Linden Place is a Federal-style mansion located in Bristol, Rhode Island . It was built in 1810 by slave trader, merchant, privateer and ship owner General George DeWolf and was designed by architect, Russell Warren . The mansion now operates as a historic house museum.
98-603: Built in the Robert Adam –inspired Federal style , popular in the early decades of the new American nation, Linden Place magnificently reflects the prosperity of the DeWolf slave trading merchant princes and the exquisite Adamesque Federal taste inspired by the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. Linden Place is one of the best examples of Federal architecture in New England, from the magnificent Palladian windows to
196-427: A car from falling down the shaft if the suspending cable broke. Elevators allowed buildings to rise above the four or five stories that people were willing to climb by stairs for normal occupancy. An 1868 competition decided the design of New York City's six story Equitable Life Building , which would become the first commercial building to use an elevator. Construction commenced in 1873. Other structures followed such as
294-410: A desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their design. In Adam interiors, all the furnishings were custom designed to accord with the decoration of the room in a unified harmony. Often the carpets were woven to match the intricate patterns of the ceiling above, while every fitting including sconces, mirrors, and doorknobs also received a custom design emulating
392-626: A double slant. This style is used to build the houses for prosperous plantation owners in the country and wealthy merchants in town. In religious architecture, the common design features were brick, stone-like stucco, and a single spire that tops the entrance. They can be seen in Saint Paul's Church (1761) in Mount Vernon, New York or Saint Paul's Chapel (1766) in New York, New York . The architects of this period were more influenced by
490-739: A few days in London, where they visited the Mansion House, London , St Stephen Walbrook , St Paul's Cathedral , Windsor, Berkshire, in the company of Thomas Sandby who showed them his landscaping at Windsor Great Park and Virginia Water Lake . They sailed from Dover arriving in Calais on 28 October 1754. He joined Charles Hope-Weir , brother of the Earl of Hopetoun in Brussels and together they travelled to Rome. Hope agreed to take Adam on
588-542: A model The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. , is an example of uniform urbanism: the design of the capitol building was imagined by the French Pierre Charles L'Enfant . This ideal of the monumental city and neoclassicism. Several cities wanted to apply this concept, which is part of the reason why Washington, D.C., did. The new nation's capital should have the best examples of architecture at
686-649: A model. Alexander Jackson Davis (1803–1892) worked on villa projects in the Hudson River Valley and used details from the Gothic to Baroque repertoire. For the Jay Gould estate country house " Lyndhurst " in Tarrytown, New York , Alexander Jackson Davis designed a building with a complex asymmetrical outline, and opened the double-height art gallery with stained glass windows . New York City
784-642: A more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practised by James "Athenian" Stuart . The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including George Richardson , and the Italian Joseph Bonomi , who Robert originally hired in Rome. During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (in 1773–1778 and 1779;
882-509: A new style of architectural decoration, one which was more archaeologically accurate than past neoclassical styles, but nonetheless innovative and not bound only by ancient precedents. In Works in Architecture , co-authored by Robert and James, the brothers stated that Graeco-Roman examples should "serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge." The discoveries being made in Herculaneum and Pompeii at
980-511: A part of the Blair Adam estate which included Dowhill Castle , to Robert. From his father, Robert inherited an extensive library and extended it. On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission
1078-684: A residence on the property. This established a rural pattern of isolated farmsteads in the Midwest and West instead of the European and eastern U.S. states' villages and towns. Settlers built homes from local materials, such as rustic sod, semi-cut stone, mortared cobble, adobe bricks, and rough logs. They erected log cabins in forested areas and sod houses , such as the Sod House (Cleo Springs, Oklahoma) , in treeless prairies . The present-day sustainable architecture method of Straw-bale construction
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#17327943899511176-789: A simpler style than in England, adapted to the colonial limitations. In 1776 the members of the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies . After the long and distressing American Revolutionary War , the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the existence of the new republic , the United States of America . Even though it was a firm break with the English politically,
