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112-605: One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków ; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between

224-583: A Rurikid princess of disputed parentage. Named after his great-grandfather Bolesław Wrymouth , the numeral V was assigned to him in the Poczet królów Polskich . His nickname of "Chaste" (Latin: Pudicus ), appeared relatively early and was already mentioned in the Rocznik franciszkański krakowski . It was given to him by his subjects because of the vows of chastity that Bolesław V and his wife Kinga of Hungary had jointly taken; for this reason, their marriage

336-673: A civil war in Hungary . In March 1266 Bolesław and his wife Kinga arranged a meeting at Buda , at which Stephen was committed to maintain peaceful relations with his father, Ottokar II, Bolesław the Chaste, Leszek the Black, and Bolesław the Pious. In 1270 the new King Stephen V of Hungary visited Bolesław the Chaste in Kraków, where they signed an eternal peace. In the same year, Stephen V renewed

448-628: A bull of Pope Gregory IX . Bolesław V and his mother were imprisoned firstly in Czersk and then in Sieciechów . The humiliations to the dowager duchess continued there, including a slap in the face by Konrad I. Henry the Bearded decided to rescue the imprisoned prince and his mother; shortly thereafter Bolesław and Grzymisława managed to escape from the monastery of Sieciechów with the help of Kraków voivode Klement of Ruszcza and Mikołaj Gall, who

560-646: A large state, inhabited by pagan Lithuanians and Orthodox Ruthenians . For the last century, Lithuanians defended themselves from the Teutonic Knights , a crusading military order dedicated to conversion of the Grand Duchy into Catholicism. Jogaila understood that the conversion was inevitable and searched for the best opportunities. The Treaty of Dubysa of 1382 with the Knights included provisions of Jogaila's conversion within four years. However,

672-594: A meeting also took place in Przedbórz between Bolesław and Konrad, at which the Masovian ruler agreed to renounce his claims over Sandomierz. It was at this point that Bolesław began his personal government. In 1241 the first Mongol invasion of Poland occurred. In January the Mongols took Lublin and Zawichost . Bolesław, with his mother and wife, fled to Hungary at the side of his older sister Salomea , wife of

784-418: A meeting at Nowy Korczyn , when she received the district of Stary Sącz . In the autumn of 1246 was brought the final solution to the conflict when Bolesław retook Lelów. Konrad died on 31 August 1247, but his son Casimir continued the fight. During 1254-1255 Bolesław sought the release of Siemowit I of Masovia and his wife, Pereyaslava, who were captured by his brother Casimir. They were finally released in

896-607: A meeting at Kraków, the city of Jędrzejów also obtained the rights. The implementation of the German-styled law led to the rapid economic development in the principality, which experienced losses, up to 75% in population alone, due to Mongol raids. In addition, the reform in the administration of the salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka was noteworthy. In 1251 deposits of halite were discovered in Bochnia ; previously, only brine had been found there. Bolesław V prompted

1008-575: A meeting was organized in Cienia between Władysław Spindleshanks and a delegation of Kraków nobles, which included Bishop Iwo Odrowąż ; voivode Marek Gryfita; Pakosław Awdaniec the Old, voivode of Sandomierz; and Mściwój, castellan of Wiślica . Under the terms of the meeting, Władysław agreed to the adoption of Bolesław V, making him his successor over Kraków and Greater Poland . After the meeting, Władysław arrived in Kraków, where Grzymisława formally gave him

1120-475: A more varied relief with loess gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is an artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca. The area of the city is 147 km2. The highest point lies at a height of 235.0 m (771.0 ft) and the lowest point at a height of 163.6 m (537 ft). Lublin has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with cold, damp winters and warm summers. The population of Lublin in 2021

1232-486: A new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets. The local TVP station, TVP3 Lublin , broadcasts from a 104 m (341 ft)-tall concrete television tower. The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info . The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio 'eR – 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' – 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of

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1344-593: A peace treaty with Bohemia at Opava . With the new king of Hungary, Ladislaus IV , a minor, Bolesław became an ally of the Kingdom of Bohemia; however, during the conflict between Ottokar and King Rudolph I of Germany , he opted for the Hungarian side. On 26 August 1278 Bolesław was present in the decisive Battle on the Marchfeld , where Ottokar was defeated and killed. One of the aims of Bolesław's foreign policy

1456-584: A railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews). Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland -

1568-454: A set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania , in regard to his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland . Though very limited in scope, the "Union of Krewo", in historiography, often refers not only to the particular document but to events of 1385–1386 as a whole. After the 1385 negotiations, Jogaila converted to Christianity , married Jadwiga, and

