86-635: Llantrisant ( Welsh pronunciation: [ɬanˈtrɪsant] ; " Parish of the Three Saints ") is a town in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf , within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan , Wales , lying on the River Ely and the Afon Clun . The three saints of the town's name are SS. Illtyd , Gwynno , and Dyfodwg . Llantrisant is a hilltop settlement, at an altitude of 174 m (571 ft) above sea level . The town
172-486: A 13th-century warrior, believed to be Cadwgan , lord of Miskin , a valuable Welsh church monument . The interior was restored in 1874 by Welsh neo-gothic designer John Prichard . The former parish office built 1873 on George Street is now a private home. The second religious building in Llantrisant is Tabor Baptist Chapel, built in 1828. It is in on an elevated site next to Llantrisant Castle, accessed by steps from
258-434: A circular or oval embankment with a protective stockade , surrounded by wooden or stone huts. Unlike Saxon practice , these establishments were not chapels for the local lords but almost separate tribes, initially some distance away from the secular community . Over time, however, it became common for prosperous communities to become either monasteries forbidden to lay residents or fully secular communities controlled by
344-418: A coffin or a combustible container. This allows the body to be quickly and safely slid into the cremator. It also reduces health risks to the operators. The coffin or container is inserted (charged) into the cremator as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss. Some crematoria allow relatives to view the charging. This is sometimes done for religious reasons, such as in traditional Hindu and Jain funerals, and
430-526: A common element of Celtic placenames in the British Isles and Brittany , especially of Welsh toponymy . In Welsh the (often mutated ) name of a local saint or a geomorphological description follows the Llan morpheme to form a single word: for example Llanfair is the parish or settlement around the church of St. Mair (Welsh for " Mary "). Goidelic toponyms end in -lann . The various forms of
516-492: A cornflour and provisions merchant, and a linen and woolen drapers, also selling boots and shoes. The site was bought in the 1950s by 'Planet Gloves', who manufactured gloves there until the late 1960s. The Model House stood empty for many years before being bought by the local authority to convert into a craft and design centre. In 1989 the Model House re-opened as a craft and design centre. A registered charity, Model House
602-529: A cremator, which is located at a crematorium or crematory . In many countries, the crematorium is a venue for funerals as well as cremation. A cremator is an industrial furnace that is able to generate temperatures of 871–982 °C (1,600–1,800 °F) to ensure the disintegration of the corpse. Modern cremator fuels include oil , natural gas , propane , and, in Hong Kong, coal gas . Modern cremators automatically monitor their interior to tell when
688-546: A half the bodies are completely burned. This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies... Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle, but their capacity is only half as large. Thus the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at B IRKENAU amounts to about 6,000 daily. The Holocaust furnaces were supplied by a number of manufacturers, with the best known and most common being Topf and Sons as well as Kori Company of Berlin, whose ovens were elongated to accommodate two bodies, slid inside from
774-663: A home in Llantrisant Old Town. In addition to the Model House Craft & Design Centre, now well-established in a former 18th-century workhouse in the town centre, there is a village shop known as the Bullring Stores, a traditional toy shop with added vintage finds, galleries, pubs and restaurants. The history of education in Llantrisant is firmly based in the varied religious institutions and Sunday School services which rapidly flourished between
860-573: A long debate about the merits and demerits of cremation. Laws against cremation were challenged and invalidated in 1915 (two years after the construction of the first crematorium in the Netherlands), though cremation did not become legally recognised until 1955. During World War II (1939–45), Nazi Germany used specially built furnaces in at least six extermination camps throughout occupied Poland including at Auschwitz-Birkenau , Chełmno , Belzec , Majdanek , Sobibor and Treblinka , where
946-474: A memorial site, retained by relatives or scattered in various ways. Cremation dates from at least 17,000 years ago in the archaeological record, with the Mungo Lady , the remains of a partly cremated body found at Lake Mungo , Australia. Alternative death rituals which emphasize one method of disposal – burial , cremation, or exposure – have gone through periods of preference throughout history. In
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#17327657058541032-439: A plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a "chippie", "shipper" or "pyro") can be used. Handles (if fitted) are plastic and approved for use in a cremator. Cremations can be "delivery only", with no preceding chapel service at the crematorium (although a church service may have been held) or preceded by a service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best use of
