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47-556: The majority of Batak Muslims belong to the Coastal Batak groups, such as the Mandailing Bataks , Angkola Bataks , Simalungun Bataks , Kluet Bataks , Batubara Bataks, and some of Toba Bataks . These Batak groups are primarily located in the coastal regions of Sumatra, where they were more susceptible to Islamic influences due to their engagement in trade and their proximity to predominant Islamic-based powers; notably

94-704: A common ancestor with their relative, the Siahaan clan in Balige . It is certain that the Toba people as a distinct culture can be found beyond the boundaries of their geographical origins. According to the folklore of the Batak people, the first ancestor of the Batak people is Si Raja Batak , literally means ‘King Batak’ or ‘the King of Batak’. His origin is believed to be from a Toba village known as Sianjur Mula village, situated on

141-552: A distinct group within the broader Batak population, reflecting a fusion of indigenous Batak traditions and Islamic beliefs. In Batak Muslim community, Pseudo-Islamism refers to the adoption or adaptation of certain practices or beliefs that outwardly appear to align with Islam but are influenced by traditional Batak customs and local beliefs, often distorting or blending Islamic teachings with pre-Islamic Batak elements. This phenomenon can occur in any Batak groups where cultural traditions intersect with religious practices. Considered as

188-471: A distinctive blend of religious and cultural practices. For example, while Batak Muslims continued to honor certain ancestral traditions, Islamic values, especially regarding family and social life, began to shape their societal structures. Islamic religious practices and observances were incorporated into local festivals, rituals, and ceremonies, leading to the development of a unique cultural identity that fuses Islamic and Batak traditions. Islam's influence on

235-822: A sub-category of the Batak, as part of a 'wedge policy' to create a non-Muslim buffer state called Batakland between the powerful Muslim Achehnese and Minangkabau nations. The Mandailing was associated with the Toba Batak people instead of being recognized as a distinct ethnic minority. Consequently, the Mandailing people have been torn between two cultural and ethnic identities, namely Batak-Mandailing in Indonesia and Malay-Mandailing in Malaysia . The Padri War , which took place in West Sumatra and spread to

282-671: Is a famous food among the Mandailing people. They have a traditional ensemble of drums called Gordang Sambilan . The majority of the population considers themselves not part of Batak as Ethnolinguistic group The Mandailing people has blood ties, kinship, language, writing script, social systems, arts, customs and norms that are similar to the Toba Batak and Angkola Batak. Toba Batak people Outside North Sumatra: Riau , Batam , Jakarta , Java , Kalimantan , Sulawesi , Papua , Bali , and around Indonesia – 1,100,000 The Toba Batak people ( Batak Toba : ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ ᯖᯬᯅ ) are

329-527: Is contrasted to Javanese people , Indonesia's largest ethnic group, who are more culturally conciliatory and less willing to air differences publicly. Batak Toba people also known as professing Christians in contrast with the largely Muslim population in Indonesia. In terms of occupational sector, Batak Toba is also known to be well represented in some sectors particularly law , education , military , economy , and politics . An overwhelming majority of

376-592: Is currently only around ± 1%, and almost all Mandailing Christians synod at the Angkola Protestant Christian Church , which is the same as the Batak Angkola community who are Christian. This is because there are several cultural similarities between Angkola and Mandailing that allow Angkola and Mandailing Christians to be under the same Church synod. The Mandailing people are also known as the great travellers as more and more of

423-416: Is no obligation for Toba people to live in the Toba region, although they are obliged to be attached to their original village in Toba. The original village or Bius of a Toba Batak person is called ‘ Bona Pasogit ‘. It is common for a Toba Batak person to identify his/her origin not by their birthplaces, but by their Bona Pasogit in ‘ Tano Batak ‘ or ‘The Batak Land’. Just as it is with other ethnicities,