1680-641: A succession crisis. Candidates for the throne included Mary's fiancé Sigismund of Luxembourg , Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia , and Vladislaus II of Opole . Mary and her fiancé were rejected by the Polish nobles, who did not wish to continue a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary . Polish nobles competed with each other and a brief civil war broke out in Greater Poland . Eventually, after long negotiations with Jadwiga's mother Elizabeth of Bosnia , who

1792-527: A war between Henry and Konrad for Lesser Poland broke out. Thanks to Archbishop Pełka , the Treaty of Luchani was signed in August of that year, under which Bolesław received Sandomierz and gave several castles to Henry. In June 1235, Pope Gregory IX approved the Treaty of Luchani; however, shortly afterwards Konrad invaded Sandomierz, and as a result of this invasion Bolesław lost the district of Radom . Henry

1904-536: Is a regional centre of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A. , Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A. ) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists. There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons like quality of life, culture management,

2016-664: Is located about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. With approximately 8 destinations and over 450 000 passengers served in 2018, it is the biggest airport in Eastern Poland. There is a direct train and bus link from the airport to downtown. From Lublin Główny railway station , ten trains depart each day to Warsaw , and three to Kraków , as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with Rzeszów , Szczecin , Gdynia , and other Polish cities and towns in

2128-593: Is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot, and Tychy). Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving international artists, researchers and politicians. Union of Krewo In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo , Act of Kreva ; Polish : unia w Krewie ; Lithuanian : Krėvos sutartis ) comprised

2240-629: The AB-Aktion . On 24 June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of over 800 Poles in Lublin, who were then imprisoned in the castle, along with dozens of Poles who were arrested at the same time in other towns in the region, including Biała Podlaska , Chełm , Puławy . Many of the prisoners were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while around 500 Poles were murdered in five large massacres carried out in

2352-643: The Intelligenzaktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers, priests, lecturers of the local theological seminary, and lecturers and students of the Catholic University of Lublin , which the occupiers closed down. Arrested Poles were held in a prison established in the Lublin Castle, and many were afterwards deported to concentration camps . On 23–25 December 1939,

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2464-571: The Battle of the Sajó River two days later (11 April) - where Prince Coloman was seriously injured and died shortly after - Bolesław V and his family (including Salomea, now a widow) fled to Moravia , and then eventually returned to Poland . After the death of Henry the Pious, his eldest son, Bolesław the Bald , took the title of high duke; however, he did not appear in Kraków, where the government

2576-588: The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Lublin witnessed the early stages of the Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism . Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century , Lublin

2688-610: The Franciscans came to Kraków around 1258. Bolesław the Chaste died on 7 December 1279. Jan Długosz recorded the event as follows: His funeral took place three days later, on 10 December. He was buried in the Church of St. Francis of Assisi in Kraków . There is a gravestone with the inscription: Kazimierz Stronczyński alleged that the gravestone was false, but the fact that contemporary sources established that Bolesław's body

2800-545: The National Heritage Board of Poland . Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the sixth to seventh centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the sixth century were discovered in the centre of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill. The early Middle Ages were marked by an intensified settlement of people, particularly in

2912-795: The Polish Radio ) – 102.2 FM, [ Radio Centrum (university radio station)] – 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) – 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin – 95.6 FM. Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza ), [ Metro] (daily, free), and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free). The Lublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ)

3024-409: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. In the 16th century, the parliaments ( Sejm ) of the Kingdom of Poland were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin , which united Poland and Lithuania . Lublin as one of the most influential cities of the state enjoyed voting rights during the royal elections in Poland . Some of

3136-532: The Sarmatian Iazyges , Siraces and Serboi . In 1245 both rulers supported the expedition of Rostislav Mikhailovich , who was the Hungarian candidate for the throne of Halych . On 17 August the Battle of Jarosław took place, where the Polish and Hungarian troops were defeated. Finally, a peace treaty was signed at Łęczyca . In June and July 1253 Polish-Russian forces, including the army of Bolesław

3248-679: The Wawel Cathedral . Jogaila's new baptismal name Wladislaus was chosen in honor of Jadwiga's great-grandfather king Władysław I the Elbow-high , the penultimate Piast . Jogaila married Jadwiga on 18 February and was crowned jure uxoris as King of Poland on 4 March. Due to negative propaganda by William of Austria and the Teutonic Knights, the marriage was not confirmed by Pope Urban VI (1378–1389); only Pope Boniface IX (1389–1404) declared it legitimate. Right after

