Misplaced Pages

#975024

71-586: Ludgate was the westernmost gate in London Wall . Of Roman origin, it was rebuilt several times and finally demolished in 1760. The name survives in Ludgate Hill , an eastward continuation of Fleet Street , Ludgate Circus and Ludgate Square. According to legend, recorded by the Norman-Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth , Ludgate was named after the ancient British king Lud . Lud was said to be

142-549: A commander who would lead them in securing their future but their first two choices, Marcus and Gratian , did not meet their expectations and were killed. Their third choice was the soldier Constantine III . In 407, Constantine took charge of the remaining troops in Britain, led them across the Channel into Gaul, rallied support there, and attempted to set himself up as Western Roman Emperor. Honorius' loyalist forces south of

213-517: A large fort, with a large garrison, that stood to its north-western side. The fort, now referred to as the Cripplegate Fort , was later incorporated into a comprehensive city-wide defence, with its strengthened northern and western sides becoming part of the Wall which was built around 200. The incorporation of the fort's walls gave the walled area its distinctive shape in the north-west part of

284-510: A more provocative theory to explain the expulsion of officials and appeal for Roman aid. He suggested that a revolt consisting of dissident peasants, not unlike the Bagaudae of Gaul, also existing in Britain, and when they revolted and expelled the Roman officials, the landowning class then made an appeal for Roman aid. There is no direct textual statement of this, though it might be plausible if

355-519: A part of this former feature. This seems to have been re-cut in 1213, with the restored ditch being V-cut to a depth of 6 feet and a width of between 9 and 15 feet. The re-cut of the ditch may have diverted some of the waters of the Walbrook which would otherwise have flowed through the city, and the wall itself does appear to have acted like a dam, partially obstructing the Walbrook and leading to

426-472: A profound and continuing effect on the character of the City of London, and surrounding areas. The walls constrained the growth of the city, and the location of the limited number of gates and the route of the roads through them shaped development within the walls, and more fundamentally, beyond them. With few exceptions, the modern roads heading into the former walled area are the same as those which passed through

497-591: A replica statue of the Emperor Trajan standing in front of it. There is a further surviving section preserved in the basement of the One America Square building. There are further remains in the basement of the Old Bailey . The layout of the Roman and medieval walls have had a profound effect on the development of London, even down to the present day. The walls constrained the growth of

568-496: A rival emperor, Attalus . Emperor Honorius , amid his battle to regain Italy, sent a rescript to British communities in 410 telling them to look to their own defence. Zosimus makes passing mention of this rescript while describing the reconquest of cities loyal to Attalus, and says nothing further about Britain. Historian Christopher Snyder wrote that protocol dictated that Honorius address his correspondence to imperial officials, and

639-629: Is believed to have been one of four original gates in the Roman London Wall , work on which started in 190 AD. Anti-royalist forces rebuilt the gate during the First Barons' War (1215–17) using materials recovered from the destroyed houses of Jews . The gate was rebuilt about 1450 by a man called Foster who at one time was lodged in the debtor's prison over the gate. He eventually became Sir Stephen Foster , Lord Mayor of London . His widow, Agnes , renovated and extended Ludgate and

710-549: Is commemorated, although now only loosely followed, by the road also named London Wall. The modern road starts in the west with the Rotunda junction at Aldersgate, then runs east past Moorgate , from which point it runs parallel to the line of the City Wall, and eventually becomes Wormwood Street before it reaches Bishopsgate . This alignment, however, is the result of rebuilding between 1957 and 1976. Before this, London Wall

781-504: Is currently no evidence of post-Roman restoration, so surviving sections are not likely to have been part, or an important part, of defences much after the Roman period. The end of Roman rule in Britain in c. 410 resulted in the wall slowly falling into disrepair, though the survival of Romano-British culture in the area is indicated by the settlement in the nearby St Martin-in-the-Fields area of Westminster , which persisted until around 450. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle notes that

SECTION 10

#1732787852976

852-592: Is unknown. The fort's north and west walls were thickened and doubled in height to form part of the new city wall. The incorporation of the fort's walls gave the walled area its distinctive shape in the north-west part of the city. It continued to be developed until at least the end of the 4th century, making it among the last major building projects undertaken by the Romans before the Roman departure from Britain in 410. Reasons for its construction may have been connected to

