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39-638: He left the Thames in May 1631 in the Charles , took 20 days to work through Hudson Strait , reaching the Bay on 11 July. Blocked by ice to the northward, he went south of Southampton Island to Roes Welcome Sound and south along the west shore to Port Nelson, Manitoba where he found Thomas Button 's winter camp of 18 years before, turned north-east, met Thomas James on 29 August, went north into Foxe Channel and into

78-621: A new one of his own. He sailed on E.S.E. sixty-one leagues until 30 August, when he met his rival, Captain James, in the Maria of Bristol, with whom, after some trouble in getting on board, he dined and spent seventeen hours. Foxe then proceeded on his course down to 55° 14', later known as Cape Henrietta Maria, at the head of James Bay . On 3 September he turned the head of his ship northward until he reached Cape Pembroke on Coats Island five days later. From 15 to 20 September Foxe made observations on

117-535: A number of Aboriginal Canadian communities, such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Cree of northern Quebec. As with the rest of Hudson Bay, the waters of James Bay routinely freeze over in winter. It is the last part of Hudson Bay to freeze over in winter, and the first to thaw in summer. Human presence along the shores of the bay began after the retreat of

156-591: Is a large body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is politically part of Nunavut . Its largest island is Akimiski Island . Numerous waterways of the James Bay watershed have been modified with dams or diversion for several major hydroelectric projects. These waterways are also destinations for river-based recreation. Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including

195-613: Is also exported to the United States via a direct transmission high voltage line. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work that began in 2010 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River . A proposed development project, the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal (GRAND Canal), centred on constructing a large dike to separate southern James Bay from Hudson Bay. This would turn

234-546: Is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park . Ringed seals are common elsewhere along James Bay and polar bears can be seen hunting the seals as prey. Beluga whales within James Bay basin could be distinct from those found in Hudson Bay. Hundreds of rivers flow into James Bay. The geography of the region gives many of them similar characteristics. They tend to be wide and shallow near the Bay (in

273-646: The Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea to Hudson Bay in Canada. This strait lies between Baffin Island and Nunavik , with its eastern entrance marked by Cape Chidley in Newfoundland and Labrador and Nunavut and Resolution Island , off Baffin Island . The strait is about 750 km (470 mi) long with an average width of 125 km (78 mi), varying from 70 km (43 mi) at

312-644: The French River to Lake Huron (Georgian Bay). Many of the rivers flowing into James Bay are popular destinations for wilderness canoe-trippers. Among the more popular rivers are: Two less-travelled rivers are the Groundhog River and the Harricana . The Groundhog is less travelled in modern times due to a series of seven dams that are about a day or two up-river from the Moose. Canoeists can contact

351-589: The Hannah Bay Bird Sanctuary . This sanctuary has also been designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention since May 1987. The shores in this area are a mixture of intertidal mud , sand, and salt flats , estuarine waters , intertidal marshes , freshwater ponds, swamps , and forested peatlands . These elements make an abundance of wildlife. James Bay contains numerous islands. The largest of

390-594: The Polar Bear Express train south to Cochrane at the end of a trip. This train regularly features a 'canoe car' enabling paddlers to travel with their canoes. Waskaganish , Quebec , is a town farther to the north and east on James Bay. It is accessible via the James Bay Road , and is the most common end point for trips on the Broadback, Pontax, and Rupert rivers (the town itself is situated at

429-739: The Taiga Shield ecozone. This rocky and hilly eastern shore forms the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec and as such, the main habitat is boreal forest of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion . The western shore, however, is characterised by broad tundra lowlands that are an extension of the Hudson Bay Lowlands , and the vegetation is mostly muskeg bog. A large portion of this area

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468-534: The north-west passage . On 27 July he reached the furthest point of Button's voyage, on Southampton Island , where he found traces of native sepulture . Prohibited by his instructions from proceeding to a higher latitude than 63° N. in this direction, he turned southward along the west shore of Hudson Bay until 27 August, when he entered the mouth of the Nelson River , where he found the remaining half of an inscribed board erected by Button, which he replaced by

507-870: The 20th century this cape gave its name to the Dorset culture – a Paleo-Eskimo culture (500 BC – AD 1500) that preceded the Inuit culture in Arctic North America – whose remains were first found there. Thus, this name could also be indirectly attributed to Captain Foxe. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  " Fox, Luke ". Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Hudson Strait Hudson Strait ( French : Détroit d'Hudson ) in Nunavut links

546-664: The Author his owne Voyage, being the xvith ... T. Fawcett and B. Alsop, imp. London , 1635. It was entered at the Stationers' Company on 15 December 1634. It was accompanied by a large folded map of the Arctic regions. Foxe gave names to 27 locations during his voyages, eight of which exist in current usage. These include Roe's Welcome Sound , named after his friend and sponsor, Sir Thomas Roe and Cape Dorset , named after Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset on 24 September 1631. In

