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54-584: Lukttinden is a 1,343-metre (4,406 ft) tall mountain in Vefsn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway . The mountain lies between the towns of Mo i Rana and Mosjøen , directly east of the lake Ømmervatnet and directly south of the lake Luktvatnet . It lies to the west of the Okstindan mountains. Lukttinden is well known for having easy hiking conditions. The mountain is named after

108-414: A predator is approaching from the air or on the ground. To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. Mating typically involves a sequence in which the male approaches

162-489: A day to cover all the interesting habitats and birding areas. Here you will find areas of virtually untouched coniferous woodlands , both inland and along the coast. The Skjørlegda nature reserve is a good example of woodland protection. Here you will find a virtually untouched coniferous forest covering the Eiterå valley. The valley stretches inland to a higher mountainous habitat that is also worth checking. Historically,

216-467: A few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete; they then incubate all the eggs. This is called "going broody ". The hen sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defensively if disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have hatched. Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of Tibet have special physiological adaptations that result in

270-421: A higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. When eggs are placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more hemoglobin than embryos from other chicken populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, binding oxygen more readily. Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg tooth to break out of

324-586: A new, larger Vefsn Municipality. After the merger, the old arms of Mosjøen were chosen for the new municipality. Since the arms officially became obsolete after the merger, they were re-granted in 1974. The Church of Norway has three parishes ( sokn ) within Vefsn Municipality. It is part of the Indre Helgeland prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland . Vefsn Municipality

378-651: A sacred rooster, often during a ritual cockfight , used as a form of communication with the gods. In Gabriel García Márquez 's Nobel-Prize-winning 1967 novel One Hundred Years Of Solitude , cockfighting is outlawed in the town of Macondo after the patriarch of the Buendia family murders his cockfighting rival and is haunted by the man's ghost. Chicken jokes have been made at least since The Knickerbocker published one in 1847. Chickens have been featured in art in farmyard scenes such as Adriaen van Utrecht 's 1646 Turkeys and Chickens and Walter Osborne 's 1885 Feeding

432-427: A short distance. Size and coloration vary widely between breeds. Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles ; combs and wattles are more prominent in males . Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard. Chickens are omnivores . In

486-401: A single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds. The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the end of the multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle , to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of

540-521: A total population of 26.5 billion as of 2023 , and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous cultural references to chickens in folklore, religion, and literature. Terms for chickens include: Chicken can mean a chick , as in William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth , where Macduff laments the death of "all my pretty chickens and their dam". The usage

594-564: A vector for bacterial diseases such as salmonellosis and spirochaetosis . Viral diseases include avian influenza . Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018 . More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs. In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat, and more than 300 million chickens are reared for egg production. The vast majority of poultry

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648-617: Is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two cocks. Cockfighting is outlawed in many countries as involving cruelty to animals . The activity seems to have been practised in the Indus Valley civilisation from 2500 to 2100 BC. In the process of domestication, chickens were apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used for food. Chickens have long been used as model organisms to study developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe

702-592: Is inhumane towards sentient animals . Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment. Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers . Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for free range and organic broilers. Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. The UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day. Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year;

756-436: Is made out of metal, then silver is used. The rooster is also armed which means its claws, beak, and comb are colored red. The rooster is a symbol for watchfulness and alertness. The arms were designed by Arthur Gustavsson. The coat of arms was originally adopted by the municipality of Mosjøen on 25 March 1960. In 1962, Mosjøen was merged with Vefsn Municipality, Drevja Municipality , and Elsfjord Municipality to form

810-510: Is preserved in placenames such as the Hen and Chicken Islands . In older sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts, chickens as a species are described as common fowl or domestic fowl . Chickens are relatively large birds , active by day . The body is round, the legs are unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are short. Wild junglefowl can fly ; chickens and their flight muscles are too heavy to allow them to fly more than

864-477: Is raised in factory farms . According to the Worldwatch Institute , 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way. An alternative to intensive poultry farming is free-range farming. Friction between these two main methods has led to long-term issues of ethical consumerism . Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and

918-410: Is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality

972-524: Is supplemented by mentions in historical texts from the last few centuries BC, and by depictions in prehistoric artworks, such as across Central Asia. Chickens were widespread throughout southern Central Asia by the 4th century BC. Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in Syria . Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During

1026-481: Is the 41st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vefsn is the 91st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,469. The municipality's population density is 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.4% over the previous 10-year period. The municipality of Vefsn was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). In 1862,