1274-699: A square). However, the project became a white elephant for Robert and his brothers, with uncertain financing and costs spiralling out of control. The houses were built on a huge artificial terrace resting on vaulted substructures on the level of the Thames, which Robert Adam was certain could be leased to the British government as warehouses. However, this intention failed to materialize; the Adam brothers were left with huge debts and, in 1772, had to lay off 3,000 workmen and cease building. Robert Adam himself moved into one of
1372-577: A symmetrical columned porch and narrow windows. The domestic architecture in the South adapted the neoclassical model by supporting a mid-height balcony on the front without a pediment or entrance portico, such as at Oak Alley Plantation , in St. James Parish, Louisiana . These houses adapted to the regional climate and into the economy of a plantation with enslaved labor for construction. In regions that had experienced French and Spanish colonization, such as
1470-559: A technical limit at about 20 stories (culminating in the 1891 Monadnock Building by Burnham & Root in Chicago). Professional engineer William LeBaron Jenney solved the problem with a steel support frame in Chicago's 10-story Home Insurance Building , 1885. Arguably this is the first true skyscraper. The use of a thin curtain wall in place of a load-bearing wall reduced the building's overall weight by two thirds. Another feature that
1568-679: A third volume was published posthumously, in 1822). Adam had long suffered from stomach and bowel problems, probably caused by a peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome . While at home – 11 Albemarle Street , London – on 1 March 1792, one of the ulcers burst, and on 3 March Adam died. The funeral was held on 10 March; he was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey . The pall-bearers were several of his clients: Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch ; George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry ; James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale ; David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield ; Lord Frederick Campbell and Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet . Knowing he
1666-408: A total change in the architecture of this country: and his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused to every branch of manufacture. His talents extend beyond the lie of his own profession: he displayed in his numerous drawings in landscape a luxuriance of composition, and an effect of light and shadow, which have scarcely been equalled...to
1764-414: A very simple outcome. Although one subtle element of ornamentation that was used on the front door. The owner would take nails, think of an object or pattern to make with them, and nail that decoration onto the door. The more nails one had, the more extravagant and elaborate the pattern could become. The most prized architectural aspect of the house was the chimney. Large and usually made of brick or stone,
1862-567: A whole it represents a rich eclectic and innovative tradition. The oldest surviving non-imported structures on the territory that is now known as the United States were made by the Ancient Pueblo People of the four corners region. The Tiwa speaking people have inhabited Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years. Algonquian villages Pomeiooc and Section in what later became coastal North Carolina survive from
1960-445: Is characterized by a return to Medieval decor: chimneys , gables , embrasure towers, warhead windows, gargoyles , stained glass and severely sloped roofs. The buildings adopted a complex design that drew inspiration from symmetry and neoclassicism. The great families of the east coast had immense estates and villas constructed in the style, with antipodes of Neoclassicism . Some took Horace Walpole 's Strawberry Hill House as
2058-511: Is framed by two massive towers and the entrance is flanked by estipites . In the late 18th century, the Spanish founded a series of presidios (forts) in the upper Las Californias Province to resist Russian and British colonization there, the Presidio of San Diego , Presidio of Santa Barbara , Presidio of Monterey , and Presidio of San Francisco were established to do this and support
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#17327943899512156-668: Is home to James Renwick Jr 's Saint Patrick Cathedral , an elegant synthesis of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims and the Cologne Cathedral . The project was entrusted to him in 1858 but completed by the erection of two spires on the facade in 1888. The use of materials lighter than stone allowed to pass from flying buttresses to exterior buttresses. Renwick also showed his talent in Washington, D.C., with
2254-594: Is in the Châteauesque style of French Renaissance Revival , and is the largest private residence in the U.S. Richard Morris Hunt interpreted the Louis XII and François I wings from the Château de Blois for it. The most notable United States architectural innovation has been the skyscraper. Several technical advances made this possible. In 1853, Elisha Otis invented the first safety elevator which prevented
2352-584: Is now New York and in Bergen in what is now New Jersey . Initially the settlers built small, one room cottages with stone walls and steep roofs to allow a second floor loft. By 1670 or so, two-story gable-end homes were common in New Amsterdam. French Colonial developed in the settlements of the Illinois Country and French Louisiana . It is believed to have been primarily influenced by