923-531: The De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , written c. 540, Gildas attributed an exodus of troops and senior administrators from Britain to Maximus, saying that he left not only with all of its troops, but also with all of its armed bands, governors, and the flower of its youth, never to return. Raids by Saxons , Picts , and the Scoti of Ireland had been ongoing in the late 4th century, but these increased in

994-662: The Alps were preoccupied with fending off the Visigoths and were unable to put down the rebellion swiftly, giving Constantine the opportunity to extend his new empire to include Hispania . In 409, Constantine's control of his empire fell apart. Part of his military forces were in Hispania, making them unavailable for action in Gaul, and some of those in Gaul were swayed against him by loyalist Roman generals. The Germans living west of

1065-682: The Battle of the Save (in modern Croatia ) and at the Battle of Poetovio (at Ptuj in modern Slovenia ). He was then executed by Theodosius. With Maximus's death, Britain came back under the rule of Emperor Theodosius I until 392, when the usurper Eugenius made a bid for imperial power in the Western Roman Empire until 394 when he was defeated and killed by Theodosius. When Theodosius died in 395, his 10-year-old son Honorius succeeded him as Western Roman Emperor. The real power behind

1136-864: The Devil's Highway to Silchester and Bath, and Watling Street to St Albans and the west midlands. These roads leading over the River Fleet . Fleet Street and the Strand The bastions, towers built against the face of the city wall, are scattered irregularly across its perimeter. Not bonded to the city wall itself, they are considered to be added after the construction of the wall and even later after by post-Roman builders. 21 bastions are currently known about (more may be undiscovered). They can be grouped into: List entry number: 1357518 Scheduled Monument End of Roman rule in Britain In 383,

1207-569: The Romanesque style by King William the Conqueror and his successors, was on its completion one of the longest churches in Europe . Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London was the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton : "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing

1278-642: The Second Great Fire of London . Bomb damage revealed a section of wall at Noble Street, near the Museum of London . In 1957, a 64-metre section of the wall was uncovered during works on the London Wall road; the section was then destroyed to accommodate the road changes and to make way for a new car park. An 11-metre section has been preserved. In 1984, the Museum of London set up a Wall Walk from

1349-514: The Rhine , possibly when it was frozen over, and began widespread devastation. As there was no effective Roman response, the remaining Roman military in Britain feared that a Germanic crossing of the Channel into Britain was next, and dispensed with imperial authority – an action perhaps made easier by the high probability that the troops had not been paid for some time. Their intent was to choose

1420-718: The Rhine River rose against him, perhaps encouraged by Roman loyalists, and those living east of the river crossed into Gaul. Britain, now without any troops for protection and having suffered particularly severe Saxon raids in 408 and 409, viewed the situation in Gaul with renewed alarm. Perhaps feeling they had no hope of relief under Constantine, both the Romano-Britons and some of the Gauls expelled Constantine's magistrates in 409 or 410. The Byzantine historian Zosimus (fl. 490s – 510s) directly blamed Constantine for

1491-499: The Roman general then assigned to Britain, Magnus Maximus , launched his successful bid for imperial power, crossing to Gaul with his troops. He killed the Western Roman Emperor Gratian and ruled Gaul and Britain as Caesar (i.e., as a "sub-emperor" under Theodosius I ). 383 is the last date for any evidence of a Roman presence in the north and west of Britain, perhaps excepting troop assignments at

SECTION 20

#1732787852976

1562-670: The Roman officials and took charge of their own affairs. Some historians suggest that the rescript of Honorius refers to the cities of the Bruttii (present-day Calabria ), rather than to the cities of the Britons. The reference in Zosimus's history to the Britons is in a passage describing events in northern Italy, and Britannia may have been a copying error for Brettia . This reading of Zosimus has been criticized as arbitrary and speculative, and has its own inconsistencies. Bruttium

1633-712: The Romano-British retreated back to London after their bloody defeat at the Battle of Crecganford ( Crayford , Kent) at the hands of Hengist and Horsa , leaders of the Saxon invaders, in 457. This suggests that London's walls retained some military value, although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written many centuries after the Battle of Crayford took place, if it took place at all. From c. 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in

1704-605: The Scandinavians would establish Danelaw . In the same year, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. This was part Alfred's policy of building an in-depth defence of the Kingdom of Wessex against the Vikings as well as creating an offensive strategy against