470-457: Is the largest Protestant church with Lutheranism in Indonesia. It was founded by the German missionaries and still regarded as the traditional church of the Toba Batak people. In the early 20th century, HKBP disported into several independent Protestant churches such as GKPS (Simalungun) and GKPA (Angkola) to accommodate church services for the Batak people outside of the Toba community. Before

517-623: The Acehnese sultanates of Peureulak , Samudra Pasai , and Aceh in northernmost Sumatra, as well as the Islamic Minangkabau kingdom of Pagaruyuang in western Sumatra. As a result, the coastal Batak communities were among the first to adopt Islam, with the religion becoming entrenched in their practices over time. The introduction of Islam brought significant changes to the cultural elements of Batak society. Islamic teachings integrated with existing local Batak customs, producing

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564-532: The Minangkabau of Tanah Datar . As a result, the Mandailing were influenced by Muslim culture and converted to Islam. There are also a group of Mandailing in Malaysia , especially in the states of Selangor and Perak . They are closely related to the Angkola and Toba . The etymology of 'Mandailing' is said to be a compounding of the words mande , meaning 'mother', and hilang , meaning 'lost'. Thus,

611-797: The Sinambela clan. During the time when the Batak kingdom was based in Bakara, the Sisingamangaraja dynasty of the Batak kingdom divided their kingdom into four regions by the name of Raja Maropat , which are: The Dutch colonization started with the defeat of King Sisingamangaraja XII , ending the Thirty years Batak War . The Dutch colonization formally began with the annexation of the Onafhankelijke Batak-Landen or ‘The Free Batak-Country’ into The Dutch East Indies and

658-576: The Toba Batak language and are centered on Lake Toba and Samosir Island within the lake. Batak Toba people frequently build in traditional Batak architecture styles which are common in Samosir. Cultural demonstrations, performances, and festivities such as Sigale Gale are often held for tourists. Paleontological research done in the Humbang region of the west side of Toba Lake suggests that human activity existed 6,500 years ago. The genetic test of

705-722: The 1840s, a new attempt was done in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized during this year. In 1864, Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen from the German Rhenish Missionary Society reached the Batak region and founded a village called "Huta Dame" (village of peace) in the district of Tapanuli in Tarutung , North Sumatra . The Batak Christian Protestant Church ( Indonesian : Huria Kristen Batak Protestan )

752-487: The Batak community also manifested in linguistic changes. Batak Muslims adopted numerous Arabic (and Persian) terms, particularly in religious contexts, which further distinguished them from non-Muslim Batak groups. This linguistic shift reflects the broader integration of Islamic principles into daily life, creating a discernible cultural difference between Batak Muslims and their non-Muslim counterparts. Over time, this blending of Islamic and Batak cultural elements has led to

799-633: The Batak’s wise religious teaching, which continue to uphold the Batak traditions. Mandailing people The Mandailing (also known as Mandailing Batak ) people are an ethnic group in Sumatra , Indonesia that is commonly associated with the Batak people . They are found mainly in the northern section of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia . They came under the influence of the Kaum Padri who ruled

846-680: The Christian Toba Batak Rajas with the German Missionaries during the 1886 to evaluate the pre-Christian customs of the Toba Batak society to be inline with Christian values and Church Ordinance . The result of this discussion is the codification of Batak Toba customs by the Christian Rajahs and the Missionaries into two treaties: Ruhut Parsaoron di Habatahon 1898 or The Customs regulating

893-523: The Indonesian Protestant community, it is common for Protestant churches in Indonesia to provide service in Toba Batak language . The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the Batak highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 1830s but without any success. After Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk did intensive research on Batak language and culture in

940-686: The Kinta Valley. The British appointed Raja Bilah Penghulu of Blanja while his son Raja Yacob became Penghulu of Tronoh , which generated large revenues after the opening of the Tronoh Mines, the largest tin producer in the world in the 1920s. Mandailing is the name of the region Luat Mandailing, which is now almost in Mandailing Natal Regency in North Sumatra . The first groups who came to this region were

