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47-532: The first regent of the reduced Luwu Regency was H. M. Basmin Mattayang from 2004 to 2009, then Ir. H. Andi Mudzakkar replaced him as Regent from 2009 to 2014 following the first direct election in Luwu. Mudzakkar was re-elected for a second 5-year term in 2014, and was succeeded in 2019 by Drs. H. M. Basmin Mattayang M.Pd, who retained the post for a second term. Muhammad Saleh became Regent on 21 February 2024. Luwu

94-628: A diet of sago. Any starch can be pearled by heating and stirring small aggregates of moist starch, producing partly gelatinized dry kernels that swell but remain intact on boiling. Pearl sago closely resembles pearl tapioca . Both are typically small (about 2 mm diameter) dry, opaque balls. Both may be white (if very pure) or colored naturally gray, brown or black, or artificially pink, yellow, green, etc. When soaked and cooked, both become much larger, translucent, soft and spongy. Both are widely used in Indian , Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan cuisine in

141-422: A variety of dishes and around the world, usually in puddings . In India , it is used in a variety of dishes such as desserts boiled with sweetened milk on occasion of religious fasts. The Penan people of Borneo have sago from Eugeissona palms as their staple carbohydrate. Sago starch is also used to treat fiber in a process is called sizing , which makes fibers easier to machine. The process helps to bind

188-413: Is kepurung ( kapurung , pugalu , bugalu , kapeda ) which is made from sago plant ( Metroxylon sagu ). There is dange which is made from sago too. The other culinary is pacco and bagea . Luwu is known as a fruit producer, such as durian , langsat ( Lansium parasiticum ), rambutan , and many others. Luwu is the origin of the longest epic in the world, La Galigo which was created before

235-526: Is a starch extracted from the pith , or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of Metroxylon sagu . It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands , where it is called saksak , rabia and sagu . The largest supply of sago comes from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. Large quantities of sago are sent to Europe and North America for cooking purposes. It

282-509: Is a slow-growing wild or ornamental plant . Its common names "sago palm" and "king sago palm" are misnomers as cycads are not palms . Processed starch known as sago is made from this and other cycads. It is a less-common food source for some peoples of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Unlike palms, cycads are highly poisonous: most parts of the plant contain the neurotoxins cycasin and BMAA . Consumption of cycad seeds has been implicated in

329-547: Is home to the world's largest nickel mine and is experiencing an economic boom fueled by inward migration, yet it still retains much of its original frontier atmosphere. Unlike other Bugis polities in South Sulawesi which based its economy on rice production and trade, Luwu was known to be a center of metalwork, especially iron , whose ore were both imported and extracted locally iron ore. Luwu's prestige, which came through iron mining activities and ironware exports in

376-569: Is kneaded in water over a cloth or sieve to release the starch. The water with the starch passes into a trough where the starch settles. After a few washings, the starch is ready to be used in cooking. A single palm yields about 360 kilograms (800 pounds) of dry starch. Sago was noted by the Chinese historian Zhao Rukuo (1170–1231) during the Song dynasty . In his Zhu Fan Zhi (1225), a collection of descriptions of foreign countries, he writes that

423-521: Is located between 2°3’45” and 3°37’30” South Latitude and between 119°15” and 121°43’11” West Longitude. Administrative borders are: Luwu Regency is split into two separate areas, divided by the city of Palopo in the middle. The northern area comprises the six districts of Walenrang, Walenrang Timur (East Walenrang), Lamasi, Walenrang Utara (North Walenrang), Walenrang Barat (West Walenrang) and Lamasi Timur (East Lamasi) districts - or Walenrang and Lamasi (abbreviated as "Walmas"). The southern area comprises

470-625: Is often the most ecologically appropriate form of land-use and the nutritional deficiencies of the food can often be compensated for with other readily available foods. Sago starch can be baked (resulting in a product analogous to bread, pancake, or biscuit) or mixed with boiling water to form a paste. It is a main staple of many traditional communities in New Guinea and Maluku in the form of papeda , Borneo , South Sulawesi (most known in Luwu Regency ) and Sumatra . In Palembang , sago