2450-464: Is one of the rare vestiges of 17th-century Spanish colonial architecture in the present day United States. Spanish exploration of the North American deserts, the present day Southwestern United States , began in the 1540s. The conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado crossed this region in search of the mythical cities of gold . Instead they found the ancient culture and architecture of
2548-710: Is situated under a The Rotunda covered by a dome inspired by the Pantheon of Rome . The combination created a uniformity thanks to the use of brick and wood painted white. For the new Virginia State Capitol building (1785–1796) in Richmond, Virginia , Jefferson was inspired by the ancient Rome Maison Carrée in Nîmes , but chose the Ionic order for its columns. A man of the Age of Enlightenment , Thomas Jefferson had participated in
2646-903: Is widely regarded as one of the highest executions of Queen Anne style in California and the United States. On the east coast the Queen Anne evolved into the Shingle Style architecture . It is characterized by attention to a more relaxed rustic image. Richardson designed the William Watts Sherman House (1874–1875) in Newport, Rhode Island, and the Mary Fiske Stoughton House (1882–1883) in Cambridge, Massachusetts , and Charles Follen McKim
2744-432: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake itself, though some burned in the aftermath. They introduced the contemporary services of central heating and electricity. The Carson Mansion conceived of by Builder-Architects, Samuel and Joseph Cather Newsom and built by an army of over 100 craftsman from the massive lumber operations of its owner, is prominently situated at the head of Old Town Eureka, California on Humboldt Bay . It
2842-500: The Auditorium Building, Chicago in 1885 by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan . This adopted Italian palazzo design details to give the appearance of a structured whole: for several decades American skyscrapers would blend conservative decorative elements with technical innovation. Soon skyscrapers encountered a new technological challenge. Load-bearing stone walls become impractical as a structure gains height, reaching
2940-767: The Harewood House collection of Chippendale's work. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced Charles Cameron , the Scotsman who designed apartments in the Catherine Palace , Tsarskoye Selo and other Russian palaces for Catherine the Great . However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by
3038-576: The Hôtel de Salm in Paris , that Jefferson saw while the ambassador to France. Work on Monticello commenced in 1768 and modifications continued until 1809. This American variation on Palladian architecture borrowed from British and Irish models and revived the tetrastyle portico with Doric columns. This interest in Roman elements appealed in a political climate that looked to the ancient Roman Republic as
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3136-853: The Massachusetts State House ' in 1795–1798 with an original gilded dome . He worked on the construction of several houses in Louisburg Square of the Beacon Hill quarter in Boston. Samuel McIntire designed the John Gardiner-Pingree house (1805) in Salem, Massachusetts with a gentle sloped roof and brick balustrade . With Palladio as inspiration, he linked the buildings with a semi-circular column supported portico . The Federal style of architecture
3234-483: The Newport Casino (1879–1881) using shingle clad asymmetrical facades. While medieval influence rode high, in the second half of the 19th century, architects also responded to commissions for estate scale residences with Renaissance Revival residences. Industry and commerce tycoons invested in stone and commissioned mansions replicating European palaces. The Biltmore Estate near to Asheville, North Carolina
3332-524: The Pueblo people . The Pueblo people built dwellings of adobe , a sun-dried clay brick, with exposed wooden ceiling beams. Their cubic form and dense arrangement gave villages a singular aspect. The modest unadorned structures remained constant and cool. The Spanish conquered these pueblos and made Pueblo de Santa Fe the administrative capital of the Santa Fe de Nuevo México Province in 1609. The Palace of
3430-835: The Society of Antiquaries in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the King's Works (jointly with Sir William Chambers ). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 to devote more time to his elected office as member of Parliament for Kinross-shire . Adam rejected the Palladian style, as introduced to England by Inigo Jones , and advocated by Lord Burlington , as "ponderous" and "disgustful". However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , during his four-year stay in Europe. Adam developed
3528-701: The Victorian , Georgian, and early-20th-century Spanish Colonial Revival styles. When the Europeans settled in North America , they brought their architectural traditions and construction techniques for building. The oldest buildings in America have examples of that. Construction was dependent on the available resources. Wood and brick are the most common elements of English buildings in New England ,