987-677: The Lubis and Nasution, later followed by the Siregar, Harahap, and so forth. Nasution and Lubis are the biggest groups in the Mandailing clan. Other groups, such as Pulungan, Harahap, Matondang, Rangkuti, and others are the smaller groups of Luat Mandailing. Harahap and Siregar dwell almost in Luat Angkola, which now belongs to South Tapanuli Regency , situated between Regency and North Tapanuli Regency. The Mandailing people are almost entirely Muslims. Opinion varies on when Islam first arrived in

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1034-654: The Mandailing, along with other sub-ethnic Batak groups are the descendants of one man by the name of Batak ; who migrated to the south before the coming of the Portuguese and Dutch colonisation of Sumatra. Moreover, many Mandailing people are of Minangkabau descent from Pagaruyung in the Minangkabau highlands , such as the Nasution clan. Dutch colonization in Sumatra caused the Mandailing to be included as

1081-577: The Mandailings are migrating to the various regions in the country as well as around the world. Many of the Mandailings are playing the important roles of the nation. The Indonesian government considered the Mandailings as one of the main tribes in the country. Many Mandailings keep detailed family tree records as it has become the family tradition. It is reported that 98% of the Mandailing ethnic group are Muslim. There are approximately more than one hundred thousand Mandailings In Malaysia nowadays. Many of

1128-625: The Mandailings in Malaysia are visiting their ancestors in Mandailing Regency in Indonesia as it has been a tradition to keep the brotherhood and strong bond of unity among the Mandailings. The Mandailing language is still used by the descendants of Mandailing immigrants in Malaysia, although language shift to Malay is observed among the younger generation. The Mandailing classic of daun ubi tumbuk or mashed tapioca leaves, lush with bunga kantan , lemongrass and coconut milk flavor

1175-785: The Muslim Toba Batak are originated from port of Barus , Sorkam , parts of Sibolga , and from Asahan areas. They are generally regarded as the original Toba Batak Muslims, although, sometimes the Batak Muslims from these regions are identified and self-identified as distinct sub-group known as ‘Orang Pesisir’ or ‘Batak Pesisir’ and ‘ Batak Pardembanan ’ (Asahan). In some cases of conversion to Islam , there are occurrences of Toba Batak Muslims disassociating themselves with Toba Batak customs and identity and prefer association with other ethnic identities (e.g. of their spouses) or to disassociate ethnic identity at all. This would cause

1222-545: The Tapanuli Residency was unified under North Sumatra province. Since then, Toba is under the Toba Samosir Regency 's region with Balige as its capital. The Toba Batak people practice a distinct culture. The central foundation of their culture is the customs or adat called ‘ Dalihan Na Tolu ’ (‘The Three Legged Stove’). The Toba Batak generally are regarded as a patriarchal society. While

1269-410: The Toba Batak people are adherents of Christianity . The value and practice of Christianity are absorbed deeply into the daily life of the Toba people in combination with the practice of Toba traditional customs known as Adat . The currently pertaining traditional law, customs, and regulations used by most Batak Toba people to regulate their social relations nowadays were products of discussions between

1316-433: The Toba Batak people shows that the Toba Batak are the descendants of different people with distinct genetic components. The Toba Batak's ancestors migrated from Taiwan thousands of years ago. There were numerous kingdoms and dynasties in the history of the Batak and Toba Batak people. The last dynasty in the Toba Batak people is the Sisingamangaraja dynasty with twelve successive priest kings called ‘Sisingamangaraja’ from

1363-603: The Toba people have also migrated to other places to look for a better life. For example, the majority of the Silindung natives are the Hutabarat, Panggabean, Simorangkir, Hutagalung, Hutapea and Lumbantobing clans. Instead all those six clans are actually descendants of Guru Mangaloksa, one of Raja Hasibuan's sons from Toba region. So it is with the Nasution clan where most of them live in Padangsidimpuan, surely share

