "reference altitude" – the vertical datum – is located. A pilot flying an aircraft under instrument flight rules (typically under poor visibility conditions) must rely on the aircraft's altimeter to decide when to deploy the undercarriage and prepare for landing. Therefore, the pilot needs reliable information on the height of the plane with respect to the landing area (usually an airport). The altimeter, which

420-566: The Sydney Airport, which resulted in a near collision with the Lingan power generating plant. Contributing factors to this occurrence were the flight crew's complacent attitude, their loss of situational awareness, their decision to continue an unstabilized approach, and the controller's lack of compliance with the radar vectoring procedures outlined in the Air Traffic Control (ATC) Manual of Operations (MANOPS). Since 2012,

448-412: The adjacent Indian Bay. The plant consumes 1.5 million tonnes of coal per year and currently generates approximately twenty-five percent of the province's electricity, while producing roughly fifty percent of the province's air pollution, including hydrochloric acid , sulphuric acid , hexachlorobenzene and mercury . Emissions in the form of particulates are a frequent source of pollution complaints in

476-522: The airport's AMSL (above mean sea level) elevation as a reference. During approaches to landing, there are several other references that are used, including AFE (above field elevation) which is height referencing the highest point on the airfield, TDZE (touchdown zone elevation) or TH (threshold height) which both refer to the elevation of the landing end of the runway measured AMSL and AGL respectively. In general, "altitude" refers to distance above mean sea level (MSL or AMSL), "height" refers to distance above

504-551: The altimeter, may result in controlled flight into terrain , a crash of a fully functioning aircraft under pilot control. While the use of a barometric altimeter setting that provides a zero reading on the ground of the airport is a reference available to pilots, in commercial aviation it is a country-specific procedure that is not often used (it is used, e.g., in Russia, and a few other countries ). Most countries (Far East, North and South America, all of Europe, Africa, Australia) use

532-423: The altitudes of these locations are set above the simulated ground level. This is often implemented using the so-called sigma coordinate system, which is the ratio of the pressure at a location (latitude, longitude, altitude) divided by the pressure at the nadir of that location on ground surface (same latitude, same longitude, altitude AGL = 0). In broadcasting, altitude AGL has relatively little direct bearing on

560-522: The exhaust. As of 2010 there was no SO 2 , control. Fly ash is handled dry and bottom ash is handled wet. There are two 152 m (499 ft) chimneys for exhaust gas. These chimneys are tied with those at Tufts Cove Generating Station and Trenton Generating Station as the tallest structures in Nova Scotia , and tied as the 27th tallest in Canada . The plant uses sea water for cooling, from

588-570: The height of the 1970s oil crisis. It was designed to burn bituminous coal mined by the Cape Breton Development Corporation (DEVCO) at the nearby Lingan Colliery and the adjacent Phalen Colliery as a means of reducing Nova Scotia's reliance of foreign oil for electrical generation. In the years following World War II , Nova Scotia, in common with many other areas of the world, turned to oil to fire its generating stations to such an extent that 70% of its electricity

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616-559: The installation of a scrubber for flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and low nitrogen oxide burners. The ‘Low-NOx’ combustion systems help prevent the creation of nitrogen oxides with a resulting reduction in NOx emissions of about 40 per cent. The scrubbers were installed from 2006 to 2008 on all four units. At the same time, activated carbon injection was added to all the units to remove mercury from flue gas. In 2015 Nova Scotia Power spent $ 15 million to give one of its four coal fired generators

644-580: The neighbourhood and region. Until the 2001 shut down of coal production by DEVCO, Lingan was supplied almost exclusively with locally mined coal from the Sydney Coal Field. Following closure of its mines, Nova Scotia Power purchased the federal Crown corporation's surface assets, including shipping piers on Sydney Harbour and the Devco Railway which was used to haul coal to the Lingan Generating Station. Nova Scotia Power subcontracted with

672-424: The observed variability is due to changes in the altitude of the surface. For this reason, variables such as pressure or temperature are sometimes 'reduced' to mean sea level. In general circulation models and global climate models , the state and properties of the atmosphere are specified or computed at a number of discrete locations and heights. When the topography of the continents is explicitly represented,

700-586: The primary waterway linking the Atlantic with inland ports on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway . In October 1942, German U-boat U-69 torpedoed and sank the unlit Newfoundland ferry SS  Caribou , killing 137 people. Then on 25 November 1944 HMCS Shawinigan was torpedoed and sunk with all hands on board (91 crew) by German submarine  U-1228 . In 1998, the Cypriot bulk carrier

728-481: The utility has been shutting down two of Lingan's generators during the summer months, due to lower residential and industrial demand, increased renewable energy use and to meet environmental requirements. Nova Scotia Power is also looking at converting the generating station to use heavy fuel oil after the current generators are closed in 2030. Cabot Strait Cabot Strait ( / ˈ k æ b ə t / ; French : détroit de Cabot , French: [kabo] )

756-614: Was extended to Newfoundland in 1959. To get it to Newfoundland, it was fed from Sydney, Nova Scotia to a repeater in Cape North that was 427 metres above sea-level. That allowed it cross the 127 kilometres across the Cabot Strait to a repeater station perched 198 metres above sea-level in Red Rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador . From there, the signal was microwaved over land to St. John's . Altitude above ground level In aviation , atmospheric sciences and broadcasting ,

784-509: Was then generated from oil. Formation of the OPEC cartel in 1973 brought an end to low-priced oil and the price of electricity produced from burning oil increased dramatically. Nova Scotia's solution to the international oil crisis was to exploit a provincial natural resource, coal. The Lingan Generating Station consists of four 150 MW units commissioned between 1979 and 1984. The station burns bituminous coal and small amounts of petroleum coke in

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