Animal training is the act of teaching animals specific responses to specific conditions or stimuli . Training may be for purposes such as companionship , detection, protection , and entertainment . The type of training an animal receives will vary depending on the training method used, and the purpose for training the animal. For example, a seeing eye dog will be trained to achieve a different goal than a wild animal in a circus .
33-398: Lion taming is the taming and training of lions , either for protection or for use in entertainment, such as the circus . The term often applies to the taming and display of lions and other big cats such as tigers , leopards , jaguars , black panthers , cheetahs , and cougars . People often use lion taming as a metaphor for any dangerous activity. Lion taming occurs in zoos around
66-409: A clear barrier cannot be eaten (squid ). Animals in public display are sometimes trained for educational, entertainment, management, and husbandry behaviors. Educational behaviors may include species-typical behaviors under stimulus control such as vocalizations. Entertainment may include display behaviors to show the animal, or simply arbitrary behaviors. Management includes movement, such as following
99-638: A confined space, or having a predator (a human being) sit on its back. As training advances, some horses are prepared for competitive sports, up to the Olympic games , where horses are the only non-human animal athlete that is used at the Olympics. All equestrian disciplines from horse racing to draft horse showing require the horse to have specialized training. Unlike dogs, horses are not motivated as strongly by positive reinforcement rewards as they are motivated by other operant conditioning methods such as
132-830: A few seconds of a disobedient act. Horses do not correlate punishment to a specific behavior unless it occurs immediately. They do, however, have a remarkably long memory, and once a task is learned, it will be retained for a very long time. For this reason, poor training or allowing bad habits to be learned can be very difficult to remedy at a later date. Typical training tasks for companion birds include perching, non-aggression, halting feather-picking, controlling excessive vocalizations, socialization with household members and other pets, and socialization with strangers. The large parrot species frequently have lifespans that exceed that of their human owners, and they are closely bonded to their owners. Some birds of prey are trained to hunt, an ancient art known as falconry or hawking . In China
165-531: A larger dog with healthy joints, while others (e.g. alerting to a sound) can be performed by a dog of any size. Common examples of assistance dogs include: In the United States, the Americans with Disability Act states that there is no formal certification or registration required for a dog to become an Assistance Dog. State and local governments, businesses, and nonprofit organizations that serve
198-407: A leash or spanking. It may also be vocal, such as saying "bad dog". Bridges to positive reinforcement, include vocal cues, whistling, and dog whistles , as well as clickers used in clicker training , a method popularized by Karen Pryor . Negative reinforcement may also be used. Punishment is also a tool, including withholding of food or physical discipline. The primary purpose of training horses
231-462: A public display situation, the audience's attention is focused on the animal, rather than the trainer; therefore the discriminative stimulus is generally gestural (a hand sign) and sparse in nature. Unobtrusive dog whistles are used as bridges, and positive reinforcers are either primary (food) or tactile (rub downs), and not vocal. However, pinnipeds and mustelids ( sea lions , seals , walruses , and otters ) can hear in our frequency , so most of
264-399: A reinforcer is crucial. Initially the interval between response and consequence must be minimal in order for the animal to associate the consequence with the response. Other important issues related to this method are: Certain sub-fields of animal training tend to also have certain philosophies and styles. For example, fields such as: The degree of trainer protection from the animal and
297-616: Is a dog that receives specialized training to aid an individual with a disability in navigating everyday life. Assistance dogs can be trained by an organization, or by their handler. 'Assistance dog' is the internationally established term for a dog that provides assistance to a disabled person and is task-trained to help mitigate the handler's disability. In the United States , assistance dogs are also commonly referred to as 'service dogs'. Assistance dogs are not emotional support animals (ESAs), which are generally not protected by
330-654: Is a high demand for mammals for film and television, there is also a demand for other animals. Steven R. Kutcher has filled this niche for insects . Basic obedience training tasks for dogs, include walking on a leash, attention, housebreaking , nonaggression, and socialization with humans or other pets. Dogs are also trained for many other activities, such as dog sports , service dogs , and working dog tasks. Positive reinforcement for dogs can include primary reinforcers like food or social reinforcers, such as vocal ("good boy") or tactile (stroking) ones. Positive punishment, if used at all, can be physical, such as pulling on