3360-548: The Bearded died in 1238, and his son Henry the Pious succeeded him. Like his father, he took the regency of Bolesław and his Duchy of Sandomierz. In 1239 in Wojnicz , the 13-year-old Bolesław met his bride, the 15-year-old Kinga (also known as Kunigunda), daughter of King Béla IV of Hungary . The wedding was celebrated shortly thereafter. Kinga spent her first years in Sandomierz with her mother-in-law. On 9 July of that year,

3472-599: The Bearded heir to Kraków and Greater Poland. In 1231, with the support of the Gryfici family , Henry obtained the rule over Sandomierz, after Grzymisława (who feared for the future of the inheritance of her infant son) surrendered the regency. During 1231-1232 Henry fought against Konrad for Lesser Poland; by the autumn of 1232 Henry finally obtained control over Lesser Poland and Konrad could only keep Sieradz-Łęczyca. In 1233 Konrad I of Masovia captured Grzymisława and her son after personally robbing and beating them, according to

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3584-561: The Bishopric, which guaranteed to the local clergy greater autonomy in economic and judicial matters. On 17 September 1253, thanks to the joint efforts of Bolesław and the bishop of Kraków, Pope Innocent IV canonized Stanisław (Stanislaus) of Szczepanów . On 8 May 1254 celebrations were held in Kraków to honour Saint Stanislaus, including a meeting of the Piast princes. On 18 June another meeting took place at Chroberz , where Bolesław confirmed

3696-545: The Black organized an expedition to Yotvingia in December of that year. In 1278 the Lithuanians again invaded Lublin , and they clashed with Leszek's army at the Battle of Łuków . Because Bolesław and his wife Kinga made a vow of chastity, their marriage was childless. In 1265 Bolesław adopted Leszek the Black as his heir. In 1273 Władysław Opolski organized a military expedition to Kraków, because he refused to accept

3808-663: The Chaste Bolesław V the Chaste ( Polish : Bolesław Wstydliwy ; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representative of the Lesser Polish branch of Piasts . Bolesław V was born on 21 June 1226 at Stary Korczyn , as the third child and only son of Leszek I the White by his wife Grzymisława ,

3920-545: The Chaste as their new ruler. On 25 May of that year the Battle of Suchodoły took place, in which the Lesser Poland and Hungarian ( Sarmatian ) troops, under the command of Klemens of Ruszcza, defeated the Masovian troops of Konrad. With this victory, Bolesław the Chaste regained the government over Kraków. Now at the age of 17, he was the high duke of Poland; however, he remained under the strong influence of his mother until her death. Later that year, Konrad tried to regain

4032-547: The Chaste, rushed to Moravia in support of the Hungarian expedition to Vindelicia ( Austria ), which was under the rule of King Ottokar II of Bohemia . The war failed to achieve a settlement, despite the Polish-Russian army looting several villages. The conflict ended with a treaty; at this time, Ottokar (with the help of Bishop Paweł of Kraków ) tried to persuade Bolesław the Chaste to join at his side. In 1260 another conflict erupted between Hungary and Bohemia, when

4144-725: The EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post-development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country. In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of "Park Mielec" — the European Economic Development area. At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol, Modern-Expo , and Perła Browary Lubelskie. At

4256-400: The Germans carried out massacres of 31 Poles in several locations in Lublin. Among the victims were lawyers, professors, school principals, starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties and other well-known and respected citizens of the region. In January and February 1940, the occupiers arrested 23 Capuchin friars and 43 Jesuit friars. Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with

4368-419: The Hungarian prince Coloman , leaving his lands without his leadership. On 13 February the Mongols conquered and burned Sandomierz, and on 11 March he refused to participate in the Battle of Chmielnik . One month later, on 9 April, the Battle of Legnica took place, in which the army commanded by High Duke Henry II the Pious was defeated, and the duke himself was killed. After the defeat of the Hungarian army at

4480-547: The Hungarian prince Stephen organized a marauding expedition to the Duchy of Carinthia . From June to July 1260 Bolesław, with Leszek the Black , helped the Hungarians with troops in their fight against Bohemia. On 12 July the Battle of Kressenbrunn took place, which ended with the defeat of the Hungarian army. On 29 January 1262 during a meeting at Iwanowice, Bolesław the Chaste promised to give military support to Bolesław

