Misplaced Pages

#769230

30-671: Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the Przeworsk culture , which is also associated with the Vandals , and it has been suggested that the Lugians and Vandals may have been closely related or even the same. While this culture was strongly Celtic -influenced in early Roman times, the Lugii are also sometimes regarded as Germanic , like the Vandals. They played an important role on

60-401: A common cemetery, but which was separated from other micro-regions by undeveloped areas. A number of such micro-regions possibly made up a tribe, with these separated by empty space. The tribes in turn, especially if they were culturally closely related, would at times form larger structures, such as temporary alliances for waging wars, or even early statehood forms. A Przeworsk culture turn of

90-685: A separate peace. They were well rewarded by the Romans for doing so, but they then had to face the vengeance of their old allies ( Cassius Dio , Books 72–73). After the death of Marcus, and further Germanic unrest, the Buri petitioned his son, Commodus , for peace. At this point they were destitute, having spent their resources on war. Being destitute and potentially dangerous, they received aid. The Marcomanni were enjoined from seeking retaliation. Since they themselves were now destitute and seeking terms, they complied, as far as we know. The subsequent history of

120-462: A settlement in Stanisławice, Bochnia County. Fields were being used for crop cultivation for a while and then as pastures, when animal excrement helped the soil regain fertility. Once iron share plows were introduced the fields were alternated between tillage and grazing. Several or more settlements made up a micro-region, within which the residents cooperated economically and buried their dead in

150-610: Is associated with the Zarubintsy culture . Scholars view the Przeworsk culture as an amalgam of a series of localized cultures. Although there is no evidence of an actual migration, the Przeworsk culture appears relatively suddenly, manifested as an adaptation of the Celtic La Tène culture technology from the southwest, and was quite distinct from the preceding Pomeranian culture and Cloche culture . To its northwest,

180-656: Is now Poland . The 12th century Chronica Polonorum by Wincenty Kadlubek mentions the alliance between the Lugii and the Romans. Ptolemy mentions the Lugi Omani (Λοῦγοι οἱ Ὀμανοί), the Lugi Diduni (Λοῦγοι οἱ Διδοῦνοι) and the Lugi Buri (Λοῦγοι οἱ Βοῦροι) located on or near the upper Vistula in Germania Magna in what is now south Poland (Book 2, Chapter 10, 4th map of Europe). Ptolemy does not mention

210-579: Is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be identified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in Zosimus 's New History ( Historia Nova ), as being defeated by the Emperor Probus in year 279 in the province of Raetia near the Lygis river (usually identified with Lech river in modern Austria and Bavaria ). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on

240-601: The Silingi Vandals , who are on the upper Oder . The fate of the Buri was tied to that of their powerful neighbours. They joined the Marcomanni-inspired invasion of the empire in the 2nd century AD, going against the emperor, Marcus Aurelius ( Julius Capitolinus , Life of Marcus Aurelius). The latter became a tougher adversary than the Germans had suspected and many tribes, including the Buri, made

270-745: The Tisza river , and eastwards, past the Vistula , and towards the headwaters of the Dniester . The earliest form of the culture was a northern extension of the Celtic La Tène material culture which influenced much of continental Europe in the Iron Age, but it was also influenced by other material cultures of the region, including the Jastorf culture to its west. To the east, the Przeworsk culture

300-470: The Vandals , although they were probably only one ethnic element within the culture. Also, the Przeworsk culture has been linked to the early Slavs , with recent studies, which looked at the morphological features of skeletal remains, suggesting that that populations of the Przeworsk, Wielbark, and Cherniakhovo cultures from the Roman period bore closer similarities to the early medieval West Slavs than to

330-470: The millennium industrial complex for the extraction of salt from salt springs was discovered in Chabsk near Mogilno . Examinations of the burial grounds, of which even the largest used continuously over periods of up to several centuries, contains no more than several hundreds graves, shows that the overall population density was low. The dead were cremated and the ashes sometimes placed in urns, which had

SECTION 10

#1732765441770

360-645: The Buri is unknown. Very likely, their destiny was like that of the other Germanic peoples along the Danube; that is, they either merged with other tribes in Silesia, or they left their homes to join others in their migrations. A contingent of the Buri accompanied the Suebi in their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and established themselves in modern northern Portugal in the 5th century. They settled in

390-467: The Latin map Tabula Peutingeriana generally dated to 2nd-4th century AD. The Lugii were probably completely absorbed into the Vandals by the 3rd century. While the two peoples are located by Roman authors as living in the same region, they are never mentioned simultaneously. According to John Anderson , the "Lugii and Vandilii are designations of the same tribal group, the latter an extended ethnic name,

420-492: The Lugians comes from Cassius Dio 's work Roman History , in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor Domitian . The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against some of the Suebi . Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what

450-465: The Przeworsk culture also shows significant contact with the Jastorf Culture , associated with the spread of early Germanic tribes and the early Suevian peoples . To the east, the Przeworsk culture is associated with the Zarubintsy culture in what is now northern Ukraine and southern Belarus , and the early Slavic peoples . Later in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, much of this eastern area