363-552: Is done using operant conditioning , using a clicker and chicken feed for reinforcement. The first chicken workshops were given by Keller and Marian Breland in 1947–1948 to a group of animal feed salesmen from General Mills, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trained chickens may be confined to a display (Bird Brain) where they play Tic-Tac-Toe against humans for a fee, invented by Bob Bailey and Grant Evans, of Animal Behavior Enterprises. The moves were chosen by computer and indicated to
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#1732791080302396-422: Is going to be used to decrease an undesirable behavior, the animal must be able to receive positive reinforcement for an alternative behavior. Reinforcement should be provided according to a predetermined schedule. Such a schedule of reinforcement specifies whether all responses or only some are reinforced and includes the following: While continuous reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule may be necessary for
429-416: Is to socialize them around humans, teach them to behave in a manner that makes them safe for humans to handle, and, as adults to carry a rider under saddle or to be driven in order to pull a vehicle . As prey animals, much effort must be put into training horses to overcome its natural flight or fight instinct and accept handling that would not be natural for a wild animal, such as willingly going into
462-440: The assistance dog will learn to perform tasks that will aid their disabled handler. The tasks that an assistance dog is trained to perform will differ based on the handler's disabilities and needs. Examples of tasks include alerting to a fire alarm or doorbell, retrieving a medication during a medical episode, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving an item that has been dropped by the handler, and turning on lights. Some tasks may require
495-496: The chicken by a light invisible to the human player. Fish can also be trained. For example, goldfish may swim toward their owners and follow them as they walk through the room, but will not follow anyone else. The fish may swim up and down, signalling the owner to turn on its aquarium light when it is off, and it will skim the surface until its owner feeds it. Fish have also been taught to perform more complicated tasks, such as fetching rings, swimming through hoops and tubes, doing
528-615: The credits of films and shows. The Patsy Award (Picture Animal Top Star of the Year) was originated by the Hollywood office in 1939 after a horse was killed in an on-set accident during the filming of the Tyrone Power film Jesse James . The award now covers both film and television and is separated into four categories: canine, equine, wild and special. One animal trainer, Frank Inn , received over 40 Patsy awards. While there
561-407: The dog is exposed to unfamiliar locations, sounds, scents, and other stimuli. This training sets the foundations for the assistance dog to remain focused while working. An assistance dog prospect will also go through obedience training to ensure they remain under control of the handler. After completing obedience training , an assistance dog commences specialized task training. During this training,
594-487: The following criteria: Individual countries and regions will have specific laws and regulations, with these international criteria having broad recognition across the globe. Assistance dogs have traditionally been trained by organizations, but in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, assistance dogs can also be trained by their handlers. A prospective assistance dog candidate will go through socialization and desensitization training, where
627-405: The human side such as the ratio of the number of trainers to each animal. In some circumstances one animal may have multiple trainers, in others, a trainer might attend simultaneously to many animals in a training session. Sometimes training is accomplished with a single trainer working individually with a single animal. In some species, the number of trainers is irrelevant, yet it can usually achieve
660-456: The initial learning stages, a variable ratio schedule is the most effective at maintaining behavior over long periods of time. There are various methods animal trainers can use to prompt an animal to respond to a stimulus in a specific way. For example, shaping is a process by which successive approximations are rewarded until the desirable response topography is attained. An animal trainer can use conditioned reinforcers, like clickers, to bridge
693-405: The interval between response and positive reinforcement. Some stimuli that is considered discriminative are signals, targets and cues. They can be used to prompt a response from an animal, and can be changed to other stimuli or faded in magnitude. In order to delay satiation, reinforcer size should be as small as possible and still be effective for reinforcement. Also, the timing of the delivery of
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#1732791080302726-416: The limbo and pushing a miniature soccer ball into a net. Fish have been taught to distinguish and respond differently to slight differences in human faces displayed on a screen (archerfish ) or styles of music (goldfish and koi ). Molluscs, with totally different brain designs, have been taught to distinguish and respond to geometric symbols (cuttlefish and octopus ), and have been taught that food behind