4592-583: The Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1253 after the war with Bohemia, the relation between Bolesław and Daniel was good. Daniel visited Kraków, where he met the papal legate Opizo, who wanted to crown him. The coronation finally took place at Drohiczyn on the Bug River . Bolesław and his sister Salomea supported this event, because they wanted Daniel and his principality to acquire the Latin rite . The second Mongol invasion of Poland shattered those plans. In November 1259

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4704-445: The Lesser Poland districts of Skaryszew , Tarczek , and Wiślica . During 1265−66 Bolesław fought against Daniel's son Shvarn and brother Vasilko Romanovich , who helped the Lithuanians in their invasion into Lesser Poland. On 19 June 1266 Shvarn was defeated at the Battle of Wrota. The conflict ended in 1266, when Bolesław abandoned his expeditions to Yotvingia . In July 1273 the Lithuanians invaded Lublin . In retaliation, Leszek

4816-591: The Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said: In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of

4928-482: The Mongols and Ruthenians invaded and destroyed Sandomierz , Lublin and Kraków ; Bolesław fled to either Hungary or Sieradz , ruled by Leszek the Black. In February 1260 the Mongols left Lesser Poland, and Bolesław then returned to his lands. At this point his relations with Daniel of Galicia improved; in 1262 they signed a treaty in Tarnawa. After Daniel's death in 1265 a Lithuanian-Russian army invaded and ravaged

5040-480: The Pious in his conflict with Henry the White , who was a supporter of the Kingdom of Bohemia. On 7 June a second meeting took place at Danków , where peace negotiations with Henry took place. At this opportunity, Władysław Opolski tried unsuccessfully to make a quadruple alliance with the Bohemian king, Bolesław the Chaste, and Bolesław the Pious. King Béla IV came into conflict with his son Stephen, which caused

5152-487: The Polish Rada Główna Opiekuńcza charity organisation, around 2,200 people were released from those two camps. Many of the released people, including hundreds of kidnapped Polish children , were extremely exhausted or sick, and were taken to local hospitals, which quickly became overcrowded. Many exhausted children died soon. Lublin pharmacists and residents organized help for the children, and after leaving

5264-523: The Polish delegation. Jogaila briefly described the mission of the Lithuanian delegation and, in exchange for marriage to Jadwiga, agreed to the following: It was guaranteed by the seals of Jogaila's brothers Skirgaila , Kaributas , Lengvenis and their cousin Vytautas . Because the document contained promises and guarantees only by one party, Lithuanian historian Jūratė Kiaupienė concluded that

5376-523: The Polish nobles in Kraków and then before Queen Elizabeth, Jadwiga's mother, in Buda . A Polish delegation – two Elizabeth's envoys and three Polish nobles – was sent to Lithuania. Upon return of the Lithuanian delegation, Jogaila confirmed in writing all the promises, made on his behalf in Poland. This confirmation is known today as the Union of Krewo. The 560-word document is addressed to Queen Elizabeth and

5488-684: The Polish throne. By the time Lithuanian envoys participated in Jadwiga's coronation in fall 1384, Jogaila's candidacy was widely known. In mid-1385, Jogaila sent an official delegation to Poland. It included his brother Skirgaila , Duke Boris (possibly his cousin and son of Karijotas ), and merchant Hanul of Riga . Hanul helped Jogaila to recapture Vilnius during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) and represented interests of merchants, who saw great trade potential between Poland and Lithuania. The representatives first appeared before

5600-463: The Soviet westward offensive. In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Skłodowska University . A large automotive factory, Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSO), was built in the city. In 2023, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

5712-536: The Yotvingian prince Komata. For the Christianization of this tribe, Bolesław created a bishopric in Łuków on the northeastern border of Lesser Poland. In this cause he counted on the support of his sister Salomea and Pope Innocent IV , who in 1254 issued a special document. In the end the mission failed. Prince Daniel of Galicia was at the side of Bolesław as an ally of Hungary in the conflict with

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5824-554: The act's authenticity in 1975. However, his claims have gained little scholarly support. In the 1385 document, the Latin word applicare , describing a future relationship between Poland and Lithuania, has caused the most controversy and academic debate. The Latin term does not have a legal definition and possibly was deliberately chosen for its vagueness. The term is subject to wide-ranging interpretations, which can be divided into three major categories of meaning: Boles%C5%82aw V

5936-509: The adoption. On 4 June the Battle of Bogucin Mały took place, where the army from Opole-Racibórz was defeated. At the end of October, Bolesław made a retaliatory expedition against Opole-Racibórz; however, the forces were limited only to destroy specific areas of the duchy. In 1274 Władysław and Bolesław V the Chaste decided to conclude a peace, under which the Duke of Opole-Racibórz gave up his claims to