3626-541: The War of 1812 , a large part of the city was burned, and the White House was ravaged. Only the exterior walls remained standing, but it was reconstructed. The walls were painted white to hide the damage caused by the fire. At the beginning of the 20th century, two new wings were added to support the development of the government. The United States Capitol was constructed in successive stages starting in 1792. Shortly after
3724-727: The 16th-century forms in Europe. The Gothic Revival style was also used in the construction of universities ( Yale , Harvard ) and churches. The success of the Gothic Revival was prolonged up until the beginning of the 20th century in numerous Skyscrapers , notably in Chicago and in New York. Following the American Civil War and through the turn of the 20th century, a number of related styles, trends, and movements emerged, are loosely and broadly categorized as "Victorian," due to their correspondence with similar movements of
3822-576: The 18th century, and Palladian architecture took hold of colonial Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . The Governor's Palace there, built in 1706–1720, had a vast gabled entrance at the front. It respects the principle of symmetry and uses the materials that were found in the Tidewater region of the Mid-Atlantic colonies: red brick, white painted wood, and blue slate used for the roof with
3920-483: The French architect and artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi . Here, he became acquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeologist and art historian, theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann . On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalatro in Dalmatia (now known as Split , in modern Croatia ). These studies were later published as Ruins of
4018-521: The Georgian influences continued to mark the buildings constructed. Public and commercial needs grew in parallel with the territorial extension. The buildings of these new federal and business institutions used the classic vocabulary of columns, domes and pediments, in reference to ancient Rome and Greece, which symbolize the democracy of the newfound nation. Architectural publications multiplied: in 1797, Asher Benjamin published The Country Builder's Assistant . Americans looked to affirm their independence in
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4116-545: The Governors was built between 1610 and 1614, mixing Pueblo Indian and Spanish influences. The building is long and has a patio . The Mission San Francisco de Asis in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico dates from the 1770s and used the adobe technique as well, which gave the edifice a striking look of bold austerity. Centuries later the Pueblo Revival Style architecture style developed in the region. The Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona , has Churrigueresque detailing from southern examples in New Spain . Its facade
4214-413: The Greek Revival style such as in North Carolina (Capitol building in Raleigh , rebuilt in 1833–1840 after a fire) or in Indiana (Capitol building in Indianapolis ). One later example of these is the Ohio State Capitol in Columbus , designed by Henry Walters and completed in 1861. The simple façade, continuous cornice and the absence of a dome give the impression of the austerity and greatness of
4312-407: The Gulf Coast, buildings were often constructed in Creole architectural styles. The Homestead Act of 1862 brought property ownership within reach for millions of citizens, displaced native peoples, and changed the character of settlement patterns across the Great Plains and Southwest. The law offered a modest farm free of charge to any adult male who cultivated the land for five years and built
4410-436: The Mid-Atlantic, and the coastal South. It had also brought the conquest, destruction, and displacement of the indigenous peoples existing buildings in their homeland, as their dwelling and settlement construction techniques devalued compared to colonial standards. The colonizers appropriated the territories and sites for new forts, dwellings, missions, churches, and agricultural developments. The Spanish colonial architecture in
4508-402: The New World for economic purposes, therefore revealing why most early homes reflect the influences of modest village homes and small farms. The appearance of structures was very plain and made with little imported material. Windows, for example, were extremely small. The size did not increase until long after the British were manufacturing glass. This was because the Venetians had not rediscovered
4606-564: The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia in 1764. He returned to Britain in 1758 and set up in business in London with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. Palladian design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style, but he evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical Roman design alongside influences from Greek , Byzantine and Baroque styles. The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to
4704-404: The United States was markedly different from the European styles adopted in other parts of America such as the simple French colonial houses in the Mississippi Valley, which were consisted of adjoining rooms that opened upon a galerie . The Spanish architecture (particularly evident in ecclesiastical establishments) built in the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Florida, and Georgia