517-435: Is one of the ingredients to make pempek . In Brunei , it is used for making the popular local dish called the ambuyat . It is also used commercially in making noodles and white bread . Sago starch can also be used as a thickener for other dishes. It can be made into steamed puddings such as sago plum pudding. In Malaysia, the traditional food " keropok lekor " (fish cracker) uses sago as one of its main ingredients. In

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564-400: Is replaced by another sucker, with up to 1.5 m of vertical stem growth per year. The stems are thick and are either self-supporting or have a moderate climbing habit ; the leaves are pinnate . Each palm trunk produces a single inflorescence at its tip at the end of its life. Sago palms are harvested at the age of 7–15 years, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears and when

611-517: Is taken from riulo which means divine extended from above. This name is related to oral tradition that sacred in Luwu. In that oral tradition said that this world is divinely extended from sky, paved, then blessed by abundant natural resources. The origin of Luwu name is taken from other words too; malucca (Bugis Ware' Language) and malutu (Palili' Language) which both mean turbid or dark. Turbid means always full with contents like river color when flooded. Dark interpreted as forest and sago near to

658-426: Is that Bugis speaking settlers from the western Cénrana valley began to settle along the coastal margins of Luwu around the year 1300 CE. The Gulf of Bone is not a merely Bugis-speaking area only: it is a thinly populated region of great ethnic diversity in which Bugis speakers are a minority among the speakers of Pamona , Padoe , Wotu and Lemolang languages who lived on the coastal lowlands and foothills, while

705-899: Is then washed carefully and repeatedly to leach out the natural toxins. The starchy residue is then dried and cooked, producing a starch similar to palm sago/sabudana. In many countries including Australia, Brazil, and India, tapioca pearls made from cassava root are also referred to as sago , sagu , sabudana , etc. Sago from Metroxylon palms is nearly pure carbohydrate and has very little protein, vitamins, or minerals. 100 grams ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 ounces) of dry sago typically comprises 94 grams of carbohydrate, 0.2 grams of protein, 0.5 grams of dietary fiber, 10 mg of calcium, 1.2 mg of iron and negligible amounts of fat, carotene, thiamine and ascorbic acid and yields approximately 1,490 kilojoules (355 kilocalories) of food energy . Sago palms are typically found in areas unsuited for other forms of agriculture, so sago cultivation

752-419: Is traditionally cooked and eaten in various forms, such as rolled into balls, mixed with boiling water to form a glue-like paste ( papeda ), or as a pancake . Sago is often produced commercially in the form of "pearls" (small rounded starch aggregates, partly gelatinized by heating). Sago pearls can be boiled with water or milk and sugar to make a sweet sago pudding . Sago pearls are similar in appearance to

799-464: Is well known for its natural resources, such as rice, cocoa, coconut, banana, sagu (sago), rambutan , langsat , and others. Luwu is named after the Luwu Kingdom, one of the three biggest kingdoms (and the oldest one) in South Sulawesi; the other two kingdoms were Gowa-Tallo (which became Gowa Regency and Makassar ) and Bone (which became Bone Regency ). The name "Luwu" had been known from

846-562: The Datu' (ruler) of Luwu to enforce peace among neighboring hill tribes. The main centres of Bugis settlement were (and still are) Bua, Ponrang, Malangke, and Cerekang near Malili. The migration of Bugis from the central lakes area to Luwu was evidently led by members of Cina's ruling family, a loose coalition of high-ranking families claiming a common ancestry that ruled settlements across the Cenrana and Walennae valleys. This can be surmised from