6048-439: The areas along river valleys. The settlements were centred around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the main centres of the Lendians , a Lechitic tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the centre shifted to the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in

6160-430: The artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski , who died in the city in 1584. In 1578, the Crown Tribunal , the highest court of the Lesser Poland Province , was established in Lublin. Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren

6272-399: The basis for a puppet government. The Soviets carried out arrests of Polish resistance members, including the regional delegate of the Polish government-in-exile , Władysław Cholewa, and the commander of the regional branch of the Home Army , Colonel Kazimierz Tumidajski, who was eventually killed in Russian captivity in 1947. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after

6384-438: The best cities for business in Poland. The Foreign Direct Investment ranking placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green spaces and a high standard of living ; the city has been selected as the 2023 European Youth Capital and 2029 European Capital of Culture . Its historical Old Town is one of Poland's national monuments ( Pomnik historii ) tracked by

6496-431: The city of Lublin was honoured by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky who granted it the title of "City-Rescuer" in recognition of its humanitarian and financial assistance to Ukraine and the country's war refugees . Lublin lies in eastern Poland on the Lublin Upland . The Bystrzyca  [ pl ] river, a tributary of the Wieprz river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with

6608-514: The city's population, Jews - 39.5%. In 1931, 63.7% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic and 34.7% Jewish. On July 20, 1931, a violent tornado  [ simple ] carved a path of destruction through the city, destroying dozens of structures in downtown and killing six people. This tornado is officially rated F4 on the Fujita scale ; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5. In early September 1939, during

6720-575: The control over Kraków and attacked Bolesław, but was again defeated. Konrad I of Masovia until his death attempted to realize his ambition to become high duke and ruler of Kraków. In 1246, together with his son Casimir and supported by Lithuanian and Opole troops, he attacked Lesser Poland again. In the Battle of Zaryszów the troops of Bolesław were defeated. The duke of Kraków lost Lelów , but Kraków and Sandomierz managed to resist. The lack of funds for war forced Bolesław to take some properties of his wife, Kinga, which were paid only on 2 March 1257 during

6832-416: The custody of Bolesław V and his inheritance as his closest male relative. Due to the lack of response, Konrad I came to Skaryszew to negotiate with Grzymisława and the local nobility in the first half of March 1228, with regard to assuming the guardianship of his nephew during his minority. The nobility, especially the Gryfici family , preferred the rule of Władysław III Spindleshanks, but at that point he

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6944-406: The decades-long Galicia–Volhynia Wars , but also saw opportunities to regain lands lost to Hungary and regarded the Teutonic Knights as the common enemy. It is unknown who and when proposed Jogaila as the groom for Jadwiga. Some hints show that planning and negotiations might have started as early as 1383. For example, Jogaila attacked Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia , when he advanced his claims for

7056-455: The discovery of the original document in 1835 in a register in the Archives of the Cracow Cathedral Chapter, the Union of Krewo was unknown. Usually, important state documents were archived at the Crown Archive. It was neither referenced in any contemporary documents nor cited by medieval historians. No chronicles or other written sources mentioned the August 1385 meeting in Kreva. That led the Lithuanian American lawyer Jonas Dainauskas to question

7168-410: The district to mine the salt, which became a source of regular income. During his reign, Bolesław took special care of the church, and above all, to the Bishopric of Kraków . In 1245, thanks to the efforts of Bolesław's sister Salomea, a Poor Clare monastery was founded in Zawichost . On 28 August 1252 during a meeting at Oględów , the Duke and his mother Grzymisława granted an immunity privilege to

7280-475: The early medieval period. One of them was most probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century. The castle became the seat of a castellan , first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but was quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier. The location of Lublin at

7392-403: The eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols , Tatars , Ruthenians , and Lithuanians , which resulted in its destruction. It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. Lublin was founded as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during

7504-442: The environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating margins of global organisations present in the area. The large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych (FSC) was acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis , the production at FSC practically collapsed and

7616-435: The factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University . The price of land and investment costs are lower than in western Poland. However,

7728-537: The federal state Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established. Finally, the Constitution of 3 May 1791 declared that both states were one, albeit that this was denounced in 20 October amendments (the Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations ). Soon after, they were separated in form, spending most of the 19th century under Russian control but kept administratively separate. In the early 20th century, both states established their independence and since then, they have had no ties with each other in any formal sense. Up until

