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68-537: In 1882 approximately one thousand Portuguese settlers came from the island of Madeira to the area of current-day Lubango. These Portuguese farmers helped develop the region and founded the settlement. The city, originally established in 1885 to serve colonists from the Madeira Islands, lies at an elevation of 1,760 metres in a valley of the Huíla Plateau and was surrounded by a scenic park spreading up

136-659: A fighter bomber regiment of the Angolan Air Force . The airport receives daily flights from Luanda and thrice a week from Windhoek, Namibia through TAAG, the Angolan airline. The town is served by the Moçâmedes Railway , known as CFM. It is the junction for the branch railway to Chiange . Also the town is serviced by taxis (mostly shared) which run in circles around the city. One can hire personal taxis which are marked "PARTICULAR". Walking around town

204-568: A buckling of the lithosphere . The ten tallest peaks in Madeira exemplify the island's diverse topography. Pico Ruivo is the highest at 1,862 metres. Madeira's mountaintops offer panoramic vistas of rugged terrain and the Atlantic Ocean , attracting hikers and nature enthusiasts seeking stunning views and challenging trails. Madeira island is at the top of a massive shield volcano that rises about 6 km (20,000 ft) from

272-805: A few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development". An example of such derogation is seen in the approval of the International Business Centre of Madeira and other state aid policies to help the rum industry. It forms part of the European Union customs area , the Schengen Area and the European Union Value Added Tax Area . Mandume ya Ndemufayo University Mandume ya Ndemufayo University ( Portuguese : Universidade Mandume ya Ndemufayo )

340-506: A network of walking paths. Paths can provide easy and relaxing walks through the countryside, while others are narrow, crumbling ledges where a slip could result in injury or death. Some improvements have been made to these pathways following the 2010 Madeira floods and mudslides . Such improvements involved the continuous maintenance of streams, paving trails, and establishing safety fences on dangerous stretches. Due to its distinct geography, economy, social and cultural situation, as well as

408-482: A north-northeast to south-southwest axis that extends for 1,000 kilometres (540 nmi). This structure consists of long geomorphological relief that extends from the abyssal plain to 3,500 m (11,500 ft); its highest submersed point reaches a depth of about 150 m (490 ft) (around latitude 36°N). The origins of the Tore-Madeira Ridge are not clearly established, but may have resulted from

476-542: A notable agricultural and transportation centre, with its own airport and railway station, as well as major maintenance and repair facilities for them. Several Basters (children of African and Cape Colony Dutch descent) emigrated from Namibia to Angola and settled in Lubango, where they are known as the Ouivamo. Many of them were forced to return to Namibia between 1928 and 1930 by white South Africans. In 1951,

544-620: A number of houses and Santa Clara church were hit. The last Austrian Emperor , Charles I , was exiled to Madeira after the war. Determined to prevent an attempt to restore Charles to the throne, the Council of Allied Powers agreed he could go into exile on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded. He died there on 1 April 1922 and his coffin lies in a chapel of the Church of Our Lady of Monte . The Madeira archipelago

612-635: A series of seven sketches of the island. In 1856, British troops recovering from cholera , and widows and orphans of soldiers fallen in the Crimean War , were stationed in Funchal, Madeira. During the Great War on 3 December 1916, a German U-boat , SM  U-38 , captained by Max Valentiner , entered Funchal harbour on Madeira. U-38 torpedoed and sank three ships, bringing the war to Portugal by extension. The ships sunk were: After attacking

680-422: A settlement. The new settlers observed "a heavy black cloud suspended to the southwest" and upon investigation discovered the larger island they called Madeira ( Portuguese : madeira , lit.   'wood'). The first Portuguese settlers began colonizing the islands around 1420 or 1425. The first settlers were the three captain- donees and their respective families, a small group of members of

748-637: A very narrow strait and lie 10,000 furlongs [2,000 km] from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed ." Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the Vikings sometime between 900 and 1030. Accounts by Muhammad al-Idrisi state that the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers" – seafarers from Lisbon) came across an island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep,

