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37-410: Simon is 9 years old and at school he's mobbed by an 11-year-old boy and his gang. Simon dreams that he tames a lion which helps him with scaring the bad boy who Simon calls "Kobran" (" The Cobra "). One night Simon sees a naked man with briefs on his head and hears his mother's laugh in the background. The next morning Karin tells Simon that she had a friend at home during the night. In school during

74-565: A chair in Alex' head and runs after him out to the forest. At home, Björn and Karin wanted to be in family but now they stop that idea. Simon tells Alex that he can't hate his mother for life and together they go to Anna's home. When they're back, Alex doesn't want to tell that they met his mother but Simon says that if they do it together it'll be fine. Here Simon goes to his lion and says "Hejdå. Nu behöver jag inte dig längre" (" Goodbye. Now I don't need you more. "). Mobbing Mobbing , as

111-411: A courtroom and training programs outlining antibully-countermeasures also demonstrate a reduction in mobbing behavior. Occupational psychosis Occupational psychosis occurs when one's occupation or career makes one so biased that one could be described as psychotic . Especially common in tight occupational circles, individuals can normalize ideas or behaviours that seem absurd or irrational to

148-617: A dinner with him and Karin. He tells that he has a son called Alex who is studying in Simon's school, but he doesn't know that Alex and "Kobran" is the same person. Björn behaves sillily and Simon goes away into his room, but Björn follows him. When he sees Simon's lion posters on the walls, he tells Simon that he has seen real lions in Africa . Then Simon becomes happy and asks if he can protect him well; he "can't protect him from lions but from other things". The next time Björn brings his son Alex to

185-412: A framework from which mobbing victims can respond to mobbing. Lack of such a framework may result in a situation where each instance of mobbing is treated on an individual basis with no recourse of prevention. It may also indicate that such behaviors are warranted and within the realm of acceptable behavior within an organization. Direct responses to grievances related to mobbing that are handled outside of

222-523: A fundamental ambivalence. Any action can be considered in terms of what it attains or what it fails to attain." And again Merton footnotes Permanence and Change (1935), pp. 50, 58–59: "I believe that John Dewey's concept of "occupational psychosis" best characterizes this secondary aspect of interest. Roughly, the term corresponds to the Marxian doctrine that a society's environment in the historical sense

259-474: A sociological term, refers either to bullying in any context, or specifically to that within the workplace, especially when perpetrated by a group rather than an individual. Victims of workplace mobbing frequently suffer from: adjustment disorders , somatic symptoms, psychological trauma (e.g., trauma tremors or sudden onset selective mutism ), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or major depression . In mobbing targets with PTSD, Leymann notes that

296-425: Is a deliberate attempt to force a person out of their workplace by humiliation , general harassment , emotional abuse and/or terror . Mobbing can be described as being "ganged up on." Mobbing is executed by a leader (who can be a manager, a co-worker, or a subordinate). The leader then rallies others into a systematic and frequent "mob-like" behaviour toward the victim. Mobbing as "downward bullying" by superiors

333-412: Is a form of group aggression innate to primates , and that those who engage in mobbing are not necessarily "evil" or "psychopathic", but responding in a predictable and patterned manner when someone in a position of leadership or influence communicates to the group that someone must go. For that reason, she indicated that anyone can and will engage in mobbing, and that once mobbing gets underway, just as in

370-528: Is also important: "The transition to a study of the negative aspects of bureaucracy is afforded by the application of Thorstein Veblens concept of " trained incapacity ," Dewey's notion of "occupational psychosis" or Daniel Warnotte 's view of " professional deformation ". Trained incapacity refers to that state of affairs in which one's abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots. Actions based upon training and skills which have been successfully applied in

407-502: Is also known as "bossing", and "upward bullying" by colleagues as "staffing", in some European countries, for instance, in German-speaking regions. Following on from the work of Heinemann, Elliot identifies mobbing as a common phenomenon in the form of group bullying at school. It involves "ganging up" on someone using tactics of rumor , innuendo , discrediting , isolating , intimidating , and above all, making it look as if

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444-447: Is angry and forces Alex and Björn out from her home. The harassments are over, but Simon is sad and in the end he tells Karin that Alex did it, they go to Björn's home and Alex confesses. They move back to Karin's home. One evening Björn tries to fix a CD player and tells the boys to be careful with the electric wires of the CD player; "they'll hurt if you touch them". When Simon sleeps during

481-805: Is beginning to enter (STEM fields, fire fighting, military, nursing, teaching, and construction). Finally, she suggests that organizations where there are limited opportunities for advancement can be prone to mobbing because those who do advance are more likely to view challenges to their leadership as threats to their precarious positions. Harper further challenges the idea that workers are targeted for their exceptional competence. In some cases, she suggests, exceptional workers are mobbed because they are viewed as threatening to someone, but some workers who are mobbed are not necessarily good workers. Rather, Harper contends, some mobbing targets are outcasts or unproductive workers who cannot easily be terminated, and are thus treated inhumanely to push them out. While Harper emphasizes