7840-436: The first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. In 1921, Roman Catholics constituted 58.9% of

7952-427: The first years of the occupation, many expelled Poles from Gdańsk and German-annexed Pomerania were deported to Lublin, and later on, in 1943, around 9,000 expelled Poles from the nearby Zamojszczyzna region were brought to Lublin and imprisoned in the Majdanek concentration camp and in a transit camp at Krochmalna Street; many were afterwards deported to forced labour in Germany. In August 1943, thanks to efforts of

8064-937: The haste was later criticized at the Council of Constance . On 17 February 1387 Jogaila decreed that he would build Vilnius Cathedral and petition the pope to establish the Diocese of Vilnius , which he awarded with land possessions in Tauragnai , Labanoras , Molėtai . Two other privileges, issues on 20 February and 4 March 1387, awarded nobles who would convert to Christianity with new rights and granted Magdeburg rights to Vilnius. This served not only as an incentive for conversion but also equalized nobility rights in Poland and Lithuania. Jogaila left his brother Skirgaila as his regent in Lithuania. He proved to be unpopular and Lithuanian nobility resented growing Polish influence in

8176-536: The hospital, the people were taken in by the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, which resulted in an epidemic typhus outbreak, which caused many deaths among the population. On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as

8288-523: The infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah , leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford ". In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities. The city declined due to the disastrous Deluge , when it

8400-451: The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Lublin, and then further east to Łuck , before the city was occupied by Germany , and found itself in the newly formed General Government territory. The Polish population became a target of severe Nazi persecutions focusing on intelligentsia and Polish Jews. In November 1939, during

8512-500: The king Władysław II Jagiełło . With the coming of peace between Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474, the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship , the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of

8624-530: The marriage and coronation, Jadwiga and Vytautas marched to Galicia where they defeated Hungarian forces and secured some 97,000 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi) in western Podolia . Andrei of Polotsk , Jogaila's eldest brother, used his absence to renew struggle for the throne of Lithuania. Andrei attacked southeast of Polotsk , the Livonian Order attacked Duchy of Lithuania , and Sviatoslav of Smolensk attacked Mstsislaw . The rebellion

8736-551: The outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city. There are also known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and sent to either forced labour or concentration camps by the Germans for sheltering and aiding Jews . Poles who saved Jews in other places in

8848-535: The planned expressway network around the city, that will be built in the coming years, consists of S12 to the east in the direction Chełm , S19 north towards Białystok , and S17 southeast towards Zamość . The expressway bypass of Lublin allows transit traffic to avoid the city centre. Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. Lublin

8960-464: The present-day district of Rury in 1940. Among the victims of the massacres were both men and women: doctors, engineers, local officials, lawyers, judges, activists, military officers, parliamentarians, Polish resistance members, policemen, teachers and school and university students. An attempt to " Germanise " the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche , increasing the number of German minority from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin,

9072-492: The privileges granted to the Bishopric of Kraków at Oględów. In 1257 a synod was held in Łęczyca , where it was established that any ruler who kidnapped a bishop would be automatically excommunicated , and his domains placed under the interdict . Between 11–12 June 1258 a meeting was held at Sandomierz, at which Bolesław approved further privileges for the Church in Lesser Poland. At the invitation of Bolesław V and his wife Kinga,

9184-472: The region as Nałęczów , Chełm or Zamość . The express train to Warsaw takes about two hours. There are other smaller stations in Lublin for local trains: Lublin is located at the intersection of expressways S12 , S17 , and S19. Expressway S17 between Lublin and Warsaw is currently finishing construction and should be ready by the second half of 2020. S19 between Lublin and Rzeszów is currently under construction and should be finished by 2023. The rest of

9296-651: The region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle, before being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and re-established a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most survivors left Poland for Israel, the United States and other countries. In

9408-460: The rule of the city. The dowager duchess and her son received the Duchy of Sandomierz, where she exercised the regency. Shortly afterwards Władysław Odonic escaped from prison and the fight for Greater Poland was resumed. Władysław Spindleshanks was forced to leave Kraków. Then the local nobility, with the consent of Grzymisława, called Henry the Bearded to Kraków, but only to rule as a governor. In

9520-530: The rule of the prince Bolesław V the Chaste . Casimir III the Great , appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls. From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dating to 1335–1370 exists to this day. In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from

9632-500: The same time, the energy conglomerate, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin. Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering 33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and