1410-410: The Toba people is called rumah bolon . It is a rectangular building that can house up to five or six families. One can enter a rumah bolon through a staircase in the middle of the house with an odd numbers of steps (odd number of staircase means offspring of slave, even number of staircase means offspring of king). When a person enters the house, one must bow in order to avoid one's head from knocking

1457-576: The conversion to Christianity, the old belief of the Toba Batak tribe was a mixture of Animism and Hinduism with significant influence of Islam . In the beginning of the 20th century, some Toba Batak Rajahs who refused to embrace Christianity instituted a religion inspired by the pre-Christian Toba Batak beliefs, customs and practices. This religion is called ‘ Ugamo Malim ‘ with its adherents called Parmalim . The Parmalims worship Debata Mula Jadi Nabolon, which means The Great Almighty God. A minority of Toba Batak are adherents of Sunni Islam . Many of

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1504-541: The customs and regulations of the Toba Batak life. Toba Batak's adat traditions are often present in Christian ceremonies such as baptism , confirmation , marriage , and burial , while church hymns , psalms , and prayers are often involved and invoked in traditional ethnic Toba Batak ceremonies. The Toba Batak people are known to possess a robust tradition of ‘ Mangaranto ‘ or becoming migrants to look for better education, and social and economic opportunities. There

1551-412: The emergence of a distinct Batak Muslim identity. The Islamization of the Batak people has resulted in the formation of a unique subgroup within the larger Batak ethnic community. The coastal Bataks, due to their exposure to trade and Islamic centers, were among the first to adopt Islam, which has profoundly influenced their religious practices, cultural customs, and language. Today, Batak Muslims stand as

1598-578: The first Tapanuli Resident . Although there were changes made to the name, the division of the region was still the same. For example, the name of Afdeling Bataklanden was changed to Luhak Tanah Batak, and the first luhak (federated region) appointed was Cornelius Sihombing; who was once also a demang (chief) silindung . The title Onderafdeling (Dutch for "subdivision") was changed to urung , and demangs that supervised an onderafdeling were promoted as kepala (head) urung . Onderdistrik (subdistrict) then became urung kecil , and

1645-578: The formation of the Tapanuli Residency in 1910. The Tapanuli Residency is divided into four regions that are called afdeling ( Dutch for "section"); today it is known as a regency or city, namely: During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , the administration of the Tapanuli Residency had little changes. After the independence, the government of Indonesia retained Tapanuli as Residency . Dr. Ferdinand Lumban Tobing became

1692-641: The inland parts of East Sumatra between 1803 and 1845, caused an exodus of large groups of Mandailing from their homeland to peninsular Malaya . Among them were groups led by Raja Asal , the overlord of the Mandailings, and his nephew Raja Bilah . Together with Sutan Puasa , they were embroiled in the Klang War from 1866 to 1873, also known as the Selangor War. Raja Asal and Raja Bilah fled to Perak , where their followers settled in Lower Perk and

1739-904: The largest ethnic group of the Batak peoples of North Sumatra , Indonesia. The general term ‘Batak’ is sometimes used to refer to the Batak Toba people, for one thing because the Toba people are the largest sub-group of the Batak ethnicity, for another because they tend to self-identify as merely Batak instead of ‘Toba’ or ‘Batak Toba’, contrary to the habit of the Karo, Mandailing, Simalungun, Pakpak communities who commonly self-identify with their respective sub-groups. The Toba people are found in Toba Regency , Humbang Hasundutan Regency , Samosir Regency , North Tapanuli Regency , Central Tapanuli Regency (with Sibolga and its surrounding regions), and part of Dairi Regency . The Batak Toba people speak

1786-594: The modern era, especially in Malaysia where they were forced to conform to state-sponsored Islam. A small portion of the Mandailing community also embraces Christianity . The first Christian teachings in the Mandailing region were in the Pakantan area brought by evangelists from Switzerland and Russia in 1821. Therefore, the oldest church in Tapanuli is located in Huta Bargot. The Mandailing Christian community