1118-672: A statue of Dr William Price a pioneer of cremation . The first workhouse in Glamorgan opened in Llantrisant in May 1784, using a number of adapted cottages on Swan Street and part of the Black Cock pub on Yr Allt, a road to the south west of the Bull Ring, between the parish church (to the west) and the castle (to the east). The Union Workhouse was built in 1884 on the Bull Ring – west of where Dr Price's statue stands today and behind
1204-410: A thick watertight polyethylene plastic bag contained within a hard snap-top rectangular plastic container , which is labeled with a printed paper label. The basic sealed plastic container bag may be contained within a further cardboard box or velvet sack, or they may be contained within an urn if the family had already purchased one. An official certificate of cremation prepared under the authority of
1290-616: A well-known figure in literary and scientific circles. By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen 2 more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year. In 1888, 28 cremations took place at the venue. In 1891, Woking Crematorium added a chapel, pioneering the concept of a crematorium being a venue for funerals as well as cremation. Other early crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in
1376-523: Is also customary in Japan . In the United States federal law does not dictate any container requirements for cremation. Certain states require an opaque or non-transparent container for all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket ( coffin ). Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, which is designed to look like a traditional casket. After
1462-562: Is believed that the castle was destroyed in 1404 by Owain Glyndŵr though there is no written proof of the event. John Leland reported the castle as ruined in his writings in 1536. Llantrisant Guildhall , which was the meeting place of the borough council, was completed in 1773. By the early 1900s Llantrisant had eight chapels, as well as the Llantrisant Parish Church Only two religious buildings remain. The elder
1548-613: Is first attested in the Cemetery H culture (from c. 1900 BCE), considered the last phase of Indus Valley Civilisation and beginning of the Vedic civilization . The Rigveda contains a reference to the emerging practice, in RV 10 .15.14, where the forefathers "both cremated ( agnidagdhá- ) and uncremated ( ánagnidagdha- )" are invoked. Cremation remained common but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, burial
1634-574: Is home to the Royal Mint . There is evidence for settlements in and around Llantrisant stretching back over three millennia. Two Bronze Age burial mounds are on Mynydd Garthmaelwg, the opposite side of the Ely Valley . A 1.05 metres (3 ft 5 in) tall, by 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) wide, possibly Bronze Age, standing stone , was discovered in Miskin during excavations prior to
1720-434: Is sealed, for this reason. When cremation is finished, the remains are passed through a magnetic field to remove any metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the crematorium grounds or, increasingly, recycled. The ashes are entered into a cremulator to further grind the remains down into a finer texture before being given to relatives or loved ones or scattered in the crematorium grounds where facilities exist. In Germany,
1806-505: Is served by Pontyclun railway station three miles away, which was formerly known as Llantrisant railway station . Trains run by Transport for Wales call at the station. The town is the home of the Royal Mint , which manufactures all British coins. The Royal Mint transferred to Llantrisant in 1967 and its attractions include the Mint's museum. The Mint employs around 900 people. A number of small, independent retailers have successfully found
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#17327657058541892-615: Is that "cremains" is thought to have less connection with the deceased, whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more identifiable human connection. ) After final grinding, the ashes are placed in a container, which can be anything from a simple cardboard box to a decorative urn . The default container used by most crematoria, when nothing more expensive has been selected, is usually a hinged, snap-locking plastic box. Cremated remains are mostly dry calcium phosphates with some minor minerals, such as salts of sodium and potassium. Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during
1978-484: Is the church of 'y tri sant'. The three saints to which the church is dedicated are St. Illtyd , St. Gwynno and St. Dyfodwg . The site is believed to have been a place of Christian worship since at least the 7th century, and in 1096 the parish church was built and dedicated. The church was rebuilt by Richard de Clare in 1246 in the Norman style and in the 15th century the tower was added. Its interior houses an effigy of
2064-639: Is thought that de Clare established the borough of Llantrisant though the exact charter occurred in 1346. In 1346, Llantrisant was granted a Royal Charter months before the archers from the town helped Edward, the Black Prince , win a victory against the French army at the Battle of Crecy . The Llantrisant longbow men were pivotal in the adoption of the English longbow as the missile weapon of choice for