9744-732: The so-called "reservation" for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation known as the " Nisko or Lublin Plan ". The Germans established and operated a Baudienst forced labour camp for Poles in Lublin. Many Poles from or associated with Lublin, including 94 lecturers, alumni and students of the Catholic University of Lublin were murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. The Jewish population

9856-476: The spring of 1255 after lengthy negotiations. In 1258 Bolesław the Pious started a long and destructive war against Casimir and his ally Świętopełk (Swantopolk) II for the castellany of Ląd . Bolesław the Chaste joined in the Greater Poland coalition against the duke of Kuyavia. Between 29 September and 6 October 1259 Bolesław the Chaste, together with Bolesław the Pious, sacked Kujawy . A peace treaty

9968-601: The state. Vytautas seized the opportunity to renew his struggle for power and the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) broke out. This was resolved with the Ostrów Agreement – Vytautas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania while Jogaila retained rights of an overlord. Vytautas conducted independent internal and foreign affairs, but cooperated with Jogaila. A celebrated example of the Polish–Lithuanian cooperation

10080-572: The summer of 1228 Konrad I of Masovia attacked Kraków, but was defeated at the Battle of Skała by Henry I's son, Henry the Pious . However, a year later Konrad I captured Henry the Bearded and occupied Sieradz-Łęczyca and later Sandomierz, removing Grzymisława from power, despite resistance from the local nobility. In 1230 Władysław Spindleshanks, with the help of Henry I, made an unsuccessful attempt to recover his lands. Władysław died one year later in exile in Racibórz . Władysław's will named Henry

10192-455: The throne of Kraków. Bolesław V paid particular attention to urban development. On 27 February 1253 he granted privileges to the city of Bochnia . On 5 June 1257 during a meeting at Kopernia near Pińczów , he granted the Magdeburg rights to the district of Kraków, and a year later to the city of Nowy Korczyn . In 1264, the city of Skaryszew also received the rights, and in 1271 during

10304-421: The treaty was never ratified. Accepting Christianity from a long-standing enemy was dangerous, unpopular, and could push Lithuania into dependence of the Knights. In 1384, Jogaila explored another option, presented by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and brokered by his Orthodox mother Uliana of Tver : converting to Orthodoxy and marrying Sophia, daughter of Dmitry Donskoy . However, in the eyes of Catholics, Orthodoxy

10416-619: The union could not have been a final international treaty and that there should have been another document finalizing the agreement. On 11 January 1386 a Polish delegation met Jogaila in Vawkavysk and presented him with a pre-election pact, declaring that the Polish nobility agreed to elect him as their new king. The election was concluded on 1 February in Lublin . On 12 February Jogaila and his relatives arrived in Kraków and were baptized by Bodzanta , Bishop of Gniezno , three days later in

10528-479: The war against Bohemia for the Babenberg inheritance, which ended in the defeat of Hungary. In 1271 Bolesław, with the help of Rurikid princes, organized an expedition to the Duchy of Wrocław , because Henry the White was an ally of Bohemia. King Stephen V died on 6 August 1272, and after this the alliance between Bolesław the Chaste and the Kingdom of Hungary was completely broken. In 1277 Bolesław finally made

10640-531: Was 334,681. The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe . Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investment inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to relatively fast connection, while external investments are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investments. Lublin

10752-625: Was a royal city of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election . In 1578, Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal , the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries, the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning. In 2011, the analytical Financial Times Group found Lublin to be one of

10864-434: Was contrary to the treaty of mutual inheritance signed in 1217 by Leszek and Władysław III Spindleshanks , under which it was agreed that in the event of the death of one of them, the other would take the government of his domains and custody of his minor children. On 6 December 1227 Casimir I of Kuyavia - who probably represented his father Konrad I of Masovia at the funeral of Leszek I - advanced his father's claims over

10976-654: Was crowned King of Poland in 1386. The union proved a decisive moment in the histories of Poland and Lithuania ; it marked the beginning of four centuries of shared history of the two polities. By 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union had developed into a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , which lasted until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. Louis I of Hungary died on 10 September 1382. Since he had only two surviving daughters, Mary (born ca. 1371) and Jadwiga (born ca. 1373), Poland faced

11088-524: Was exercised by Klement of Ruszcza on his behalf. Konrad I of Masovia took this opportunity, and despite the strong resistance of the knights and nobility, he finally entered Kraków on 10 July 1241. A few months later, the fortress of Skała, held by Klement of Ruszcza, capitulated. Despite his success, Konrad failed to gain the support of the local nobility, victims of Konrad's mercenaries (the Teutonic Order ) themselves, who in 1243 appointed Bolesław