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816-646: A violent storm, their ship ran aground along the coast of an island that may have been Madeira. Later this legend was the basis of the naming of the city of Machico on the island, in memory of the young lovers. Madeira appears in several medieval manuscripts, including the Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms from the early 14th century, the Medici-Laurentian Atlas from 1351, the Soleri Portolani from 1380 and 1385 and Corbitis Atlas from

884-460: A way that it was not enough for domestic needs, so that sugar was imported to the island from other Portuguese colonies. Sugar mills were gradually abandoned, with few remaining, which gave way to other markets in Madeira. In the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production was shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity product became its wine. Sugar plantations were replaced by vineyards, originating in

952-463: A year. Madeira hosts lush laurel forests , while Porto Santo , a much flatter island, has a semiarid climate ( BSh ). In most winters snowfall occurs in the mountains. In the south, little is left of the indigenous subtropical rainforest that once covered the island (the original settlers set fires to clear the land for farming) and named it ( madeira means "wood" in Portuguese). However, in

1020-579: Is a public university in Lubango , Angola , established in 1963 named after the late Kwanyama King Mandume ya Ndemufayo . The university emerged from the dismemberment of the Lubango campus of the Agostinho Neto University in the midst of the reforms in Angolan higher education that occurred in the years 2008 and 2009. It has its area of operation restricted to the provinces of Huíla and Namibia . The historical tradition of UMN

1088-618: Is also a good way to explore Lubango. Bus services are available from Lubito and the buses run by a firm called "SGO" are pretty comfortable. Lubango is home to two public higher education institutions, namely the Mandume ya Ndemufayo University and the Higher Institute of Education Sciences of Huíla. The town has a Portuguese international school, the Escola Portuguesa do Lubango ( Portuguese School of Lubango ), and

1156-429: Is approximately 22 km (14 mi) at its widest point (from Ponta da Cruz to Ponta de São Jorge), with a coastline of 150 km (90 mi). It has a mountain ridge that extends along the centre of the island, reaching 1,862 metres (6,109 feet) at its highest point ( Pico Ruivo ), staying below 200 metres along its eastern extent. The primitive volcanic foci responsible for the central mountainous area, consisted of

1224-466: Is based on agriculture , especially meat products, cereals , sisal , tobacco , fruits and vegetables produced in the surrounding fertile region. Food processing, leather tanning , and consumer goods industries dominate the industrial sector. A number of Angolan banks like BAI or BPC offer good financial services, and it is possible to receive funds from outside Angola by way of electronic fund transfer into these banks. ATMs are available around

1292-588: Is entitled to derogation from some EU policies. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , both primary and secondary European Union law applies to Madeira, with possible derogations to take account of its "structural social and economic situation (...) which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on

1360-546: Is intertwined with the creation of the "General University Studies of Angola" (initiated in Luanda in 1962). With the intention of expanding its scope, on August 5, 1963, the creation of a campus in Lubango (then Sá da Bandeira) was promulgated. However, campus classes would only begin on November 4 of this same year, with the beginning of classes in the Pedagogical Sciences course. In 1966, the Lubango campus became

1428-485: Is known from the Selvagens , suggesting this seabird visited at least sporadically. Madeira is home to six species of brown mice, believed to be descendants of common European brown mice brought to the island by Vikings in the 9th century (or conceivably by 15th century Portuguese settlers), but diversified to the point where they cannot interbreed with their ancestral species or with one another. They have essentially

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1496-695: Is located 520 km (280 nmi) from the African coast, 805 km (430 nmi) from the closest point in the European coast (the Portuguese town of Sagres , in Algarve ) and 1,000 km (540 nmi) from the capital of Portugal, Lisbon (approximately a one-and-a-half-hour flight). Madeira inhabits the extreme south of the Tore-Madeira Ridge , a bathymetric structure oriented along

1564-456: Is noted for its Madeira wine , flora , and fauna , with its pre-historic laurel forest , classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The destination is certified by EarthCheck . The main harbour in Funchal has long been the leading Portuguese port in cruise ship dockings, an important stopover for Atlantic passenger cruises between Europe, the Caribbean and North Africa . In addition,