585-640: The Baltic, Denmark , and Norway , also working along the coasts of England and crossing the North Sea. In 1606 he offered his services as mate to John Knight for a voyage to Greenland , but was rejected as too young. After Hawkridge's abortive voyage of 1619, Foxe became the successor of Robert Bylot and William Baffin (1615) in Arctic exploration. In the meantime voyages had been made by Sir Thomas Button in 1612, by Henry Hudson in 1606, after George Waymouth in 1585-7 [probably 1605]. Foxe's first patron

624-583: The English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of the Rhine , a favoured nephew of Charles I and cousin to Charles II , that a colonial enterprise in the north would yield wealth in minerals and fur. Des Groseilliers accompanied Captain Zachariah Gillam on the ketch Nonsuch and they jointly founded Charles Fort, the first European fur-trading post on James Bay. Their success was such that

663-611: The James Bay Lowlands), whereas they are steeper and narrower farther upstream (as they pour off the Canadian Shield ). For a larger list of waterways in the region, see list of Hudson Bay rivers . Hannah Bay is the southernmost bay of James Bay. Here the Kesagami and Harricana Rivers flow into James Bay. About 238 km is protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act of Canada as

702-816: The Missinaibi and the Groundhog are both fairly high in the summer, the Moose is often quite low. Depending on the tides, groups have had to walk long stretches of the river. Rapids on the Groundhog tend to be bigger and more technical than those on the Missinaibi, but the campsites are few and poor, because the volume of travel is so much less. The Harricana River is wild, powerful, dangerous river that flows into James Bay 40 miles (64 km) east of Moosonee after two infamous sections of river known as 1-mile and 7-mile island. Consistent whitewater and waterfalls make these sections of river extremely dangerous. Anyone wishing to take this route must allow about two days to cross

741-757: The North Sea. On 31 October he came into the Downs with all his crew safe. Foxe was financially burdened after the voyage. He became a younger brother of Trinity House , and died at Whitby in July 1635. Foxe is best known for the work which contains the results of his voyage: North-west Fox, or Fox from the Northwest Passage . . . with briefe Abstracts of the Voyages of Cabot, Frobisher, Davis, Weymouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge ... Mr. James Hall's three Voyages to Groynland ... with

780-590: The bay into a freshwater lake, due to the numerous rivers that empty into it. The main benefit expected from this would be to redirect this freshwater for human use. Water would be pumped south from the newly formed James Lake into the Harricana River , crossing into the Great Lakes watershed near Amos , into Lake Timiskaming and the Ottawa River , crossing near Mattawa into Lake Nipissing and

819-469: The bay, an extremely dangerous proposition if the tides and the weather are unfavourable. The most common access point for paddlers to this area is Moosonee, at the southern end of James Bay. A campsite at Tidewater Provincial Park provides large campgrounds with firepits and outhouses on an island across the river from the town. Water taxis will ferry people back and forth for about C$ 20 each. Many of these rivers finish near Moosonee, and paddlers can take

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858-550: The channel that bears his name on the west shore of what is now Baffin Land . On 22 September he turned homeward, among the numerous islands and sounds off the north shore of Hudson's Strait. Foxe found himself once more off Resolution Island, at the entrance to the strait. On 5 October he made Cape Chidley . Foxe's course homeward was south-east to the English Channel instead of the shorter, but more dangerous one by way of

897-483: The company was chartered by Charles II on their return, although they did not bring any minerals. This charter granted a complete trading monopoly to the company of the whole Hudson Bay basin (including James Bay). At the same time, the first English colony on what is now mainland Canada, Rupert's Land , was formed, with the first "capital" designated at Charles Fort. The first colonial governor, Charles Baley (various spellings exist, including but not limited to "Bailey"),

936-503: The dam company and arrange to be portaged around the dams on company trucks, but they must make arrangements specific to the hour, and they cannot be late. The Groundhog flows into the Mattagami . The Mattagami then flows into the Moose; it is at the meeting of the Missinaibi and Mattagami rivers that the Moose river begins, marked by an island known as Portage Island. This point is about two or three days travel by canoe to Moosonee. Though

975-660: The eastern entrance to 240 km (150 mi) at Deception Bay. English navigator Sir Martin Frobisher was the first European to report entering the strait, in 1578. He named a tidal rip at the entrance the Furious Overfall and called the strait Mistaken Strait , since he felt it held less promise as an entrance to the Northwest Passage than the body of water that was later named Frobisher Bay . Later in his 1587 voyage, explorer John Davis sailed by

1014-508: The entrance to the strait. The first European to explore the strait was George Weymouth who sailed 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) beyond the Furious Overfall in 1602. The strait was named after Henry Hudson who explored it in 1610 in the ship Discovery , the same ship previously used by George Weymouth in 1602. Hudson was followed by Thomas Button in 1612, and a more detailed mapping expedition led by Robert Bylot and William Baffin in 1616. The Hudson Strait links