11200-540: Was finally concluded on 29 November 1259. In 1260, Casimir I took over the fortress of Lelów. On 12 December during a meeting at Przedbórz , Bolesław the Chaste mediated the dispute between Casimir and Siemowit, which ended in a mutual treaty. Bolesław the Chaste and Bolesław the Pious were both allies of the Kingdom of Hungary . Their links with the Hungarians probably resulted from their family relationships, as both of their wives were daughters of King Béla IV and most of their Polish and Hungarian knights were descendants of

11312-590: Was forced into the newly established Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze . The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt , the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at

11424-428: Was forcibly removed by Polish nobles. It is unclear whether he succeeded in consummating the marriage, but biased Austrian sources continued to accuse Jadwiga of bigamy . Nobles from Lesser Poland , including Spytek of Melsztyn , Jan of Tarnów , and Jan Tęczyński, proposed that Jadwiga marry Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania . Grand Duke Algirdas died in 1377 and left the throne to his son Jogaila . He inherited

11536-501: Was in charge of the prisoners. Both Klement and Mikołaj bribed the guards, who were busy drinking, and did not pay attention to the prisoners, who left the monastery in disguise. Jan Długosz described the events as follows: For safety reasons, Henry the Bearded hid Bolesław and his mother in the fortress of Skała near the valley of the Prądnik river . Then, on behalf of her son, Grzymisława renounced his rights over Kraków to Henry. In 1234

11648-565: Was in the midst of fighting with his nephew Władysław Odonic and was unable to claim his rights. Konrad I then appeared in the northern part of Kraków, but at his side were only the Topór and Sztarza families, and so this attempt to take the Seniorate failed. According to Kazimierz Krotowski, the absence from Lesser Poland was the cause of the Prussian invasion to Masovia. On 5 May 1228,

11760-720: Was invaded by Russo - Cossack forces in 1655, and Sweden in 1656. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Lublin was located in the Austrian empire , then following the Austro-Polish War of 1809 it was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw , and then in 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland in the Russian Partition of Poland. At the beginning of the 19th century, new squares, streets, and public buildings were built. In 1877,

11872-495: Was never consummated . On 24 November 1227, during the Congress of Gąsawa , Bolesław V's father, Leszek the White, was killed. Like his own father and paternal grandfather before him, he was orphaned at young age. After Duke Leszek's death many people claimed the custody of his only son. The nobility of Kraków wanted the regency to be exercised by Dowager Duchess Grzymisława, jointly with the local voivode and bishop; however, this

11984-510: Was not any better than paganism. Therefore, such conversion would not protect from the Teutonic attacks. A third option, presented by Polish nobles, avoided major pitfalls of the Teutonic or Muscovite proposals. The relations between Poland and Lithuania were not particularly friendly. The two states were allies before, when Jogaila's aunt Aldona of Lithuania was Queen of Poland between 1325 and 1339. Poland and Lithuania battled each other in

12096-556: Was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva , Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery , and education centre ( kahal ) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust , during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to

12208-492: Was quickly subdued. At the end of 1386 Jogaila returned to Vilnius to carry out his other promise – to convert the Grand Duchy to Catholicism. He brought some priests, established the first seven parishes, and, according to Jan Długosz , even personally translated Lord's Prayer and Apostles' Creed into the Lithuanian language . New converts were baptized en masse , with little teaching, and were awarded wool shirts;

12320-423: Was regent of Hungary, Jadwiga arrived in Kraków and was crowned as King of Poland (not as Queen of Poland , to emphasize her rights to the throne) on 15 October 1384. The new monarch still needed a suitable husband. She was betrothed to William of Austria , who in summer 1385 traveled to Poland in an attempt to consummate the proposed marriage and present a fait accompli . He succeeded in reaching Wawel , but

12432-658: Was the Christianization of the Yotvingians . During 1248-1249 he organized an expedition against them, supported by Siemowit I. However, the expedition ended in failure. Between 1256-1264 the Yotvingians invaded and plundered Lesser Poland . In the spring of 1264, Bolesław organized a retaliatory expedition against them, which ended with a victory of the Kraków-Sandomierz troops and the death of

12544-425: Was the decisive victory in the Battle of Grunwald (1410) against the Teutonic Knights . Vytautas's independence and Polish–Lithuanian relations were formalized by the Union of Vilnius and Radom (1401) and Union of Horodło (1413). Thus the Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained its sovereignty. Only the Union of Lublin (1569) created a permanent union between Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after which

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