1632-556: Is still open to this day. The British first amicably occupied the island in 1801 whereafter Colonel William Henry Clinton became governor. A detachment of the 85th Regiment of Foot under Lieutenant-colonel James Willoughby Gordon garrisoned the island. After the Peace of Amiens , British troops withdrew in 1802, only to reoccupy Madeira in 1807 until the end of the Peninsular War in 1814. In 1846 James Julius Wood wrote

1700-642: Is wet in the northwest, but dry in the southeast. In the 16th century the Portuguese started building levadas ( aqueducts ) to carry water to the agricultural regions in the south. Due to its mountainous landscape, building levadas promised to be a difficult venture, often tasked to criminals and convicts from continental Portugal to build these water canals. Many are cut into the mountainsides, accompanied by 40 km (25 mi) of tunnels, some of which are still accessible. Today levadas supply water and also provide hydro-electric power . Over 2,170 km (1,350 mi) of levadas were built and later provided

1768-531: The African Tectonic Plate , although it is culturally, politically and ethnically associated with Europe, with its population predominantly descended from Portuguese settlers. Its population was 251,060 in 2021. The capital of Madeira is Funchal , on the main island's south coast. The archipelago includes the islands of Madeira , Porto Santo , and the Desertas , administered together with

1836-701: The Autonomous Region of Madeira ( Portuguese : Região Autónoma da Madeira ), is an autonomous region of Portugal . It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean , in the region of Macaronesia , just under 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of the Canary Islands — Spain —, 520 kilometres (320 mi) west of the Kingdom of Morocco and 805 kilometres (500 mi) southwest of mainland Portugal . Madeira sits on

1904-603: The Gulf Stream and Canary Current , giving it mild to warm year-round temperatures. According to the Instituto de Meteorologia (IPMA), the average annual temperature at Funchal weather station is 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) for the 1981–2010 period. Relief is a determinant factor on precipitation levels; areas such as the Madeira Natural Park can get as much as 2,800 mm (110 in) of precipitation

1972-610: The Instituto Superior Politécnico Gregório Semedo ( Gregório Semedo Polytechnical Institute ) that offers degree courses in various disciplines. With an altitude of 1,760 metres (5,774 ft) above sea level, Lubango is one of the highest places in Angola. The city features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification . The climate is hot and humid during

2040-521: The International Business Centre of Madeira , also known as the Madeira Free Trade Zone, was established in the 1980s. It includes (mainly tax-related) incentives. Plutarch in his Parallel Lives ( Sertorius , 75 AD) referring to the military commander Quintus Sertorius (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to Cádiz , he met sailors who spoke of idyllic Atlantic islands: "The islands are said to be two in number separated by

2108-749: The Portuguese constitution and other laws, Madeira possesses its own political and administrative statute and has its own government . The branches of Government are the Regional Government and the Legislative Assembly , the latter elected by universal suffrage , using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation . The president of the Regional Government is appointed by the Representative of

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2176-635: The Trocaz pigeon , the Madeira Chaffinch and the Madeira firecrest . In addition extinct species include the Madeiran scops owl , two rail species, Rallus adolfocaesaris and R. lowei , and two quail species, Coturnix lignorum and C. alabrevis , and the Madeiran wood pigeon , a subspecies of the common wood pigeon and which was last seen in the early 20th century. A Great Auk bone

2244-738: The West Indies and England itself. The Madeira wine became very popular in the markets and it is also said to have been used in a toast during the Declaration of Independence by the Founding Fathers of the United States . In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Madeira stands out for its climate and therapeutic effects. In the nineteenth century, visitors to the island integrated four major groups: patients, travellers, tourists and scientists. Most visitors belonged to

2312-544: The conquest of Ceuta and West Africans after further exploration of the African coast. Barbary corsairs from North Africa, who enslaved Europeans from ships and coastal communities throughout the Mediterranean region, captured 1,200 people in Porto Santo in 1617. Until the first half of the sixteenth century, Madeira was one of the major sugar markets of the Atlantic. Apparently, it is in Madeira that, in