2150-427: Is usually simply an insulation material, e.g. , mineral wool . Inside is typically a layer of insulation brick, mostly calcium silicate in nature. Heavy duty cremators are usually designed with two layers of fire bricks inside the insulation layer. The layer of fire bricks in contact with the combustion process protects the outer layer and must be replaced from time to time. The body is generally required to be inside
2236-740: The Cremation Society of Great Britain in 1874." They founded the United Kingdom's first crematorium in Woking , with Gorini travelling to England to assist the installation of a cremator. They first tested it on 17 March 1879 with the body of a horse. After protests and an intervention by the Home Secretary , Sir Richard Cross , their plans were put on hold. In 1884, the Welsh Neo-Druidic priest William Price
2322-733: The Black Army . The town is home to one of the very longest established male choirs in Wales. Established at least as early as 1898, the choir is a prolific touring choir having sung in the USA, Italy, Cyprus, Slovakia, Poland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain. They travel extensively in the UK supporting charity events and singing at concert engagements. The choir has appeared at many notable venues, including The Royal Albert Hall, The Santa Maria Maggiore, Wales Millennium Centre and
2408-645: The Cycladic civilization in 3000 BCE until the Sub- Mycenaean era in 1200–1100 BCE, Greeks practiced burial. Cremation appeared around the 12th century BCE, probably influenced by Anatolia . Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the only burial practice, both combustion and inhumation had been practiced, depending on the era and location. In Rome's earliest history, both inhumation and cremation were in common use among all classes. Around
2494-1006: The Early Middle Ages and some place names in Cumbria and surrounding counties have a Brythonic origin. The historic name Llan Lleenawc may have been in this region and named after either Laenauc , a father of Guallauc , or *Lennóc , a saint name. In addition, *landā- , the earlier Brittonic word ancestral to llan occurs in Vindolanda , the name of a Roman fort. Some place names in Scotland have Pictish and Cumbric elements such as aber- and lhan- (also spelled lum- , lon- and lin- ) that are cognate with those in other Brittonic languages. The Gaelic form lann ("enclosure, churchyard") also occurs, and its existence in Pictland may represent adoption into Gaelic of
2580-694: The English crown during the Middle Ages . Llantrisant was one of the eight boroughs constituting the Glamorgan borough following the Act of Union , a status it held until 1918. An ancient tradition called the Beating the Bounds , where local children are bounced by elders on to the boundary stones of the old borough, still occurs every seven years and has its roots set as far back as the 14th century. The rite
2666-503: The M4 motorway construction. An Iron Age hillfort stands on Rhiwsaeson Hill. The enclosure, now known as Caerau Hillfort, measures 230 metres (750 ft) by 180 metres (590 ft). A settlement has existed on this site from at least the beginning of the 6th century, when the poet Aneurin wrote of 'the white houses of Glamorgan' when referring to Llantrisant. It was seized around 1246 by Richard de Clare who built Llantrisant Castle. It
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2752-589: The Urnfield culture (from c. 1300 BCE). In the Iron Age , inhumation again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the Villanovan culture and elsewhere. Homer 's account of Patroclus ' burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in a tumulus , similar to Urnfield burials, and qualifying as the earliest description of cremation rites. This may be an anachronism, as during Mycenaean times burial
2838-757: The West Terrace Cemetery in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in 1901. This small building, resembling the buildings at Woking , remained largely unchanged from its 19th-century style and was in full operation until the late 1950s. The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at Rookwood Cemetery , in Sydney . It opened in 1925. In the Netherlands, the foundation of the Association for Optional Cremation in 1874 ushered in
2924-408: The town pump . It became known as The Model House, in the rather optimistic belief that its inmates would lead a life of model Christianity. Two pubs, a shop and a cottage were demolished to make way for the expansion of the workhouse. The building closed as a workhouse in the early 1900s and first became a boarding house, then an inn and later a general store, called County Stores. They were known as
3010-511: The 17th and 19th centuries. The Norman parish church was the starting point for the education movement, although it was one that would take a century or more to fully develop into a successful entity. Sport flourished in Llantrisant for centuries and the remains of a Welsh Handball court dating from the 1790s, stands at the rear of the Workingmen's Club. Llantrisant is also known as the home of Llantrisant Rugby Union Club known locally as
3096-623: The 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion . In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, Carl Friedrich von Siemens perfected