1775-637: The Scoti and Saxons at the same time, but either way this would be the last Roman campaign in Britain of which there is any record. In 401 or 402 Stilicho faced wars with the Visigothic king Alaric and the Ostrogothic king Radagaisus . Needing military manpower, he stripped Hadrian's Wall of troops for the final time. The year 402 is the last date of any Roman coinage found in large numbers in Britain, suggesting either that Stilicho also stripped

1846-508: The Thames. They did this in stages between 1284 and 1320, extending the walled area as far as the River Fleet so that it enclosed their precinct. The westward extension is likely to have improved the defensibility of Ludgate. In the medieval period the developed area of the city was largely confined to the City Wall, but there was extramural development, especially in the large western ward of Farringdon Without . The wall provided security but

1917-472: The Tower of London to the museum, using 23 tiled panels. A number of these have been destroyed in subsequent years. At Noble Street, the panels were replaced by etched glass panels. These were intended as a prototype for new panels along the entire walk, but no further replacements have been made. One of the largest and most readily accessed fragments of the wall stands just outside Tower Hill tube station , with

1988-626: The Vikings who controlled Mercia . The burh of Southwark was also created on the south bank of the River Thames during this time. The city walls of London were repaired as the city slowly grew until about 950 when urban activity increased dramatically. A large Viking army that attacked the London burgh was defeated in 994. By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Old St Paul's Cathedral , rebuilt in

2059-531: The beleaguered provinces. Figures such as Coel Hen were said to be placed into key positions to protect the island in Maximus's absence. As such claims were designed to buttress Welsh genealogy and land claims, they should be viewed with some scepticism. In 388, Maximus led his army across the Alps into Italy in an attempt to usurp Theodosius as emperor. The effort failed when he was defeated in Pannonia at

2130-509: The brother of King Cassivelaunus but some folklorists think he is a manifestation of the god Nodens . There are other suggestions for the origins of the name, although none has been universally accepted. Later writers said it was derived from "flood gate" or "Fleet gate", from "ludgeat", meaning "back gate" or " postern ", or from the Old English term "hlid-geat" a common Old English compound meaning "postern" or "swing gate". Ludgate

2201-594: The church in 1935. Elizabeth's statue now stands in a niche over the vestry door, while the others are inside the porch. Listed clockwise from the West London Wall The London Wall is a defensive wall first built by the Romans around the strategically important port town of Londinium in c. AD 200, as well as the name of a modern street in the City of London , England. Roman London was, from around 120–150, protected by

Ludgate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-549: The city's jurisdiction was marked by "city bars", toll gates which were situated just beyond the old walled area; Holborn Bar , Temple Bar , West Smithfield Bar , and Whitechapel Bar. These were the important entrances to the city and their control was vital in maintaining the city's special privileges over certain trades. During the Great Fire of London in September 1666, almost all of the medieval City of London inside

2343-408: The city, and the location of the limited number of gates and the route of the roads through them shaped development within the walls, and in a much more fundamental way, beyond them. With a few exceptions, the parts of the modern road network heading into the former walled area are the same as those which passed through the former medieval gates. Part of the route originally taken by the northern wall

2414-463: The city. The end of Roman rule in Britain , around 410, led to the wall falling into disrepair. It was restored in the late Anglo-Saxon period, a process generally thought to have begun under Alfred the Great after 886. Repairs and enhancements continued throughout the medieval period. The wall largely defined the boundaries of the City of London until the later Middle Ages , when population rises and

2485-575: The debtor's prison; the practice of making the debtors pay for their own food and lodging was also abolished. Her gift was commemorated by a brass wall plaque, which read: Devout souls that pass this way, For Stephen Foster, late mayor, heartily pray; And Dame Agnes , his spouse, to God consecrate, That of pity this house made, for Londoners in Ludgate; So that for lodging and water prisoners here nought pay, As their keepers shall answer at dreadful doomsday! In February 1554, Ludgate

2556-521: The definition of 'bagaudae' is changed to fit the circumstances. There is no need to do so, as any number of rational scenarios already fit the circumstances. There is the possibility that some form of bagaudae existed in Britain, but were not necessarily relevant to the events of 409 and 410. The alleged ubiquity of Pelagianism amongst the British population may have contributed to such a movement if it had existed, not to mention large-scale purges amongst