2380-527: The "Delegation of General Studies of Angola in Sá da Bandeira", offering the university courses of preparation of teachers of the 8th and 11th groups of Higher Education. Later the courses of preparation were extinct to give place to free colleges. In 1968, the Delegation of Sá da Bandeira was linked to the "University of Luanda". In June 1974, High Commissioner Silva Cardoso and the then Minister of Education of

2448-554: The African coast in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator , were driven off course by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: "holy harbour") in gratitude for divine deliverance from a shipwreck. The following year, Zarco and Vaz organised an expedition with Bartolomeu Perestrello . The trio travelled to the island of Porto Santo, claimed it on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, and established

2516-598: The Government of Angola's program for higher education, in accordance with article 16 of Decree No. 7/09 of May 12, the University Mandume and Ndemufayo (UMN) is created as Public Education Institution Superior, from the elevation of the ISCED of Lubango. The UMN itself was able to undergo a new institution of higher education, when, by Decree-Law n. 188/14, of August 4, 2014, approved by the Council of Ministers,

2584-518: The Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar." Sugarcane production was the primary engine of the island's economy, which quickly afforded the Funchal metropolis economic prosperity. The production of sugar cane attracted adventurers and merchants from all parts of Europe, especially Italians , Basques , Catalans , and Flemish . This meant that, in

2652-665: The Portuguese colony of Angola was officially rebranded the Overseas Province of Angola . After Angola's Independence from Portugal due to the events of the April 25, 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon , the city was once again renamed Lubango. During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), Lubango served as a major base of Cuban , SWAPO and government troops. Its once thriving economy plummeted. Lubango's economy

2720-698: The Republic according to the results of the election to the legislative assemblies. The sovereignty of the Portuguese Republic is represented in Madeira by the Representative of the Republic, appointed by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Government of the Republic . The tasks of the Representative of the Republic are to sign and order the publication of regional legislative decrees and regional regulatory decrees or to exercise

2788-599: The Transitional Government deployed the University of Luanda in three universities, with the local delegation becoming the University of Sa da Bandeira. He was appointed to head the new university as rector of the geography doctor José Guilherme Fernandes and as deputy rector engineer Abílio Fernandes, but this configuration lasted a short time, and from 1976 the "Lubango Delegation" is now linked to

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2856-402: The city but they disburse kwanza , which is the local currency. In the markets US dollars or kwanza both are acceptable. The main shopping plaza in Lubango is a newly built Mall called "Milleneum", where most products of daily use as well as other products like cosmetics, shoes, clothes etc. are available. Lubango is the site of an airport ( Lubango Airport IATA code:SDD) and headquarters for

2924-414: The context of sugar production, slave labour was applied for the first time. The colonial system of sugar production was put into practice on the island of Madeira, on a much smaller scale, and later transferred, on a large scale, to other overseas production areas. Later on, this small scale of production was outmatched by Brazilian and São Tomean plantations. Madeiran sugar production declined in such

2992-749: The day and cool to cold at night, the annual average temperature is 18.6 °C (65.5 °F), though there are extremes of 0 to 34.4 °C (32.0 to 93.9 °F). June and July are cold when frosts are possible, albeit rare. The heaviest rains are between December and March and the warmest months are September and October. The city is regarded as the coldest city in Angola, with registered temperatures of −2 °C (28 °F). 14°55′S 13°30′E  /  14.917°S 13.500°E  / -14.917; 13.500 Madeira Madeira ( / m ə ˈ d ɪər ə / mə- DEER -ə or / m ə ˈ d ɛər ə / mə- DAIR -ə ; European Portuguese: [mɐˈðɐjɾɐ] ), officially

3060-410: The development of agriculture on the island, the settlers had to chop down part of the dense forest and build a large number of water channels, called “levadas”, to carry the abundant waters on the north coast to the south coast of the island. Initially, the settlers produced wheat for their own sustenance but later began to export wheat to mainland Portugal. In earlier times, fish and vegetables were