4802-494: The architect John Soane and are now at the Soane Museum in London. Works include: Architecture of the United States The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish , French , Dutch and British rule . Architecture in the United States has been shaped by many internal and external factors and regional distinctions. As
4900-431: The arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as
4998-545: The building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House . William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of Salvator Rosa are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque gothic follies . William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill,
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#17327943899515096-507: The building styles of French Canada and the Caribbean . It had its beginnings in 1699 with the establishment of French Louisiana but continued to be built after Spain assumed control of the colonial territory in 1763. Styles of building that evolved during the French colonial period include the Creole cottage , Creole townhouse , and French Creole plantation house. Excavations at the first permanent English-speaking settlement, Jamestown, Virginia (founded 1607) have unearthed part of
5194-417: The building. It has a very symmetrical design and houses the Supreme Court and a library. A rare style also was adopted around this time, Egyptian Revival architecture . From the 1840s on, the Gothic Revival style became popular in the United States, under the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing (1815–1852). He defined himself in a reactionary context to classicism and development of romanticism . His work
5292-407: The canons of Old World architecture. Peter Harrison (1716–1755) used his European techniques in designing the Redwood Library and Athenaeum (1748 and 1761), in Newport, Rhode Island and now the oldest community library still occupying its original building in the United States. Boston and Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were two primary cities where the Georgian style took hold, but in
5390-453: The chimney was very fashionable at this time, specifically 1600–1715. During the Tudor period in England, which lasted up until around 1603, coal became the popular material for heating the home. Before that, a wood fire was burned on the floor in the center of the house, with the smoke escaping only through windows and vents. With coal, this method could not suffice because the smoke was unacceptably black and sticky. It needed to be contained and
5488-427: The completion of its construction, it was partially burned by the British during the War of 1812. Its reconstruction began in 1815 and did not end until 1830. During the 1850s, the building was greatly expanded by Thomas U. Walter . In 1863, the imposing Statue of Freedom , was placed on the top of the current (new at the time) dome . The Washington Monument is an Obelisk erected in honor of George Washington ,
5586-401: The concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical Rococo ", drew on Roman " grotesque " stucco decoration. Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture and design across the western world. In England his collaboration with Thomas Chippendale resulted in some of the finest neoclassicist designs of the time, most notably in
5684-446: The construction of the Smithsonian Institution . But his critics reproached him for having broken the architectural harmony of the capital by building an eccentric combination in red brick using Byzantine , Romanesque , Lombard , and eclectic themes. Richard Upjohn (1802–1878) specialized in the rural churches of the northeast, but his major work is still "Trinity Church" in New York. His red sandstone architecture makes reference to
5782-402: The continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi . On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James . Here he developed the " Adam Style ", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in
5880-559: The country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769. Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America . Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland. He served as
5978-576: The domains of politics, economics, and culture with new civic architecture for government, religion, and education. In the 1780s the Federal style of architecture began to diverge bit-by-bit from the Georgian style and became a uniquely American genre. At the time of the War of Independence , houses stretched out along a strictly rectangular plan, adopting curved lines and favoring decorative details such as garlands and urns. Certain openings were ellipsoidal in form, one or several pieces were oval or circular. The Bostonian architect Charles Bulfinch fitted
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#17327943899516076-424: The emancipation of New World architecture by expressing his vision of an art-form in service of democracy. He contributed to developing the Federal style in his country by combining European Neoclassical architecture and American democracy. Thomas Jefferson also designed the buildings for his plantation Monticello , near Charlottesville, Virginia . Monticello is a tribute to the Neo Palladian style , modeled on