3182-409: The 7th century, when Christian burial became general. In parts of Europe, cremation was forbidden by law, and even punishable by death if combined with Heathen rites. Cremation was sometimes used by Catholic authorities as part of punishment for accused heretics, which included burning at the stake . For example, the body of John Wycliff was exhumed years after his death and burned to ashes, with
3268-532: The Cremulator used. The mean weight of an adult's remains is 2.4 kg (5.3 lb); the mean weight for adult males is about 1 kg (2.2 lb) higher than that for adult females. There are various types of Cremulators, including rotating devices, grinders, and older models using heavy metal balls. The grinding process typically takes about 20 seconds. In most Asian countries, the bones are not pulverised, unless requested beforehand. When not pulverised,
3354-526: The Cross Keys Hotel. Formerly in the Bull Ring was the Rock and Fountain pub, which became the home of the original Llantrisant Workingmen's Club founded in May 1953 by Seth Morgan, Freeman of Llantrisant. The focal point of the town is the Bull Ring, a commercial square in the centre of the town that was used for bull-baiting , until it was disallowed in 1827 due to unruly crowds. The square contains
3440-571: The High Street. At the highest point of Y Graig is a stone tower known locally as “Billy Wynt”. Also said to have been used as an auxiliary tower with its high up positioning it remains a focal point of history. By the early 19th century the tower was in ruins and in 1890 it was restored as a folly by the Llantrisants' town trust. ‘Y Pwysty’ the weighing house, was located on this site since medieval times. Once known as The Angel Inn, it
3526-554: The Hollywood Bowl. The choir has a wide-ranging membership drawn from all ages and social backgrounds. They sing a mix of music from traditional choral classics, Welsh hymns and modern pop music. Llantrisant has a twinning arrangement with Crécy-en-Ponthieu , France, since 2015. Llan (placename) Llan ( Welsh pronunciation: [ɬan] ) and its variants ( Breton : lan ; Cornish : lann ; Pictish : lhan ; Irish and Scottish Gaelic : lann ) are
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3612-569: The Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the Neolithic era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions. The ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration-of-soul theology, which prohibited cremation. This was also widely adopted by Semitic peoples. The Babylonians, according to Herodotus , embalmed their dead. Phoenicians practiced both cremation and burial. From
3698-480: The Pictish usage. Cremation Cremation is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning . Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial . In some countries, including India , Nepal , and Syria , cremation on an open-air pyre is an ancient tradition. Starting in the 19th century, cremation was introduced or reintroduced into other parts of
3784-594: The Royal Mint Museum which runs events and exhibitions around topics of interest. Llantrisant is typical of most locations in the South Wales region, being home to typical upland habitat birds and mammals of the British Isles. The town also contains Llantrisant Common and Pastures , a 113-hectare (280-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest , which is home to several rare plants. Llantrisant
3870-500: The United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Starting in the 1960s, cremation has become more common than burial in several countries where the latter is traditional. This has included the United Kingdom (1968), Czechoslovakia (1980), Canada (early 2000s), the United States (2016) and Finland (2017). Factors cited include cheaper costs (especially a factor after the 2008 recession ), growth in secular attitudes and declining opposition in some Christian denominations. The cremation occurs in
3956-818: The Western World opened in Milan in 1876. Milan's "Crematorium Temple" was built in the Monumental Cemetery . The building still stands but ceased to be operational in 1992. Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet , a surgeon and Physician to the Queen Victoria , had seen Gorini's cremator at the Vienna Exhibition and had returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England. His main reason for supporting cremation
4042-586: The ashes thrown in a river, explicitly as a posthumous punishment for his denial of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation . The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir Thomas Browne in Urne Buriall (1658) which interpreted cremation as means of oblivion and reveals plainly that "'there is no antidote against the Opium of time...". Honoretta Brooks Pratt became
4128-550: The back side. The ashes were taken out from the front side. In the 20th century, cremation gained varying degrees of acceptance in most Christian denominations. William Temple , the most senior bishop in the Church of England , was cremated after his death in office in 1944. The Roman Catholic Church accepted the practice more slowly. In 1963, at the Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI lifted
4214-418: The ban on cremation, and in 1966 allowed Catholic priests to officiate at cremation ceremonies. This is done on the condition that the ashes must be buried or interred, not scattered. Many countries where burial is traditional saw cremation rise to become a significant, if not the most common way of disposing of a dead body. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an unprecedented phase of crematorium construction in