2627-469: The development of towns around the city blurred the perimeter. From the 18th century onward, the expansion of the City of London saw large parts of the wall demolished, including its city gates, to improve traffic flow. Since the Second World War , conservation efforts have helped to preserve surviving sections of the city wall as scheduled monuments . The long presence of the walls has had

2698-474: The dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital." The size and importance of London led to the redevelopment of the city's defences. During the early medieval period – following the Norman Conquest of England – the walls underwent substantial work that included crenellations , additional gates and further towers and bastions. Aside from the seven City Wall gates and

2769-466: The east and west of the modern site of London Bridge, with a piece of wooden bridge found at the end of Fish Street Hill. The constructions advancing around 115 feet (35 m) into the River Thames took place between the late 1st and mid-3rd centuries, highlighting that between these periods no wall stood against the river. After Londinium was raided on several occasions by Saxon pirates in

2840-430: The eastern part of the Roman riverside wall that was built or rebuilt in the late 4th century. The riverside wall may have limited access to the Thames, both commercial and otherwise, so it may have reflected a diminished level of activity within the city. It is not clear how long the riverside wall survived, but there are references to a part of it near the dock of Queenhithe , in two charters of 889 and 898. There

2911-407: The evidence in fact supports later Roman involvement in Britain, post 410. Regarding the events of 409 and 410 when the Romano-Britons expelled Roman officials and sent a request for aid to Honorius, Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998) offered a different chronology to the same end result: he suggested that the Britons first appealed to Rome and when no help was forthcoming, they expelled

Ludgate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-569: The expulsion, saying that he had allowed the Saxons to raid, and that the Britons and Gauls were reduced to such straits that they revolted from the Roman Empire, 'rejected Roman law, reverted to their native customs, and armed themselves to ensure their own safety'. The Visigoths, led by Alaric , launched an invasion of Italy in 407, culminating in a sack of Rome and the installation of

3053-401: The fact that he did not implies that the cities of Britain were then the highest Roman authority remaining on the island. At the time that the rescript was sent, Honorius had effectively lost Gaul and Spain, and was fortunate to have recovered Italy. He was in no position to offer relief to Britain. As for Constantine III, he was not equal to the intrigues of imperial Rome and by 411 his cause

3124-408: The former medieval gates. It has origins as an initial mound wall and ditch from c. AD 100 and a fort, now called Cripplegate fort after the city gate ( Cripplegate ) that was subsequently built on its northern wall later on, in 120–150 The fort was later incorporated into a city-wide defence in the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD, though the reason for such a large and expensive fortification

3195-473: The four bars, there are the 13 water-gates on the Thames where goods were unloaded from ships. These include Billingsgate and Bridge Gate. Additionally there were pedestrian-only gates such as the Tower Hill Postern at Tower Hill . A further medieval defensive feature was the restoration of the defensive ditch immediately adjacent to the outside of the wall. The street name Houndsditch recalls

3266-427: The gates on London Bridge ). Some wards – Aldersgate , Bishopsgate and Cripplegate  – cover an area that was both within and outside the wall; although not split into separate wards, often the part (or " division ") within the Wall is denoted (on maps, in documents, etc.) as being "within" and the part outside the Wall as being "without". Archaically infra (within) and extra (without) were also used and

3337-530: The invasion of northern Britain by Picts who overran Hadrian's Wall in the 180s. This may be linked to the political crisis that emerged in the late 2nd century when the governor of Britain Clodius Albinus was consolidating his power after claiming the right of succession as Roman emperor . After a struggle with his rival Septimius Severus , Albinus was defeated in 197 at the Battle of Lugdunum (near Lyon , France). The economic stimulus provided by

3408-572: The late 3rd century, construction of an additional riverside wall, built in phases, began in 280 and was repaired c. 390. The existence of this riverside section was long doubted due to a lack of evidence, but excavations at the Tower of London in 1977 showed that the section of the inner curtain wall between the Lanthorne and Wakefield Towers, to the south of the White Tower , was originally