3128-486: The first water-driven sugar mill on Madeira, sugar production increased to over 6,000 arrobas (an arroba was equal to 11 to 12 kilograms or 24 to 26 pounds) by 1455, using advisers from Sicily and financed by Genoese capital (Genoa acted as an integral part of the island economy until the 17th century). The accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders, who were keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. "By 1480 Antwerp had some seventy ships engaged in

3196-701: The floor of the Atlantic Ocean, on the Tore underwater mountain range. The volcano formed atop an east–west rift in the oceanic crust along the African Plate , beginning during the Miocene epoch (5 million years ago), continuing into the Pleistocene (700,000 years ago). This was followed by extensive erosion , producing two large amphitheatres opening southward in the central part of

3264-469: The gentry, people of modest conditions and some former inmates of the kingdom . The majority of settlers were fishermen and peasant farmers who willingly left Portugal for a new life on the islands, a better one, they hoped, than was possible in a Portugal which had been ravaged by the Black Death , and where the best farmlands were strictly controlled by the nobility. To have minimum conditions for

3332-401: The historical autonomic aspirations of the population, the Autonomous Regions of Madeira was established in 1976. Although it is a politico-administrative autonomous region, the Portuguese constitution specifies both a regional and national connection, obliging their administrations to maintain democratic principles and promote regional interests, while reinforcing national unity. As defined by

3400-429: The interior generally inaccessible. Daily life is concentrated in the many villages at the mouths of the ravines, through which the heavy autumn and winter rains travel to the sea. Madeira has many different bioclimates. Based on differences in sun exposure, humidity, and annual mean temperature, clear variations distinguish north- and south-facing regions, as well as some islands. The islands are strongly influenced by

3468-436: The island. Volcanic activity later resumed, producing scoria cones and lava flows atop the eroded shield. The most recent volcanic eruptions were on the west-central part of the island 6,500 years ago, creating more cinder cones and lava flows. It is the largest island of the group with an area of 741 km (286 sq mi), a length of 57 km (35 mi) (from Ponte de São Lourenço to Ponta do Pargo). It

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3536-433: The late 14th century. These texts refer to Madeira as Lecmane , Lolegname, Legnami (the isle of wood), Puerto or Porto Santo, deserte or deserta, and desierta . It is widely accepted that knowledge of these Atlantic islands existed before their better-documented discovery and successful settlement by the Kingdom of Portugal . In 1418, two captains, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira , while exploring

3604-405: The meat of which was bitter and inedible" before going to the more inhabited Canary Islands , in Spain . This island, possibly Madeira or Hierro , must have been inhabited or previously visited by people for livestock to be present. During the reign of King Edward III of England , lovers Robert Machim and Anna d'Arfet were said to have fled from England to France in 1346. Driven off course by

3672-434: The moneyed aristocracy . As a result of a high demand for the season, there was a need to prepare guides for visitors. The first tourist guide of Madeira appeared in 1850 and focused on elements of history, geology, flora , fauna and customs of the island. Regarding hotel infrastructures, the British and the Germans were the first to launch the Madeiran hotel chain. The historic Belmond Reid's Palace opened in 1891 and

3740-415: The mountain slopes. By 1910 there were over 1,700 ethnic Portuguese living in the settlement, which was referred to as "Lubango". By 1923 the Moçâmedes Railway had connected the settlement to the town of Moçâmedes in the coast. The Portuguese government made it a city and renamed it "Sá da Bandeira", after Bernardo de Sá, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira . Once the major centre of Portuguese settlement, it

3808-447: The new University of Angola (now Agostinho Neto University ), already in the midst of the independence of the country. In that same year he loses the Mathematics faculty, and the campus of Lubango is only with the Faculty of Letters. The Faculty of Letters was abolished in 1980 to give place to the Higher Institute of Education Science (ISCED) in Lubango , by decree nº 95 of August 30 of the Council of Ministers. In 2008/2009, according to

3876-437: The north, the valleys harbor native trees. These laurissilva forests , notably those on the northern slopes, are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Madeira's paleobotanical record reveals that laurissilva forest has existed for at least 1.8 million years. Critically endangered species such as the vine Jasminum azoricum and the rowan Sorbus maderensis are endemic. The Madeiran large white butterfly