6174-404: The first American president. It was Robert Mills who had designed it originally in 1838. There is a perceivable color difference towards the bottom of the monument, which is because its construction was put on hiatus for lack of money. At 555.5 feet (169.3 m) high, it was completed in 1884 and opened to the public in 1888. Much architecture of the Deep South was developed in the context of
6272-462: The first continuously European-occupied city in North America, was established in 1565. Beginning in 1598, quarried coquina from Anastasia Island contributed to a new colonial style of architecture in this city. Coquina is a limestone conglomerate, containing small shells of mollusks. It was used in the construction of residential homes, the City Gate, the Cathedral Basilica , the Castillo de San Marcos , and Fort Matanzas . The city of St. Augustine
6370-434: The first half of the 19th century. The young nation, free from Britannic protection, was persuaded to be the new Athens , that is to say, a foyer for democracy. Benjamin Latrobe (1764–1820) and his students William Strickland (1788–1854) and Robert Mills (1781–1855) obtained commissions to build some banks and churches in the big cities (Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, DC). Some state capitol buildings adopted
6468-619: The fluted Corinthian columns , which gracefully flank the front entrance to the mansion. Also of architectural significance are the later added Gothic conservatory and four-story spiral staircase. Tour highlights include tales of DeWolf family exploits, from their privateering and slave trading to their financial ruin and triumphant return to prosperity during Victorian times. Residents included family members Samuel Pomeroy Colt , founder of United States Rubber, now Uniroyal , his mother Theodora DeWolf Colt, who as Madam Colt ran Bristol Society from Linden Place as if she were Queen Victoria, and
6566-415: The formidable drive of the earliest volunteers, the “crown jewel” of Bristol’s historic waterfront district was saved and is today maintained through visitation, fundraisers, grants and memberships. The mansion was prominently featured in Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North , a 2008 film documentary about the DeWolf family and the legacy of the slave trade in the North of the United States. It
6664-532: The function of a chimney was to do just that. The oldest remaining building of Plymouth, Massachusetts is the Harlow Old Fort House built 1677 and now a museum. The Fairbanks House (ca. 1636) in Dedham, Massachusetts is the oldest remaining wood-frame house in North America. Several notable colonial era buildings remain in Boston . Boston's Old North Church , built 1723 in the style of Sir Christopher Wren , became an influential model for later United States church design. The Georgian style appeared during
6762-422: The great actress Ethel Barrymore who married in to this most prominent of American families. The mansion sits on 1.8 acres of sculpture-filled gardens where there are Greek bronzes and an 18th century gazebo. Today the estate is sponsored by the non-profit Friends of Linden Place, which was created in 1989, based on the urgent need to save the magnificent 1810 DeWolf mansion from destruction or development. Due to
6860-459: The houses in the Adelphi, along with supportive friends like David Garrick and Josiah Wedgwood , who opened a showroom for his ceramics in one of the houses. In 1774, a public lottery authorised under the Adam Buildings Act 1772 ( 13 Geo. 3 . c. 75) was held to raise funds for the brothers, which allowed them to avert bankruptcy. Adam was elected a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1758 and of
6958-544: The last period of his life, Mr Adam displayed an increasing vigour of genius and refinement of taste: for in the space of one year preceding his death, he designed eight great public works, besides twenty five private buildings, so various in their style, and so beautiful in their composition, that they have been allowed by the best judges, sufficient of themselves, to establish his fame unrivalled as an artist. He left nearly 9,000 drawings, 8,856 of which (by both Robert and James Adam) were subsequently purchased in 1833 for £200 by
7056-583: The late 16th century. Artist and cartographer John White stayed at the short-lived Roanoke Colony for 13 months and recorded over 70 watercolor images of indigenous people, plants, and animals. The remote location of the Hawaiian Islands from North America gave ancient Hawaii a substantial period of precolonial architecture. Early structures reflect Polynesian heritage and the refined culture of Hawaii . Post-contact late-19th-century Hawaiian architecture shows various foreign influences such as
7154-548: The member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774. Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy , Fife, the second son of Mary Robertson (1699–1761), the daughter of William Robertson of Gladney, and architect William Adam. As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution". From 1734 at the age of six Adam attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh where he learned Latin (from
7252-468: The mostly Spanish-built French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana . Fires in 1788 and 1794 destroyed the original French structures in New Orleans. Many of the city's present buildings date to late-18th-century rebuilding efforts. The two earliest continuously occupied European settlements in the United States are St. Augustine, Florida founded in 1565 and Santa Fe, New Mexico . St. Augustine ,