1053-408: The glaciers at the end of the last ice age , around 8,150 years ago. A variety of indigenous cultures have lived in this area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples along both shores of the bay were ethnically Cree peoples. Henry Hudson is believed to have been the first European to enter the bay, when he explored it in 1610 as part of his exploration of the larger bay that

1092-475: The islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay remained part of the North-West Territory. Following the partition of the North-West Territory in 1999, the islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay were transferred to the new territory of Nunavut. The shores of James Bay are sparsely populated. On the eastern shore in Quebec there are four coastal communities belonging to the Cree , the indigenous people of

1131-585: The islands is Akimiski Island , which covers 3,002 square kilometres (1,159 sq mi). All of northern Ontario and northern Quebec were part of the Hudson Bay Company's proprietary colony of Rupert's Land, and after Rupert's Land was purchased by Canada in 1869, the area became part of the North-West Territory. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Canada transferred much of the North-West Territory to Ontario and Quebec, thus forming modern northern Ontario and northern Quebec. However, all of

1170-584: The lower part of Foxe Basin , turned back at 66°47'N, passed Hudson Strait in 10 days and reached England in October without any deaths among his crew. The son of Richard Fox, seaman and assistant of the Trinity House at Kingston-upon-Hull , he was born at Hull 20 October 1586. He acquired knowledge of seamanship in voyages southward to France , Spain , and the Mediterranean , and northward to

1209-558: The merchant-adventurer Sir John Wolstenholme, supported Foxe in the Charles pinnace with a crew of twenty men and two boys victualled for eighteen months. Foxe sailed from the Pool below London Bridge 30 April 1631. He anchored off Whitby , where he landed, and reached Kirkwall in Orkney on 19 May. Sailing due west on the sixtieth parallel he made land 20 June on the north side of Frobisher Bay ; two days later he sighted Cape Chidley , off

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1248-772: The northern seaports of Manitoba and Ontario with the Atlantic Ocean. The Strait could serve as an eastern entrance to the Northwest Passage if it were not for ice in the Fury and Hecla Strait south of western Baffin Island. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Hudson Strait as follows: 62°N 070°W  /  62°N 70°W  / 62; -70  ( Hudson Strait ) James Bay James Bay ( French : Baie James ; Cree : ᐐᓂᐯᒄ , romanized:  Wînipekw , lit.   'dirty water')

1287-611: The region (from south to north): On the western shore in Ontario there are five coastal communities (from south to north): Since 1971, the government of Quebec has built hydroelectric dams on rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Built between 1974 and 1996, the James Bay Project now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83 billion kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. Power

1326-496: The south shore of Hudson's Strait , six leagues distant. Passing Resolution Island two leagues south on 23 June, his crew saw in the harbour on the west side the smoke of the camp-fire of Captain James, who had put in there for repairs. From this date until 11 July Foxe worked his way along the north shore of Hudson's Strait until he reached a position between Mill and Salisbury Islands. From this point Foxe sailed south of Coats Island until 19 July, when he commenced his search for

1365-606: The west coasts of James and Hudson bays. East Main was, nevertheless, the gateway to British settlements in what would become Manitoba ( Winnipeg , for example) and as far west as the Rocky Mountains . James Bay represents the southern extent of the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone . While the coastal areas are primarily in the Hudson Plains , the northeastern coast bordering Quebec is in

1404-531: Was Henry Briggs , who with Sir John Brooke, directed royal attention to Foxe's voyage. The project first took shape in 1629, in a Petition of Luke Fox to the king for a small supply of money towards the discovery of a passage by the north-west to the South Sea, Hudson and Sir Thomas Button having discovered a great way, and given great hopes of opening the rest . A pinnace of the Royal Navy of seventy tons

1443-519: Was a Quaker , and this is believed to have been a factor in his respectful relations with the company's trading partners, the First Nations . Significant fur trapping has continued in the region. In general, the east coast or East Main of James Bay was too easily accessed by French and independent traders from the south. The Hudson's Bay Company emphasised from an early period trading relations with tribes in interior trapping grounds, reached from

1482-557: Was named for him. This southerly bay was named in honour of Thomas James , a Welsh captain who explored the area more thoroughly in 1630 and 1631. James Bay is important in the history of Canada as one of the most hospitable parts of the Hudson Bay region, although it has had a low human population. It was an area of importance to the Hudson's Bay Company and British expansion into Canada . The fur-trapping duo of explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced

1521-401: Was placed at the disposal of the adventurers, but the setting forth was deferred until the following year. In the interval Briggs died; half the adventurers having dropped out, the voyage might have been abandoned, but for news that Bristol merchants had projected a similar voyage from their port (under Thomas James , leaving left Bristol 3 May 1631). London merchants, with Sir Thomas Roe and

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