3944-403: The peaks: Ruivo (1,862 m), Torres (1,851 m), Arieiro (1,818 m), Cidrão (1,802 m), Cedro (1,759 m), Casado (1,725 m), Grande (1,657 m), Ferreiro (1,582 m). At the end of this eruptive phase, reefs encircled the island, its marine vestiges evident in a calcareous layer in the area of Lameiros, in São Vicente. Sea cliffs, such as Cabo Girão , valleys and ravines extend from this central spine, leaving

4012-411: The right of veto over regional laws, should these laws be unconstitutional. Before the sixth amendment to the Portuguese Constitution passed in 2006, this responsibility was held by a more-powerful Minister of the Republic, who was proposed by the Government and appointed by the President. Madeira is an Outermost Region (OMR) of the European Union , meaning that due to its geographical situation, it

4080-405: The same genes, but rearranged to give different chromosome numbers: the ancestral species has 40 chromosomes, whereas the Madeira species have from 22 to 30. The deep valleys of Madeira are separated by high ground, and the different species of mice do not encounter each other. A levada is an irrigation channel or aqueduct specific to the Portuguese Atlantic region of Madeira. Madeira island

4148-438: The second half of the fifteenth century, the city of Funchal became a mandatory port of call for European trade routes. Slaves were used during the island's period of sugar trade to cultivate sugar cane alongside paid workers, though slave owners were only a small minority of the Madeiran population, and those who did own slaves owned only a few. Slaves consisted of Guanches from the nearby Canary islands, captured Berbers from

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4216-562: The separate archipelago of the Savage Islands . Roughly half of the population lives in Funchal. The region has political and administrative autonomy through the Administrative Political Statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira provided for in the Portuguese Constitution . The region is an integral part of the European Union as an outermost region . Madeira generally has a mild/moderate subtropical climate with mediterranean summer droughts and winter rain. Many microclimates are found at different elevations. Madeira, uninhabited at

4284-400: The settlers' main means of subsistence. Grain production began to fall and the ensuing crisis forced Henry the Navigator to order other commercial crops to be planted so that the islands could be profitable. These specialised plants, and their associated industrial technology, created one of the major revolutions on the islands and fuelled Portuguese industry. Following the introduction of

4352-469: The ships, U-38 bombarded Funchal for two hours from a range of about 3 kilometres (2 mi). Batteries on Madeira returned fire and eventually forced U-38 to withdraw. On 12 December 1917, two German U-boats, SM U-156 and SM U-157 (captained by Max Valentiner ), again bombarded Funchal. This time the attack lasted around 30 minutes. The U-boats fired 40 120 and 150 mm (4.7 and 5.9 in) shells. There were three fatalities and 17 wounded;

4420-429: The so-called ‘Wine Culture’, which acquired international fame and provided the rise of a new social class, the Bourgeoisie . With the increase of commercial treaties with England, important English merchants settled on the Island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in the Funchal as of the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America,

4488-439: The time, was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419 and settled after 1420. The archipelago is the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Age of Discovery . Madeira is a year-round resort, particularly for Portuguese, but also British (148,000 visits in 2021), and Germans (113,000). It is by far the most populous and densely populated Portuguese island. The region

4556-418: Was an endemic subspecies of the large white that inhabited the laurissilva forests but has not been seen since 1977. Hogna ingens , the Deserta Grande wolf spider, is endemic to the Madeira archipelago, specifically Deserta Grande Island . It is critically endangered. It is considered the largest member of its family . Restoration efforts are underway. Three species of birds are endemic to Madeira:

4624-437: Was built in a Portuguese style of architecture, with a cathedral , commerce hall, industrial hall, and a secondary school , and, like every Portuguese city or town in the mainland and the overseas territories, it would have the Portuguese town hall, the hospital and the typical CTT post office, besides banking (most prominently the Banco Nacional Ultramarino - BNU), insurance and other services as well. The city developed as

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