1833-523: The name is said to mean "lost mother". Mandailing society is patriarchal, employing family names, or marga . Well-known Mandailing margas include: Lubis, Nasution, Siregar, Ritonga, Hasibuan, Harahap, Dalimunthe (originally from Munthe), Matondang, Rangkuti, Parinduri, Puasa, Pulungan, Rambe, Daulae(y), Pohan, Batubara (not to be confused with the Batu Bara people from the east coast of Sumatra), Barus and Hutajulu. According to Tamboen's account (1952)

1880-466: The offspring continuously. Nainggolan, Napitupulu, Pardede, Gultom, Panggabean, Silalahi, Siahaan, Simanjuntak, Sihombing, Sitorus, Panjaitan, Sitompul, Marbun, Lumban Tobing, Aritonang, Pangaribuan, Situmorang, Manurung, Marpaung, Hutapea, Tambunan, Silitonga, Tampubolon , Sinaga, Siregar, Pakpahan, Sidabutar, Aruan, Ambarita, and Simatupang are among the common surnames. However, the number of all Toba Batak clans are in hundreds. The traditional house of

1927-478: The pre-Christianity belief of Batak, Parmalim is a term applied to the Batak people who adhered to a belief system that bears Islamic roots (often overlapped with 'Batak Muslims' itself). The term " parmalim " (ᯇᯒ᯲ᯔᯞᯪᯔ᯲) is a blend word of Batak and Arabic-origins, with “ parma ” (ᯇᯒ᯲ᯔ) means "to be/to follow" and “ alim ” (عالم) means "the wise". Therefore, the Parmalim itself can be roughly interpreted as

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1974-568: The region, where the 19th century, 18th century, or even earlier have been suggested. In the 19th century, a portion of the Mandailing were converted to Islam during the Padri War when Muslim clerics from west Sumatra pressured them to adopt the religion. After conversion, Islam took firm roots in the Mandailing people through integration with the larger Muslim Malay world. The Mandailing people were able to retain many of their native religious practices and adopted an indigenized form of Islam until

2021-399: The role of men is central in the Toba Batak society, the role of women is very crucial with the existence of the Toba Batak concept of ‘ Hula hula ‘ where women and their families hold a higher ground in familial relations. Since the conversion to Christianity of the Toba Batak people in the 19th century, Christianity has played a vital part in the life of Toba people with church influencing

2068-409: The slopes of Mount Pusuk Buhit, about 45 minutes drive from Pangururan , the capital of Samosir Regency today. A surname or family name ( marga ) is part of a Toba person's name, which identifies the clan or family they belonged to. The Batak Toba people always have a surname or family name. The surname or family name is obtained from the father's lineage (paternal) which would then be passed on to

2115-465: The social life of the Batak (referred to as Ruhut), and Patik dohot Uhum ni Halak Batak 1899 or Laws and Regulations of the Batak people (referred to as Patik). Most of the Toba people are adherents of Protestantism with Lutheranism as the biggest denomination. After Protestantism, Catholicism is the second largest religious belief among the Toba People. Being the largest ethnic group in

2162-597: The transverse beam at the entrance of the traditional house. The interpretation of this is that the guests must respect the owner of the house. The traditional boat of the Toba Batak people is the solu . It is a dugout canoe , with boards added on the side bound with iron tacks. The boat is propelled by sitting rowers, who sit in pairs on cross seats. The Toba Batak are known throughout Indonesia as capable musicians, and are perceived as confident, outspoken and willing to question authority, expressing differences in order to resolve them through discussion. This outlook on life

2209-403: Was supervised by kepala urung kecil ; which was previously known as assistant demang . Just as it was in the past, the government of the Tapanuli Residency was divided into four districts, namely: During the transfer of sovereignty in the early 1950s, the Tapanuli Residency that was unified into North Sumatra province and was divided into four new regencies, namely: In December 2008,

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