759-507: The practice of training cormorants to catch fish has gone on for over 1,200 years. Training chickens has become a way for trainers of other animals (primarily dogs) to perfect their training technique. Bob Bailey, formerly of Animal Behavior Enterprises and the IQ Zoo , teaches chicken training seminars where trainers teach poultry to discriminate between shapes, to navigate an obstacle course and to chain behaviors together. Chicken training
792-415: The release of pressure as a reward for the correct behavior, called negative reinforcement . Positive reinforcement techniques such as petting, kind words, rewarding of treats, and clicker training have some benefit, but not to the degree seen in dogs and other predator species. Punishment of horses is effective only to a very limited degree, usually a sharp command or brief physical punishment given within
825-491: The same laws and typically have little to no training compared to an assistance or service dog. Assistance dogs and ESAs are also both distinct from therapy dogs . While therapy dogs are required to undergo training and become certified, they work for people other than their handler and are not covered by laws such as the US Americans with Disabilities Act . For a dog to be considered an assistance dog, they must meet
858-486: The short supply of service animals, such programs have produced benefits in improved socialization skills and behavior of inmates. Organizations such as the American Humane Association monitor the use of animals such as those used in the entertainment industry, but they do not monitor their training. It is best known for its end credit disclaimer "No Animals Were Harmed" that appears at the end of
891-593: The tasks trained may also vary. They can range from entertainment, husbandry (veterinary) behaviors, physical labor or athleticism, habituation to averse stimuli, interaction (or non-interaction) with other humans, or even research (sensory, physiological, cognitive). Training also may take into consideration the natural social tendencies of the animal species (or even breed), such as predilections for attention span, food-motivation, dominance hierarchies, aggression, or bonding to individuals (conspecifics as well as humans). Consideration must also be given to practical aspects on
924-506: The time they will receive vocal reinforcers during shows and performances. The shows are turned into more of a play production because of this, instead of just a run through of behaviors like cetaceans generally do in their shows. Guests can often hear these vocal reinforcers when attending a SeaWorld show. During the Clyde and Seamore show, the trainers may say something like: "Good grief, Clyde!" or "Good job, Seamore". The trainers substitute
957-543: The title. Similarly, the United States does not require animal trainers to have any specific certification. An animal trainer should consider the natural behaviors of the animal and aim to modify behaviors through a basic system of reward and punishment. During training, an animal trainer can administer one of four potential consequences for a given behavior: Behavior analysts emphasize the use of positive reinforcement for increasing desirable behaviors and negative punishment for decreasing undesirable behaviors. If punishment
990-514: The trainer, entering crates, or moving from pen to pen, or tank-to-tank through gates. Husbandry behaviors facilitate veterinary care. It can include desensitization to various physical examinations or procedures, such as: Such voluntary training is important for minimizing the frequency with which zoo collection animals must be anesthetized or physically restrained. Many marine mammals are trained for entertainment such as bottlenose dolphins , killer whales , belugas , sea lions , and others. In
1023-472: The wanted outcome. Service animals , such as assistance dogs , Capuchin monkeys and miniature horses , are trained to utilize their sensory and social skills to bond with a human and help that person to offset a disability in daily life. The use of service animals, especially dogs , is an ever-growing field, with a wide range of special adaptations. In the United States , selected inmates in prisons are used to train service dogs. In addition to adding to
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1056-645: The word "good" in the place of food or rubdowns when teaching a specific behavior to the animals so that the animals no longer need constant feeding as praise for achieving the appropriate behavior. On an experimental basis, wildlife researchers have employed animal trainers in their interactions with animals in the field. Known for their influence on the circus : Known for scientific research : Known for earliest commercial application of Skinner's operant conditioning: Known for work in television and film : Other: Related to animal behavior, psychology and training: Assistance dog An assistance dog
1089-512: The world to enable the keepers to carry out medical procedures and feedings. The Captive Animals Protection Society maintains that animal welfare cannot be guaranteed in circuses. This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Animal training In some countries animal trainer certification bodies exist. They do not share consistent goals or requirements; they do not prevent someone from practicing as an animal trainer nor using
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