4300-459: The bodies of those murdered by gassing were disposed of using incineration. The efficiency of industrialised killing of Operation Reinhard during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust produced too many corpses, therefore the crematoria manufactured to SS specifications were put into use in all of them to handle the disposals around the clock, day and night. The Vrba–Wetzler report offers
4386-431: The bones are collected by the family and stored as one might do with ashes. The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is one of the reasons they are called ashes , although a non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains", a portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains". (The Cremation Association of North America prefers that the word "cremains" not be used for referring to "human cremated remains". The reason given
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#17327657058544472-566: The boundaries of the former borough. The last occasion of this event was in June 2017, but the event is now seen as a purely historic tradition and social community event. At nearby Tarren Deusant is a spring with unusual petrosomatoglyph carvings of two faces, two saints (1696), but now six are present (Sharp 1979). Old Town Llantrisant has four pubs: The New Inn, the Bear, the Wheatsheaf and
4558-581: The burning. That custom was also very widespread among the Germanic peoples of the northern continental lands from which the Anglo-Saxon migrants are supposed to have been derived, during the same period. These ashes were usually thereafter deposited in a vessel of clay or bronze in an "urn cemetery". The custom again died out with the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons or Early English during
4644-407: The coffin once it has arrived at the crematorium, and rules stipulate that it must be cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service. Therefore, in the United Kingdom, bodies are cremated in the same coffin that they are placed in at the undertaker's, although the regulations allow the use of an approved "cover" during the funeral service. It is recommended that jewellery be removed before the coffin
4730-408: The cremation process is complete and have a spyhole so that an operator can see inside. The time required for cremation varies from body to body, with the average being 90 minutes for an adult body. The chamber where the body is placed is called a cremation chamber or retort and is lined with heat-resistant refractory bricks. Refractory bricks are designed in several layers. The outermost layer
4816-444: The cremators, perhaps by holding the body overnight in a refrigerator, allowing a lower fee to be charged. The box containing the body is placed in the retort and incinerated at a temperature of 760 to 1,150 °C (1,400 to 2,100 °F). During the cremation process, the greater portion of the body (especially the organs and other soft tissues) is vaporized and oxidized by the intense heat; gases released are discharged through
4902-438: The exhaust system. Jewelry, such as necklaces, wrist-watches and rings, are ordinarily removed before cremation, and returned to the family. Several implanted devices are required to be removed. Pacemakers and other medical devices can cause large, dangerous explosions. Contrary to popular belief, the cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of
4988-460: The first recorded cremated European individual in modern times when she died on 26 September 1769 and was illegally cremated at the burial ground on Hanover Square in London . In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it. At
5074-457: The following description. At present there are four crematoria in operation at B IRKENAU , two large ones, I and II, and two smaller ones, III and IV. Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts, i.e.,: (A) the furnace room; (B) the large halls; and (C) the gas chamber. A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and
5160-427: The founding saints of the parish, relatives of the ruling families who invaded Wales during the early Middle Ages. The founder of a new llan was obliged to reside at the site and to eat only once a day, each time taking a bit of bread and an egg and drinking only water and milk. This lasted for forty days, Sundays excepted, after which the land was considered sanctified for ever. The typical llan employed or erected
5246-410: The funeral service, the box is removed from the shell before cremation, permitting the shell to be re-used. In the United Kingdom, the body is not removed from the coffin and is not placed into a container as described above. The body is cremated with the coffin which is why all British coffins that are to be used for cremation must be combustible. The Code of Cremation Practice forbids the opening of
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#17327657058545332-540: The ground floor shop. The Model House has a programme of art and crafts exhibitions throughout the year and hosts a varied series of workshops, where adults and children may learn the basics of a wide range of contemporary craft skills. The centre closed in December 2009 after the company which ran it, Model House Ltd, went into liquidation. The management of the building was taken over by Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council , who after tackling structural problems with