480-467: The Vandals at all. The Buri, who according to Ptolemy were part of the Lugians, (Tacitus treated them separately, and as Suebian in language) took an important role during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180): the Romans were forced to organize a separate military campaign against them called 'Expeditio Burica' in 182-183 during the reign of emperor Commodus . The later history of the Lugians

510-427: The body. The burials range from "poor" to "rich", the latter ones supplied with fancy Celtic and then Roman imports, reflecting a considerably by this time developed social stratification. The main feature of the Przeworsk culture are burials. These were mostly cremations, with occasional inhumation. Warrior burials are notable, which often include horse-gear and spurs. Some burials are exceptionally rich, overshadowing

540-457: The book Germania (43:3), Tacitus mentions the name Vandilii as a "genuine and ancient name", but does not mention the Vandilii in the list of peoples at all. Tacitus however describes the Lugii, writing that they were divided into many tribes ('civitates'), of which he mentions the five most powerful: Harii , Helveconae , Manimi , Helisii and Nahanarvali . The next information about

570-454: The former probably a cult-title." Herwig Wolfram notes that "In all likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia, where it was first under Celtic and then under Germanic domination." Przeworsk culture The Przeworsk culture ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈpʂɛvɔrsk] ) was an Iron Age material culture in

600-470: The graves of Germanic groups further west, especially after 400 AD. Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety The Przeworsk culture was probably not exclusively connected with a single ancient ethnic or linguistic group. In classical ethnography, the culture was linked to a group of peoples known as the Lugii . Among specific Germanic peoples, the Przeworsk culture is often associated with

630-627: The late 5/6th century, the early Slavic Prague-Korchak culture appears in the Vistula basin. Buri (Germanic tribe) The Buri were a Germanic tribe in the time of the Roman empire who lived in mountainous and forested lands north of the Danube , in an area near what is now the west of modern Slovakia . The Buri are mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus , where he describes them as being just beyond Marcomanni and Quadi , who lived on

SECTION 20

#1732765441770

660-524: The medieval Germanic-speaking populations. However, recent archaeological research rejected connection with and continuity of the early Slavs. The culture's decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns . Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders. In

690-555: The mid-part in the form of an engraved bulge. In the 1st century AD this was replaced with a sharp-profiled (with a horizontal ridge around the circumference) shape. In Siemiechów a grave of a warrior who may have taken part in the Ariovistus expedition during the 70–50 BC period was found; it contains Celtic weapons and an Alpine region manufactured helmet used as an urn, together with local ceramics. The burial gifts were often, for unknown reasons, bent or broken, and then burned with

720-658: The middle part of the Amber Road from Sambia at the Baltic Sea to the provinces of Roman Empire : Pannonia , Noricum and Raetia . The Lugii should not be confused with a tribe of the same name, usually spelled as Lugi , that inhabited the southern part of Sutherland in Scotland . The Lugii have been identified by many modern historians as the same people as the Vandals , with whom they must certainly have been strongly linked during Roman times. The etymology of

750-504: The most important peoples of Germania, including the tribes Burgundiones , Varines , Charines and Gutones . The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor Claudius (41–54). According to Tacitus 's Annales , in 50 'a great multitude' of Lugians and Hermunduri , led by the Hermundurian Vibilius , took part in the fall of Vannius , who the Romans had imposed as a ruler to replace Maroboduus. In

780-538: The name Lugii is uncertain. It could be related to the Celtic root *leug- ('swamp'), *lugiyo- ('oath'; cf. Gaulish luge , 'by the oath', OIr. luige 'oath'), * lugo - ('black', cf. Ir. loch ), or possibly to the name of the god Lug . The Lugii are first mentioned in Strabo 's Geographica . He writes that the Lugians were "a great people" and—together with other peoples like Semnones , Lombards and

810-517: The northern bank of the Danube. He describes their language as being like that of the Suebi . In Tacitus, the Buri are not linked to the Lugii . Ptolemy , however, mentions the Lugi Buri dwelling in what is today southern Poland between the Elbe , the modern Sudetes , and the upper Vistula . This apparently indicates that the Buri were one of several Lugian tribes. Ptolemy distringuishes them from

840-584: The otherwise unknown Zumi, Butones, Mugilones and Sibini—were part of a federation subjected to the rule of Maroboduus , ruler of the Marcomanni with their centre in modern Bohemia 9 BC–19 AD. In 19 AD Maroboduus was overthrown with the help of Arminius of the Cherusci . The Lugii are not mentioned at all by Pliny the Elder , who instead mentions the Vandilii living in the same area as one of

870-460: The region of what is now Poland , that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD. It takes its name from the town Przeworsk , near the village where the first artifacts were identified. In its earliest form it was located in what is now central and southern Poland, in the upper Oder and Vistula basins. It later spread southwards, beyond the Carpathians , towards the headwaters of

900-576: Was subsequently absorbed by the Wielbark culture and Chernyakhov culture . The Przeworsk culture people lived in small, unprotected villages, populated each by a few dozen residents at most, made up of several houses, usually set partially below the ground level (semi-sunken), each covering an area of 8–22 square meters. They knew how to dig and build wells, so the settlements didn't have to be located near bodies of water. Thirteen 2nd century wells with variously constructed timber lined walls were found at

#769230