7350-613: The motifs of the room. The Adam practice was not without mishap, however. In 1768 the brothers purchased a 99-year lease for a marshy plot of land beside the Thames in Westminster , where they built a 24-house terrace development known as the Adelphi . The project was very ambitious and is the first instance where terraced houses were designed individually to give unified harmony to the whole development (previously terraced houses were built to one replicated design, side-by-side around
7448-470: The next 10 years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet John Home . He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton , designed by Inigo Jones , and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris . His sketchbook of
7546-596: The occupation by new missions and settlements. From 1769 to 1823, the Franciscans created a linear network of twenty-one Missions in California . The missions had a significant influence on later regional architecture. An example of a period residence is the Casa de la Guerra , in Santa Barbara . Developed from around 1630 with the arrival of Dutch colonists to New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley in what
7644-490: The origin of its name. The style was commonly used in houses, hotels, railway depots, and other structures primarily of wood. The buildings are topped by high roofs with steep slopes and prominent decoration of the gables. The exterior is not bare of decoration, even though the main objective remains comfort. Richard Morris Hunt constructed John N. Griswold's house in Newport, Rhode Island in 1862 in this style. The "Stick Style"
7742-470: The originals. These were invented by Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and were made so that one panel of glass easily slid up, vertically, behind another. Timber, especially white and red cedar, made for a great building resource and was readily abundant for the settlers in the English colonies, so naturally many houses were made of wood. As for decorative elements, as said before most colonial houses were built plainly and therefore most colonial house designs led to
7840-609: The plantation economy. Plantation complexes in the Southern United States often featured European-derived styles for the slaveowners' houses, while housing for enslaved African Americans often drew upon vernacular building traditions. Anglophone plantation owners often favored the Greek Revival style, featuring a neoclassical pediment with columns, as at Belle Meade Plantation in Tennessee , with
7938-784: The second year lessons were conducted in Latin) until he was 15, he was taught to read works by Virgil , Horace , Sallust and parts of Cicero and in his final year Livy . In autumn 1743, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh , and compulsory classes for all students were: the Greek language , logic , metaphysics and natural philosophy . Students could choose three elective subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin , and anatomy, taught by Alexander Monro primus . His studies were interrupted by
8036-442: The strictly Roman clear glass until the 15th century and it did not come to England until another hundred years later. The few windows that did exist on early colonial homes had small panes held together by a lead framework, much like a typical church's stained glass window. The glass that was used was imported from England and was incredibly expensive. In the 18th century, many of these houses were restored and sash windows replaced
8134-487: The time in the British Empire during the later reign of Queen Victoria . Many architects working during this period would cross various modes, depending on the commission. Key influential American architects of the period include Richard Morris Hunt , Frank Furness , and Henry Hobson Richardson . After the war, the uniquely American Stick Style developed as a form of construction that uses wooden rod trusswork,
8232-538: The time provided ample material for Robert Adam to draw on for inspiration. The Adam brothers' principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the picturesque aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brothers' Works (1773) cited Kedleston Hall , designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture. By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied
8330-722: The time. The White House was constructed after the creation of Washington, D.C., by congressional law in December 1790. After a contest, James Hoban , an Irish American, was chosen and the construction began in October 1792. The building that he had conceived was modeled upon the first and second floors of the Leinster House, a ducal palace in Dublin , Ireland which is now the seat of the Irish Parliament . But during
8428-910: The tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale , who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. While in Brussels the pair attended a Play and Masquerade , as well as visiting churches and palaces in the city. Travelling on to Tournai , then Lille , where they visited the citadel designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban . By 12 November 1754 Adam and Hope were in Paris where they took lodgings in Hotel de Notre Dame. Adam and Hope travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included