893-1066: The Mahabharata . Some manuscript of La Galigo is saved in European Museums, as in Leiden University Library . The La Galigo manuscript is the story about Sawerigading and is known well in Central Sulawesi , Southeast Sulawesi , Gorontalo , and throughout Malaysia . On May 25, 2011, the La Galigo manuscript in Leiden University Library was inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register affirming its world significance and outstanding universal value. Luwu The Kingdom of Luwu (also Luwuq or Wareq )

940-687: The kingdom of Boni "produces no wheat, but hemp and rice, and they use sha-hu (sago) for grain". The sago palm, Metroxylon sagu , is found in tropical lowland forest and freshwater swamps across Southeast Asia and New Guinea and is the primary source of sago. It tolerates a wide variety of soils and may reach 30 meters in height (including the leaves). Several other species of the genus Metroxylon , particularly Metroxylon salomonense and Metroxylon amicarum , are also used as sources of sago throughout Melanesia and Micronesia . Sago palms grow very quickly, in clumps of different ages similar to bananas, one sucker matures, then flowers and dies. It

987-531: The 10th and 14th centuries, but offered no clear evidence. The La Galigo , an epic poem composed in a literary form of the Bugis language , is the likely source of the dating. Morris' theory combined two older concepts which were already common in the region, which are (1) the so-called 'primordial age' as described within La Galigo, and (2) the widespread belief of other Bugis polities in South Sulawesi, who viewed

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1034-815: The 13th century when the first king of the Lontara period of Luwu was throned. In Luwu history, there are two periods; the Galigo period and the Lontara period. The Galigo period is matched from La Galigo or I La Galigo (an ancient literature, the longest epic in the world) which founded by B.F. Matthes in 1888. By R.A. Kern, a Dutch historian, the Galigo period is described as pre-historic time. The other historians said Galigo as pseudo-history . In I La Galigo, there are three places that said; Wara, Luwu, and Wewangriu that always said as Tompotikka. Sanusi Daeng Mattata , author of Luwu dalam Revolusi , said that Luwu word

1081-404: The 1830s that ‘Luwu is the oldest Bugis state, and the most decayed. [...] Palopo is a miserable town, consisting of about 300 houses, scattered and dilapidated. [...] It is difficult to believe that Luwu could ever have been a powerful state, except in a very low state of native civilisation.’ In the 1960s Luwu was a focus of an Islamic rebellion led by Kahar Muzakkar . Today the former kingdom

1128-522: The 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 207 rural desa and 20 urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Note: (a) including one kelurahan - the district admin centre as named in each case. (b) including 4 kelurahan (Balo-Balo, Senga, Tampumia Radda and Tanamanai). (c) including 2 kelurahan - Pammanu and Sabe. (d)

1175-473: The 2010 population of the new Basse Sangtempe Utara District was included in the 2010 total of Basse Sangtempe District. (e) including 2 kelurahan - Padang Sappa and Padang Subur. (f) including the kelurahan of Bulo. Some 1,000 protesters recently expressed their anger that the House of Representatives did not include the requested Central Luwu Regency, which they wanted to be separated from Luwu Regency, in

1222-585: The Bugis-speaking kingdom is a century or so younger than the oldest polities of the southwest peninsula. The earliest textual reference to Luwu is in the Majapahit court poem Desawarnana (c.1365), which listed Luwu, Bantaeng in southern part of the island, and Uda (possibly Cina) as the three major powers on the peninsula. However, there are no convincing archaeological evidence of Bugis settlement in Luwu region before c.1300. The new understanding

1269-495: The abolition of the kingdoms in 1954. It is likely that the widespread belief that Luwu is older than other South Sulawesi kingdoms stems partly from this illustrious lineage and accounts for the precedence today of the Datu of Luwu over all the former polities of South Sulawesi. Luwu's political economy was based on the smelting of iron ore brought down, via the Lemolang-speaking polity of Baebunta , to Malangke on