3479-503: The marshy conditions at the open space of Moorfields , just north of the wall. As London continued to grow throughout the medieval period, urban development grew beyond the city walls. This expansion led to the suffix words "Without" and "Within" which denote whether an area of the City  – and usually applied to the wards  – fell outside or within the London Wall, though only Farringdon and (formerly) Bridge were split into separate wards this way (Bridge Without falling beyond

3550-428: The passage of time. Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998) took the opposite view, saying that it was Britain that left Rome, arguing that numerous usurpers based in Britain combined with poor administration caused the Romano-Britons to revolt. Certain scholars such as J. B. Bury ("The Notitia Dignitatum " 1920) and German historian Ralf Scharf, disagreed entirely with the standard chronology. They argued that

3621-678: The reign of King Edward VI . The gateway was finally demolished in 1760 at the request of the local citizens. It was still in use as a debtor's prison, so the inmates were transferred to the City workhouse in Bishopsgate . The statues from the facade were preserved at the Church of St Dunstan-in-the-West in Fleet Street . When the church was rebuilt in 1831, they were sold and taken to Hertford Villa in Regent's Park , but were returned to

SECTION 50

#1732787852976

3692-673: The remaining troops from Britain, or that the Empire could no longer afford to pay the troops who were still there. Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti continued their raids, which may have increased in scope. In 405, for example, Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain. On the last day of December 406 (or, perhaps, 405 ), the Alans , Vandals , and Suebi living east of Gaul crossed

3763-595: The same area slightly to the west of the abandoned Roman city, in the vicinity of the Strand . In 886 the King of Wessex , Alfred the Great , formally agreed to the terms of the Danish warlord , Guthrum , concerning the area of political and geographical control that had been acquired by the incursion of the Vikings. Within the eastern and northern part of England, with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester ,

3834-512: The second historic gate, Aldgate – Gate 2. These would have led onto the Roman road network toward Essex and East Anglia via Stratford and Colchester . In present times the roads Leadenhall Street and Fenchurch Street lead into Aldgate High Street, where the gate's foundations are buried roughly where the Jewry Street intersects. Following the wall north, it runs between what is now The Aldgate School and Aldgate Square. From Aldgate,

3905-514: The surrounding landscape, revealed numerous parts of the London Wall. At 00:15 on 28 August 1940, during the pre-wave of bombing before the Blitz, buildings and parts of the wall were destroyed between Fore Street and St. Alphage's churchyard gardens around Cripplegate . This revealed parts of the wall unseen for over 300 years as the rubble of buildings destroyed around it were removed. On 29 December 1940, heavy bombing led to conditions known as

3976-410: The terms "intramural" and "extramural" are also used to describe being within or outside the walled part of the city. The suffix is applied to some churches and parishes near the city gateways, such as St Audoen within Newgate and St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate . Edward I gave the Dominican Friars (or Black Friars) permission to demolish and re-route the section of City wall between Ludgate and

4047-399: The throne, however, was Stilicho , the son-in-law of Theodosius' brother and the father-in-law of Honorius. Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti, Saxons, and Picts and, sometime between 396 and 398, Stilicho allegedly ordered a campaign against the Picts, likely a naval campaign intended to end their seaborne raids on the east coast of Britain. He may also have ordered campaigns against

4118-416: The tower on Holyhead Mountain in Anglesey and at western coastal posts such as Lancaster . These outposts may have lasted into the 390s, but they were a very minor presence. Coins dated later than 383 have been excavated along Hadrian's Wall , suggesting that troops were not stripped from it, as once thought or, if they were, they were quickly returned as soon as Maximus had won his victory in Gaul. In

4189-419: The wall and Septimius's subsequent campaigns in Scotland improved Londinium's financial prosperity in the early 3rd century. The wall's gateways coincided with their alignment to the British network of Roman roads . The original gates, clockwise from Ludgate in the west to Aldgate in the east, were: Ludgate , Newgate , Cripplegate , Bishopsgate and Aldgate . Aldersgate , between Newgate and Cripplegate,

4260-513: The wall partially obstructing the flow of the Walbrook . Moorgate remained ill-connected with no direct approach road from the south until 1846, some time after the wall had been demolished. London Wall, the modern road following this section of the wall, now crosses this gate's foundations. Leading north from here are routes into Finsbury. Route to the London Charterhouse , Clerkenwell and Islington . With direct access to more local routes. High Holborn and Oxford Street , with access via