1080-561: Is under the jurisdiction of the Helgeland District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Vefsn is made up of 29 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayor ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Vefsn is the political leader of the municipality and

1134-553: The Arauco Peninsula in south-central Chile were radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric populations in Polynesia. However, further study of the same bones cast doubt on the findings. Chicken remains have been difficult to date, given the small and fragile bird bones; this may account for discrepancies in dates given by different sources. Archaeological evidence

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1188-623: The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus . Reproductive hormones including estrogen , progesterone , and gonadotropins ( luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ) initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to a decline in GnRH-I-N. Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. A flock thus uses only

1242-631: The Hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern Levant , chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire and reduced in the Middle Ages . Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in

1296-788: The High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season. Chickens reached Egypt via the Middle East for purposes of cockfighting about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around 300 BC. Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and

1350-475: The parish ) is named after the river Vefsna ( Old Norse : Vefsnar ) which flows through the municipality into the Vefsnfjorden ( Old Norse : Vefsnir ). The meaning of the river name is unknown, but it possibly comes from the old word vefja which means "to wrap" or "to wind around". Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Vefsen . On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed

1404-618: The Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area. Chicken bones from

1458-533: The Berbers, across the Sahara . The earliest known remains are from Mali , Nubia , East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD. Chickens are susceptible both to parasites such as mites , and to diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses . The parasite Dermanyssus gallinae feeds on blood, causing irritation and reducing egg production, and acts as

1512-482: The UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as 'soup hens'. In some other countries, flocks are sometimes force moulted rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. This stimulates

1566-504: The chairperson of the municipal council. Here is a list of people who have held this position: The administrative centre of Vefsn is the town of Mosjøen which is situated along the innermost part of the Vefsnfjorden . Outside Mosjøen, the large municipality of Vefsn is dominated by spruce forests , mountains , lakes , agriculture , and the Vefsna river. The municipality is served by Mosjøen Airport, Kjærstad . The highest point in

1620-425: The chicken genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the human genome is 3.2 Gb . The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and pseudogenes ), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human genome. In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive gene , talpid2 , and found that

1674-446: The developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in development. For instance, many important discoveries in limb development have been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity . The chicken was the first bird species to have its genome sequenced. At 1.21 Gb ,

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1728-404: The digital version of O. Rygh. Note that the 1920 census records mapped above may not match O. Rygh. Farm names were often used as part of Norwegian names , in addition to the person's given name and patronymic or inherited surname. Some families retained the farm name, or toponymic , as a surname when they emigrated, so in those cases tracing a surname may tell you specifically where in Norway

1782-406: The embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. Chickens are featured widely in folklore , religion , literature , and popular culture. The chicken is a sacred animal in many cultures and deeply embedded in belief systems and religious practices. Roosters are sometimes used for divination , a practice called alectryomancy. This involves the sacrifice of

1836-425: The entire range of the prehistoric Austronesian maritime migrations to Island Southeast Asia , Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar , starting from at least 3000 BC from Taiwan . These chickens might have been introduced during pre-Columbian times to South America via Polynesian seafarers, but evidence for this is still putative. The possibility that domestic chickens were in

1890-645: The family was from. This tradition began to change in the mid to late 19th century, and inherited surnames were codified into law in 1923. Notable people that were born or lived in Vefsn include: Rooster Gallus domesticus L. The chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) is a large and round short-winged bird , domesticated from the red junglefowl of Southeast Asia around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing meat and eggs ; others are kept as pets or for cockfighting . Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with

1944-535: The farms in the Vefsn Municipality, as they are listed in O. Rygh's series Norske_Gaardnavne ( lit.   ' Norwegian farm names ' ), the Nordland volume of which was published in 1905. The farm numbers are used in some census records, and numbers that are near each other indicate that those farms are geographically proximate. Handwritten Norwegian sources, particularly those prior to 1800, may use variants on these names. For recorded variants before 1723, see

1998-417: The female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bending display. Sperm transfer occurs by cloacal contact between the male and female, in an action called the 'cloacal kiss'. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neuroendocrine system,

2052-526: The first egg is laid and egg number. Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern partridges , in the Galliformes , the order of bird that chickens belong to, survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed all tree-dwelling birds and their dinosaur relatives. Chickens are descended primarily from the red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus ) and are scientifically classified as