1316-523: The beach. Then malucca and malutu become malu and then becomes luwu . C. Salombe in his book said that word 'Lu' in Luwu is taken from 'lau' word means sea or East. Salombe said Toraja is the way of Luwu people call the people who live in mountain or West. To Raja or To Riaja means people on the highland or people in the West. Luwu or Lu is the way of Toraja people call the people who live in beach or East or lowland. Geographically, Luwu Regency

1363-424: The central coastal plain. The smelted iron was worked into weapons and agricultural tools and exported to the rice-growing southern lowlands. This brought the kingdom great wealth, and by the mid-14th century Luwu had become the feared overlord of large parts of the southwest and southeast peninsula. The earliest identifiable ruler is Bataraguru (mid-15th century) whose name appears in a peace treaty with Bone. However,

1410-487: The fact that Luwu and Cina share the same founding myth of a tomanurung or heavenly-descended being called Simpurusia, and that both versions of this myth state that Simpurusia descended at Lompo, in Sengkang. Cina was absorbed in the 16th century by its former tributaries of Soppeng and Wajo, after which its ruling family effectively vanished. However, the ancient line of Cina's rulers are believed to continue in Luwu until

1457-465: The fiber, give it a predictable slip for running on metal, standardize the level of hydration of the fiber and give the textile more body. Most of the natural based cloth and clothing has been sized; this leaves a residue which is removed in the first wash. Because many traditional people rely on sago-palm as their main food staple and because supplies are finite, in some areas commercial or industrial harvesting of wild stands of sago-palm can conflict with

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1504-414: The first major South Sulawesi ruler to embrace Islam , taking as his title Sultan Muhammad Wali Mu’z’hir (or Muzahir) al-din. La Patiwareq is buried at Malangke and is referred to in the chronicles as Matinroe ri Wareq, ‘He who sleeps at Wareq’, the former palace-centre of Luwuq. His religious teacher, Dato Sulaiman , is buried nearby. Around 1620, Malangke was abandoned and a new capital was established to

1551-529: The first ruler for which we have any detailed information was Dewaraja (ruled c. 1495‒1520). Stories current today in South Sulawesi tell of his aggressive attacks on the neighboring kingdoms of Wajo and Sidenreng . Luwu's power was eclipsed in the 16th century by the rising power of the southern agrarian kingdoms, and its military defeats are set out in the Chronicle of Bone . On 4 or 5 February 1605, Luwu's ruler, La Patiwareq , Daeng Pareqbung , became

1598-402: The highland valleys are home to groups speaking other Central and South Sulawesi languages. The Bugis are found almost solely along the coast, to which they have evidently migrated in order to trade with Luwu's indigenous peoples. It is clear both from archaeological and textual sources that Luwu was a Bugis-led coalition of various ethnic groups, united by trade relationships and by the ability of

1645-470: The kingdom of Cina (pronounced Cheena ) in what is now Wajo . The incompatibility of the La Galigo's trade-based political economy with the agricultural economies of other South Sulawesi kingdoms has led scholars to posit an intervening period of chaos to separate the two societies chronologically. Archaeological and textual research carried out since the 1980s has undermined this chronology, however. Extensive surveys and excavations in Luwu have revealed that

1692-416: The life cycle of the tree and exhausts the starch reserves in the trunk to produce the seeds to the point of death, leaving a hollow shell. The palms are cut down when they are about 15 years old, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears. The stems, which grow 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet) high, are split out. The starch-containing pith is taken from the stems and ground to powder. The powder

1739-482: The making of the popular keropok lekor of Losong in Kuala Terengganu , each kilogram of fish meat is mixed with half a kilogram of fine sago, with a little salt added for flavour. Tons of raw sago are imported each year into Malaysia to support the keropok lekor industry. In 1805, two captured crew members of the shipwrecked schooner Betsey were kept alive until their escape from an undetermined island on

1786-468: The outbreak of Parkinson's disease -like neurological disorder in Guam and other locations in the Pacific. Thus, before any part of the plant may safely be eaten the toxins must be removed through extended processing. Sago is extracted from the sago cycad by cutting the pith from the stem, root and seeds of the cycads, grinding the pith to a coarse flour , before being dried, pounded, and soaked. The starch