5418-420: The local lord. In the later Middle Ages llan also came to denote entire parishes , both as an ecclesiastical region and as a subdivision of a commote or hundred . ( All pages with titles beginning with Llan ) Furthermore, some Welsh exonyms for English settlements contain the element llan , these include: The Cumbric language was spoken in Cumbria and elsewhere in The Old North up until
5504-442: The mid-Republic, inhumation was almost exclusively replaced by cremation, with some notable exceptions, and remained the most common funerary practice until the middle of the Empire, when it was almost entirely replaced by inhumation. In Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BCE) in the Pannonian Plain and along the middle Danube . The custom became dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with
5590-439: The process is mostly similar to that of the United Kingdom. The body is cremated in the coffin. A piece of fire clay with a number on it is used for identifying the remains of the dead body after burning. The remains are then placed in a container called an ash capsule , which generally is put into a cinerary urn. In Australia, reusable or cardboard coffins are rare, with only a few manufacturers now supplying them. For low cost,
5676-421: The process, although about 1–4% of carbon remains as carbonate. The ash remaining represents very roughly 3.5% of the body's original mass (2.5% in children). Because the weight of dry bone fragments is so closely connected to skeletal mass, their weight varies greatly from person to person. Because many changes in body composition (such as fat and muscle loss or gain) do not affect the weight of cremated remains,
5762-447: The remains are processed, smaller bits of metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as gleanings ) are sieved out and may be later interred in common, consecrated ground in a remote area of the cemetery. They may also be sold as precious metal scrap. Cremated remains are returned to the next of kin in different manners according to custom and country. In the United States, the cremated remains are almost always contained in
5848-404: The retort and pulverised by a machine called a Cremulator —essentially a high-capacity, high-speed Pulverizer —to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains", although pulverisation may also be performed by hand. This leaves the bone with a fine sand like texture and color, able to be scattered without need for mixing with any foreign matter, though the size of the grain varies depending on
5934-474: The risk of explosion. Large items such as titanium hip replacements (which tarnish but do not melt) or casket hinges are usually removed before processing, as they may damage the processor. (If they are missed at first, they must ultimately be removed before processing is complete, as items such as titanium joint replacements are far too durable to be ground.) Implants may be returned to the family, but are more commonly sold as ferrous/non-ferrous scrap metal . After
6020-465: The roof and outer walls reopened the centre in mid 2010. Llantrisant Castle stands in parkland in the centre of the town though only one wall of the raven tower remains. Although initially built as a wooden fortification it was rebuilt as a stone structure around 1246 by Richard de Clare, Lord of Glamorgan. In 1294 the castle was damaged during the uprising against the Norman overlords, led by Madog ap Llywelyn , and again in 1316 by Llywelyn Bren . It
6106-405: The time, many proponents believed in the miasma theory , and that cremation would reduce the "bad air" that caused diseases. These movements were associated with secularism and gained a following in cultural and intellectual circles. In Italy, the movement was associated with anti-clericalism and Freemasonry , whereas these were not major themes of the movement in Britain. In 1869, the idea
6192-825: The town of Gotha in Germany and later in Heidelberg in 1891. The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe. Like many early proponents, he was motivated by a belief it would be beneficial for public health. Before LeMoyne's crematory closed in 1901, it had performed 42 cremations. Other countries that opened their first crematorium included Sweden (1887 in Stockholm), Switzerland (1889 in Zurich) and France (1889 in Père Lachaise , Paris). Some of
6278-496: The use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in Dresden . The radical politician, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke , took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility. The first crematorium in
6364-476: The various Protestant churches came to accept cremation. In Anglican and Nordic Protestant countries, cremation gained acceptance (though it did not yet become the norm) first by the upper classes and cultural circles, and then by the rest of the population. In 1905, Westminster Abbey interred ashes for the first time; by 1911 the Abbey was expressing a preference for interring ashes. The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia
6450-786: The weight of the remains can be more closely predicted from the person's height and sex (which predicts skeletal weight), than it can be predicted from the person's simple weight. Ashes of adults can be said to weigh from 876 to 3,784 g (1 lb 15 oz to 8 lb 5 oz), with women's ashes generally weighing below 2,750 g (6 lb 1 oz) and men's ashes generally weighing above 1,887 g (4 lb 3 oz). Bones are not all that remain after cremation. There may be melted metal lumps from missed jewellery; casket furniture; dental fillings; and surgical implants, such as hip replacements. Breast implants do not have to be removed before cremation. Some medical devices such as pacemakers may need to be removed before cremation to avoid
6536-472: The word are distantly cognate with English land and lawn and presumably initially denoted a specially cleared and enclosed area of land. In late antiquity it came to be applied particularly to the sanctified land occupied by communities of Christian converts . It is part of the name of more than 630 locations in Wales and nearly all have some connection with a local patron saint . These were usually
6622-435: The world. In modern times, cremation is commonly carried out with a closed furnace (cremator) , at a crematorium. Cremation leaves behind an average of 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) of remains known as ashes or cremains . This is not all ash but includes unburnt fragments of bone mineral, which are commonly ground into powder. They are inorganic and inert, and thus do not constitute a health risk and may be buried, interred in
6708-462: Was arrested and put on trial for attempting to cremate his son's body. Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a precedent that allowed the Cremation Society to proceed. In 1885, the first official cremation in the United Kingdom took place in Woking. The deceased was Jeanette Pickersgill ,
6794-554: Was at Y Pwysty that the weight of goods were regulated at the markets and fairs held in the town. The Royal Mint , which produces all British coins, moved from London to Llantrisant in 1967 in order to meet demand when the UK converted to decimal currency. In addition to British coins, the Royal Mint produces circulating coins for approximately 60 countries, as well as medals, bullion coins and bars. The Royal Mint also attracts tourists to Llantrisant to The Royal Mint Experience and
6880-484: Was considered the more archaic rite in Rome. The rise of Christianity saw an end to cremation in Europe, though it may have already been in decline. In early Roman Britain , cremation was usual but diminished by the 4th century. It then reappeared in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when sacrificed animals were sometimes included on the pyre, and the dead were dressed in costume and with ornaments for
6966-791: Was critical of the development, referring to them as a "sinister movement" and associating them with Freemasonry , although it said that "there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation." In the U.S. only about one crematory per year was built in the late 19th century. As embalming became more widely accepted and used, crematories lost their sanitary edge. Not to be left behind, crematories had an idea of making cremation beautiful. They started building crematories with stained-glass windows and marble floors with frescoed walls. Australia also started to establish modern cremation movements and societies. Australians had their first purpose-built modern crematorium and chapel in
7052-501: Was funded by the Arts Council of Wales since the demise of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1994, receiving about 35,000 visitors a year. The ground floor contains galleries that include glass, ceramics and designer jewellery from established British and Welsh artists, as well as a local painter. The upper floors have workshops that are used by individual craftspeople, whose work can be purchased either from their studio or from
7138-525: Was generally preferred, and Homer may have been reflecting the more common use of cremation at the time the Iliad was written, centuries later. Criticism of burial rites is a common aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including the association of cremation with fire sacrifice or human sacrifice . Hinduism and Jainism are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation. Cremation in India
7224-460: Was intended as a reminder to each generation of the importance of the borough boundaries. The children in question are held under the arms and the legs, and their backside is bounced on each of the stones of the old borough. It is believed that the Beating of the Bounds started in 1346, when Llantrisant was awarded its Royal Charter . This allowed them the freedom to trade without paying tolls within
7310-689: Was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of Padua published reports of practical work they had conducted. A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the Vienna Exposition in 1873 and attracted great attention Meanwhile, Sir Charles William Siemens had developed his regenerative furnace in
7396-432: Was that "it was becoming a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of disease among a population daily growing larger in relation to the area it occupied". In addition, he believed, cremation would prevent premature burial, reduce the expense of funerals, spare mourners the necessity of standing exposed to the weather during interment, and urns would be safe from vandalism. He joined with other proponents to form
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