2106-952: The hen to lose her feathers but also re-invigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in the US. Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s among urban and suburban residents. Many people obtain chickens for their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet like cats or dogs. Chickens provide companionship and have individual personalities. While many do not cuddle much, they will eat from one's hand, jump onto one's lap, respond to and follow their handlers, as well as show affection. Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many people find their behaviour entertaining. Certain breeds, such as silkies and many bantam varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities. A cockfight

2160-418: The highest authenticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364 days. After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-laying ability declines to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years. In

2214-574: The lake Luktvatnet . This name is probably from the Southern Sami language word Loektejaevrie , a compound of loekti which means 'inlet' and jaevrie which means 'lake', thus "the lake with many inlets". The suffix -tinden is the finite form of tind meaning 'mountain peak'. This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak in Nordland is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Vefsn Municipality The 1,929-square-kilometre (745 sq mi) municipality

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2268-740: The land of Vefsn was divided up into named farms. These farms were used in census and tax records and are useful for genealogical research. Note that each map has a maximum number of listings it can display, so the map has been divided into parts consistent with the enumeration districts ( Norwegian : tellingskrets ) in the 1920 census. This map will include one farm name per farm number; other farm names or subdivision numbers may exist. The municipalities of Mosjøen , Elsfjord , and Drevja were incorporated into Vefsn in 1962, and are not included in these maps. Tellingskrets 5, Granli; 6 Øvre Svenningdal, and 7 Austervefsen og Feplingdal, are now part of other municipalities, primarily Grane . Following are

2322-537: The most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl. A word for the domestic chicken ( *manuk ) is part of the reconstructed Proto-Austronesian language , indicating they were domesticated by the Austronesian peoples since ancient times. Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were carried throughout

2376-577: The municipality is the 1,556.55-metre (5,106.8 ft) tall mountain Geittinden. The mountain Lukttinden is located in the northern part of the municipality. There are many large lakes in Vefsn including Drevvatnet , Finnknevatnet , Fustvatnet , Hundålvatnet , Luktvatnet , Mjåvatnet , and Ømmervatnet . The Lomsdal–Visten National Park is partially located in Vefsn. The bird watcher that visits Vefsn soon realizes that it will take more than

2430-609: The red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically when exposed to a surge in its food supply. Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains controversial. Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across

2484-462: The same species. Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl. The domestic chicken has subsequently hybridised with grey junglefowl , Sri Lankan junglefowl and green junglefowl ; a gene for yellow skin, for instance, was incorporated into domestic birds from the grey junglefowl ( G. sonneratii ). It is estimated that chickens share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl. According to one early study,

2538-703: The shell. Hens remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac . The hen guards her chicks and broods them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls them towards food. The chicks imprint on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old. Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity. Strongly inbred Langshan chickens display obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when

2592-425: The small northern district (population: 964) became the new Drevja Municipality and the large southern district (population: 1,746) became the new Grane Municipality . After the split, Vefsn Municipality had 3,119 residents remaining. In 1939, a small area of Vefsn Municipality (population: 45) was transferred to neighboring town of Mosjøen . During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to

2646-410: The spelling of the name of the municipality to Vefsn . The coat of arms was granted on 13 September 1974. The official blazon is " Sable , a rooster argent armed gules " ( Norwegian : På svart bunn en sølv hane ). This means the arms have a black field (background) and the charge is a rooster . The rooster has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it

2700-410: The vast eastern district (population: 921) was separated from Vefsn Municipality to become the new Hattfjelldal Municipality . This left Vefsn Municipality with 5,051 residents. In 1876, the town of Mosjøen (population: 379) was separated from Vefsn Municipality to become a separate town-municipality. This left Vefsn Municipality with 4,672 residents. In 1927, Vefsn Municipality was split into three:

2754-530: The wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and animals as large as lizards , small snakes, and young mice . A chicken may live for 5–10 years, depending on the breed . The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years. Chickens are gregarious , living in flocks , and incubate eggs and raise young communally. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a pecking order ; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking,

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2808-545: The work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1962, Vefsn Municipality (population: 5,358) was merged with the neighboring town of Mosjøen (population: 4,628) and the neighboring Drevja Municipality (population: 1,001) and Elsfjord Municipality (population: 920) to form a new, larger Vefsn Municipality. On 1 January 1995, the mainland areas of the neighboring Alstahaug Municipality (population: 70) were transferred to Vefsn Municipality. The municipality (originally

2862-404: The world suggests that all domestic chickens originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of

2916-553: Was described in female chickens by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 as the "pecking order". Male chickens tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts. Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox. A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an egg and to call their chicks. Chickens give different warning calls to indicate that

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