8526-414: The triangular James Fort and numerous artifacts from the early 17th century. Nearby Williamsburg was Virginia's colonial capital and is now a tourist attraction as a well-preserved 18th-century town. The New World population of 200,000 in 1657, ninety percent of whom drew from England, used the same simple construction techniques as those in their respective mother countries. These settlers often came to
8624-541: The trip also shows a continuing interest in Gothic architecture . Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume and the artist Paul Sandby whom he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie , John Home and Alexander Wedderburn . On 3 October 1754, Robert Adam in the company of his brother James (who went as far as Brussels) set off from Edinburgh for his Grand Tour , stopping for
8722-454: Was a British neoclassical architect , interior designer and furniture designer . He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John , Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance , after William's death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on
8820-583: Was dying, he drafted his will on 2 March 1792. Having never married, Adam left his estate to his sisters Elizabeth Adam and Margaret Adam. His obituary appeared in the March 1792 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine : It is somewhat remarkable that the Arts should be deprived at the same time of two of their greatest ornaments, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Mr Adam: and it is difficult to say which of them excelled most in his particular profession... Mr Adam produced
8918-866: Was pioneered in late-19th-century Nebraska with baling machines. The Spanish and later Mexican Alta California Ranchos and early American pioneers used the readily available clay to make adobe bricks, and distant forests' tree trunks for beams sparingly. Locally made roof tiles were produced by the Mission Indians . As milled wood became more available in the mid-19th century the Monterey Colonial architecture style first developed in Monterey and then spread. The Leonis Adobe , Larkin House , and Rancho Petaluma Adobe are original examples. Greek revival style attracted American architects working in
9016-501: Was popular along the Atlantic coast from 1780 to 1830. Characteristics of this style include neoclassical elements, bright interiors with large windows and white walls and ceilings, and a decorative yet restrained appearance that emphasized rational elements. Significant federal style architects at the time include: Asher Benjamin , Charles Bulfinch , Samuel McIntire , Alexander Parris , and William Thornton . Thomas Jefferson , who
9114-595: Was progressively abandoned after c. 1873, gradually evolving into the Queen Anne Style. On the west coast in California , Oregon , and Washington , domestic architecture evolved equally towards a more modern style. San Francisco has many representations of the Italianate , Stick-Eastlake , and Queen Anne styles of Victorian architecture, c. 1850s–1900. Constructed with Redwood lumber they resisted
9212-744: Was similar to the design adopted in Mexico. According to scholars, the Spaniards built without any consideration to the cost, believing that their tenure in America would be eternal. Spanish colonial architecture was built in Florida and the Southeastern United States from 1559 to 1821. The conch style is represented in Pensacola, Florida and other areas of Florida, adorning houses with balconies of wrought iron, as appears in
9310-406: Was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at Dumfries House . For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at Fort George , a large modern fort near Inverness designed by military engineer Colonel William Skinner . Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for
9408-557: Was the third president of the United States between 1801 and 1809, was a scholar in many domains, including architecture. Having journeyed several times in Europe, he hoped to apply the formal rules of palladianism and of antiquity in public and private architecture and master planning. He contributed to the plans for the University of Virginia , which began construction in 1817. The project was completed by Benjamin Latrobe applying Jefferson's architectural concepts. The university library
9506-533: Was to become familiar in 20th-century skyscrapers first appeared in Chicago's Reliance Building , designed by Charles B. Atwood and E.C. Shankland, Chicago, 1890–1895. Because outer walls no longer bore the weight of a building it was possible to increase window size. This became the first skyscraper to have plate glass windows take up a majority of its outer surface area. Some of the most graceful early towers were designed by Louis Sullivan (1856–1924), America's first great modern architect. His most talented student
9604-443: Was used as a filming location for the 1974 movie The Great Gatsby . The Bristol Art Museum occupies the former carriage house at Linden Place, with its entrance located at 10 Wardwell Street, Bristol, RI. 41°40′17″N 71°16′34″W / 41.6714°N 71.2762°W / 41.6714; -71.2762 Robert Adam Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792)
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