1833-772: The past, led to the island on which Luwu existed to be known as Sulawesi , or 'iron island'. In addition, Luwu seemed to base its economy on arboriculture (or forest produces) exports. Dammar gum , rattan , ebony , gaharu , and mangrove timbers were thought as resources extracted upland, then exported via Luwu's port on the Gulf of Bone . Rulers of Luwu used the title Datu Mappanjunge' ri Luwu which means " Datu who has an umbrella in Luwu" or "Datu that covered Luwu", shortened to Datu Luwu, Pajung Luwu, or Pajunge'. ( House of Royal Buginese Luwu ) 3°00′S 120°12′E  /  3°S 120.2°E  / -3; 120.2 Sago Sago ( / ˈ s eɪ ɡ oʊ / )

1880-432: The pearled starches of other origin, e.g. cassava starch ( tapioca ) and potato starch. They may be used interchangeably in some dishes, and tapioca pearls are often marketed as "sago", since they are much cheaper to produce. Compared to tapioca pearls, real sago pearls are off-white, uneven in size, brittle and cook very quickly. The name sago is also sometimes used for starch extracted from other sources, especially

1927-431: The planned creation of 65 new regencies and autonomous cities, on 24 October 2014. These local residents believed Central Luwu was ready to become a separate regency, comprising the six districts of Walenrang, East Walenrang, West Walenrang, North Walenrang, Lamasi and East Lamasi. This would leave the sixteen districts located south of Palopo City to become - in effect - a South Luwu Regency. The most known culinary in Luwu

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1974-485: The remaining sixteen districts tabulated below. Luwu regency has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. The following climate data is for the town of Belopa, the seat of the regency. Luwu Regency in 2010 comprised 21 administrative districts ( Kecamatan ), but an additional district (Basse Sangtempe Utara) was subsequently created from part of Basse Sangtempe District. The 22 districts are tabulated below with their populations at

2021-524: The rulers of Luwu as the most senior lineages of all Bugis rulers. However, historians and archaeologists expressed doubts regarding these claims. They note that any historical records and chronologies of Luwu were 'disappointingly shallow' and 'absent of any evidence'. Meanwhile, the Bugis world described in La Galigo depicted a vaguely defined world of coastal and riverine kingdoms whose economies are based on trade. Two early centers of this world were Luwu and

2068-436: The sago cycad, Cycas revoluta . The sago cycad is also commonly known as the sago palm, although this is a misnomer as cycads are not palms . Extracting edible starch from the sago cycad requires special care due to the poisonous nature of cycads. Cycad sago is used for many of the same purposes as palm sago. The fruit of palm trees from which the sago is produced is not allowed to ripen fully, as full ripening completes

2115-458: The stems are full of starch stored for use in reproduction. One palm can yield 150–300 kg of starch. Sago is extracted from Metroxylon palms by splitting the stem lengthwise and removing the pith which is then crushed and kneaded to release the starch before being washed and strained to extract the starch from the fibrous residue. The raw starch suspension in water is then collected in a settling container. The sago cycad, Cycas revoluta ,

2162-457: The west at Palopo . It is not known why this sprawling settlement, the population of which may have reached 15,000 in the 16th century, was suddenly abandoned: possibilities include religious turmoil, the declining price of iron goods and the economic potential of trade with the Toraja highlands. By the 19th century, Luwu had become a backwater. James Brooke , later Rajah of Sarawak , wrote in

2209-480: Was a polity located in the northern part of the modern-day South Sulawesi province of Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi . It is considered one of the earliest known Buginese kingdoms in Sulawesi, founded between the 10th and 14th century. However, recent archaeological research has challenged this idea. In 1889, Dutch administrator of Makassar , Braam Morris placed Luwu's peak territorial extent between

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