518-408: Is synonymous with society's methods of production. Professor Dewey suggests that a tribe's ways of gaining sustenance promote certain specific patterns of thought which, since thought is an aspect of action, assist the tribe in its productive and distributive operations. This special emphasis, arising in response to the economic pattern, he calls the tribe's occupational psychosis. Once this psychosis

555-462: Is typically found in organizations where there is limited opportunity for employees to exit, whether through tenure systems or contracts that make it difficult to terminate an employee (such as universities or unionized organizations), and/or where finding comparable work in the same community makes it difficult for the employee to voluntarily leave (such as academic positions, religious institutions, or military). In these employments, efforts to eliminate

592-516: The Darwinian struggle to thrive (see animal mobbing behavior ). In his view, most humans are subject to similar innate impulses but capable of bringing them under rational control. Lorenz's explanation for his choice of the English word "mobbing" was omitted in the English translation by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. According to Kenneth Westhues , Lorenz chose the word "mobbing" because he remembered in

629-742: The "mental effects were fully comparable with PTSD from war or prison camp experiences." Some patients may develop alcoholism or other substance abuse disorders. Family relationships routinely suffer and victims sometimes display acts of aggression towards strangers in the street. Workplace targets and witnesses may even develop brief psychotic episodes (see Occupational psychosis ) , generally with paranoid symptoms. Leymann estimated that 15% of suicides in Sweden could be directly attributed to workplace mobbing. Konrad Lorenz , in his book entitled On Aggression (1966), first described mobbing among birds and other animals, attributing it to instincts rooted in

666-465: The 1970s, the Swedish physician Peter-Paul Heinemann applied Lorenz's conceptualization to the collective aggression of children against a targeted child. In the 1980s, professor and practising psychologist Heinz Leymann applied the term to ganging up in the workplace. In 2011, anthropologist Janice Harper suggested that some anti-bullying approaches effectively constitute a form of mobbing by using

703-615: The animal kingdom it will almost always continue and intensify as long as the target remains with the group. She subsequently published a book on the topic in which she explored animal behavior, organizational cultures and historical forms of group aggression, suggesting that mobbing is a form of group aggression on a continuum of structural violence with genocide as the most extreme form of mob aggression. Social networking sites and blogs have enabled anonymous groups to coordinate and attack other people. The victims of these groups can be targeted by various attacks and threats, sometimes causing

740-868: The behavior or through quantifying what respondents believe encompasses mobbing behavior. These are referred to as "self-labeling" and "behavior experience" methods respectively. Limitations of some mobbing examination tools are: Common Tools used to measure mobbing behavior are: From an organizational perspective, it has been suggested that mobbing behavior can be curtailed by acknowledging behaviors as mobbing behaviors and that such behaviors result in harm and/or negative consequences. Precise definitions of such traits are critical due to ambiguity of unacceptable and acceptable behaviors potentially leading to unintentional mobbing behavior. Attenuation of mobbing behavior can further be enhanced by developing policies that explicitly address specific behaviors that are culturally accepted to result in harm or negative affect. This provides

777-426: The collective attack by birds, the old German term hassen auf , which means "to hate after" or "to put a hate on" was applied and this emphasised "the depth of antipathy with which the attack is made" rather than the English word 'mobbing' which emphasised the collective aspect of the attack. Westhues also noted that the application of the term for human bullying behaviour has been criticised by several academics. In

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814-417: The cruelty and damaging consequences of mobbing, her organizational analysis focuses on the structural, rather than moral, nature of the organization. Moreover, she views the behavior itself, which she terms workplace aggression, as grounded in group psychology, rather than individual psychosis—even when the mobbing is initiated due to a leader's personal psychosis, the dynamics of group aggression will transform

851-868: The dinner and then Simon understands that it's Alex who is "Kobran". First Alex is nice but later he is angry and attacks Simon and forces him to fix that it won't be any "relationship" between Björn and Karin. The next day Simon and Tove write a letter where they pretend that Karin wants to revoke the relationship with Björn, and Simon puts it in Björn's pocket when they meet, but Karin denies that she wrote it. Simon knows that Alex'll abuse him if he can't fix it. Alex and Björn move and live together with Simon and Karin. Tove wants Simon to tell Karin, but Simon doesn't want and then Tove have an idea; later they tell about Björn and Karin for Simon's grandmother, Karin's mother, and she tells Simon to follow Tove to her home so she alone can go home and talk to Karin. When Simon comes home at

888-474: The evening, everything is fine, except that grandma is not welcome home in the future because "she interferes Karin's private life". Someone calls but there's no answer. Björn thinks it's Anna, Alex' mother who hasn't met her son. Björn goes to her home and tells her that Alex is angry to her and she must stop calling. A few days later at school "Kobran" and his gang attack Simon. Grandma sees that he has been abused and he lies and says that Björn did it. Then Karin