4331-471: The wall then ran North-West toward Gate 3, Bishopsgate. The road through this would have led onto the Roman road network toward leading to Lincoln and York . The current road, the A10 going north, now goes over the foundations of this gate. From Bishopsgate going along the northern section of wall leads to Gate 4; Moorgate. Until 1415 this was a small postern leading into the marshy Moorfields area of Finsbury . The wet conditions were probably caused by

SECTION 60

#1732787852976

4402-455: The wall was destroyed, but the wall and gates survived. The seven gates to the City of London, with many repairs and rebuilding over the years, stood until they were all demolished between 1760 and 1767. Work to demolish the walls continued into the 19th century; however, large sections of the wall were incorporated into other structures. The Blitz during the Second World War, through the sheer scale of bombing and destruction of buildings and

4473-495: The years after 383. There were also large-scale permanent Irish settlements made along the coasts of Wales under circumstances that remain unclear. Maximus campaigned in Britain against both the Picts and Scoti, with historians differing on whether this was in the year 382 or 384 (i.e., whether the campaign was before or after he became Caesar). Welsh legend relates that before launching his usurpation, Maximus made preparations for an altered governmental and defence framework for

4544-429: Was 8 to 10 ft (2.5 to 3 m) wide and up to 20 ft (6 m) high. The ditch or fossa in front of the outer wall was 6 ft 7 in (2 m) deep and up to 16 ft (5 m) wide. There were at least 22 towers spaced about 210 ft (64 m) apart on the eastern section of the wall. Excavation work has traced a significant development of 980 feet (300 m) of timber-framed waterfronts to

4615-404: Was a constraint to accessibility and growth. The extent of the city's jurisdiction has changed little from 1000 to the modern day; but the extramural parts were long home to only a few people. A notable late change to the boundary appears to be that Stow's Survey of London suggests that the part of Moorfields next to the wall was still, in 1603, outside the city's jurisdiction. The boundary of

4686-469: Was added around 350. Moorgate , initially just a postern i.e. a secondary gate, was built later still, in the medieval period. The length and size of the wall made it one of the biggest construction projects in Roman Britain. It had gateways, towers and defensive ditches, and was built from Kentish ragstone , which was brought by barge from quarries near Maidstone . It was 2 miles (3.2 km) long, enclosing an area of about 330 acres (130 ha). It

4757-444: Was demolished to expand the fortification of the Tower. This followed on with a junction at the Tower of London's moat to the Tower Hill Postern , Gate 1, a medieval fortified entrance. The foundation to this entrance can still be seen today within the Tower Hill pedestrian subway. Other large sections of the wall can also be seen further ahead within the Tower Hill gardens. The wall from Tower Hill then runs east of Walbrook toward

4828-443: Was narrower, and ran behind the line of the City Wall for its entire length, from Wormwood Street to Wood Street. The western section is now St Alphage Garden. The eastern section of the wall starts in what is now the Tower of London . Within the grounds of the Tower remains of the eastern most wall can still be seen along with a line in the paths heading North within the Tower grounds to outline where it used to run before most of it

4899-429: Was not in northern Italy either, and it would normally have a governor for Honorius to correspond with instead of city leaders. The theory also contradicts the account of Gildas , who provides independent support that the reference is to Britain by repeating the essence of Zosimus's account and clearly applying it to Britain. E. A. Thompson ("Britain, A.D. 406–410", in Britannia , 8 (1977), pp. 303–318) offered

4970-527: Was spent. His son was killed along with those major supporters who had not turned against him, and he himself was assassinated. There are various interpretations that characterise the events in a way that supports a particular thesis without taking issue with the basic chronology. The historian Theodor Mommsen ( Britain , 1885) said that "It was not Britain that gave up Rome, but Rome that gave up Britain ...", arguing that Roman needs and priorities lay elsewhere. His position has retained scholarly support over

5041-572: Was the final setting of Wyatt's rebellion , when Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger arrived at the gate with part of his army numbering three or four hundred men. The gate was defended by Lord William Howard with the local militia , who refused entry to the rebels, causing them to retreat and later surrender. Ludgate was rebuilt in 1586 to the design of William Kerwin; niches in the facade were furnished with statues of Queen Elizabeth I and King Lud with his two sons; these statues replaced medieval ones that had been defaced by Protestant iconoclasts during

#975024