925-475: The external public. The term was created by John Dewey . The most accessible introduction to this concept is Chapter III of Kenneth Burke 's Permanence and Change . Burke is careful to say, "Incidentally, it might be well to recall that Professor Dewey does not use the word 'psychosis' in the psychiatric sense; it applies simply to a pronounced character of the mind" [original emphasis] (pg. 49.). In fact, Robert K. Merton 's notion of occupational psychosis

962-543: The label "bully" to dehumanize, encouraging people to shun and avoid people labeled bullies, and in some cases sabotage their work or refuse to work with them, while almost always calling for their exclusion and termination from employment. Janice Harper followed her Huffington Post essay with a series of essays in both The Huffington Post and in her column "Beyond Bullying: Peacebuilding at Work, School and Home" in Psychology Today that argued that mobbing

999-460: The leader's bullying into group mobbing—two vastly distinct psychological and social phenomena. Shallcross, Ramsay and Barker consider workplace "mobbing" to be a generally unfamiliar term in some English speaking countries. Some researchers claim that mobbing is simply another name for bullying. Workplace mobbing can be considered as a " virus " or a " cancer " that spreads throughout the workplace via gossip , rumour and unfounded accusations . It

1036-428: The lunch time he tells his mate Tove about his mother and the "briefs-man" whose real name is Björn. At same time "Kobran" and his gang come to their table; he requests Simon to go and get milk and when Simon does it he spits in Simon's food. The other boys laugh but Tove is angry and throws her milk on "Kobran"'s face and she and Simon escapes into the headmaster's room. At the evening Björn comes to Simon's home and has

1073-440: The night, Alex sneaks into his room and hurts him with the wires so he screams, but when Björn and Karin come, Alex pretends sleeping. Björn, Alex and Simon go to a little fishing lodge and sleep there. Alex is angry when he knows that Simon has got a lion tooth from Björn. The next morning when they wake up, Björn isn't there. Then Alex starts harassing Simon and destroys the lion tooth, and then Simon becomes angrily mad; he throws

1110-416: The past may result in inappropriate responses under changed conditions. An inadequate flexibility in the application of skills will, in a changing milieu, result in more or less serious maladjustments. Thus, to adopt a barnyard illustration used in this connection by Kenneth Burke , chickens may be readily conditioned to interpret the sound of a bell as a signal for food. The same bell may now be used to summon

1147-401: The same observations. As a result of their day-to-day routines, people develop special preferences, antipathies, discriminations and emphases. (The term "psychosis" is used by Dewey to denote a "pronounced character of the mind".) These psychoses develop through demands put upon the individual by the particular organization of his occupational role. The concepts of both Veblen and Dewey refer to

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1184-414: The sway of less objective and more post-modern scholarship; financial pressure; or having an aggressive superior. Other factors included envy , heresy and campus politics . Sociologists and authors have created checklists and other tools to identify mobbing behaviour. Common approaches to assessing mobbing behavior is through quantifying frequency of mobbing behavior based on a given definition of

1221-690: The target of disrespectful and harmful behavior. Through innuendo , rumors, and public discrediting, a hostile environment is created in which one individual gathers others to willingly, or unwillingly, participate in continuous malevolent actions to force a person out of the workplace." Adams and Field believe that mobbing is typically found in work environments that have poorly organised production or working methods and incapable or inattentive management and that mobbing victims are usually "exceptional individuals who demonstrated intelligence, competence, creativity, integrity, accomplishment and dedication". In contrast, Janice Harper suggests that workplace mobbing

1258-451: The targeted person is responsible ( victim blaming ). It is to be distinguished from normal conflicts (between pupils of similar standing and power), which are an integral part of everyday school life. Kenneth Westhues ' study of mobbing in academia found that vulnerability was increased by personal differences such as being a foreigner or of a different sex; by working in fields such as music or literature which have recently come under

1295-567: The trained chickens to their doom as they are assembled to suffer decapitation. In general, one adopts measures in keeping with one's past training and, under new conditions which are not recognized as significantly different, the very soundness of this training may lead to the adoption of the wrong procedures. Again in Burke's almost echolalic phrase, "people may be unfitted by being fit in an unfit fitness"; their training may become an incapacity. Dewey's concept of occupational psychosis rests upon much

1332-400: The victims to use pseudonyms or go offline to avoid them. British anti-bullying researchers Andrea Adams and Tim Field have used the expression "workplace bullying" instead of what Leymann called "mobbing" in a workplace context. They identify mobbing as a particular type of bullying that is not as apparent as most, defining it as "an emotional assault. It begins when an individual becomes

1369-417: The worker will intensify to push the worker out against his or her will through shunning, sabotage, false accusations and a series of investigations and poor reviews. Another form of employment where workers are mobbed are those that require the use of uniforms or other markers of group inclusion (law enforcement, fire fighting, military), organizations where a single gender has predominated, but another gender

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