Coliform bacteria are defined as either motile or non-motile Gram-negative non- spore forming bacilli that possess β-galactosidase to produce acids and gases under their optimal growth temperature of 35–37 °C. They can be aerobes or facultative aerobes , and are a commonly used indicator of low sanitary quality of foods, milk, and water. Coliforms can be found in the aquatic environment, in soil and on vegetation; they are universally present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals as they are known to inhabit the gastrointestinal system. While coliform bacteria are not normally the cause of serious illness, they are easy to culture , and their presence is used to infer that other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin may be present in a sample, or that said sample is not safe to consume. Such pathogens include disease-causing bacteria , viruses , or protozoa and many multicellular parasites . Every drinking water source must be tested for the presence of these total coliform bacteria.
61-609: The Bumbungan River ( Tagalog : Ilog Bumbungan ) is a river in the province of Laguna in the Philippines . It is commonly referred to as the Pagsanjan River because of the popularity of the municipality of Pagsanjan and Pagsanjan Falls , one of the province's tourist destinations. The municipality of Pagsanjan was named so because it is where the Balanac River , originating from Mount Banahaw , joins
122-541: A common national language based on one of the existing native languages. After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed
183-487: A national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as Wikang Pambansâ ("National Language") in 1939. Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, José E. Romero , as Pilipino to give it a national rather than ethnic label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non- Tagalogs , especially Cebuanos who had not accepted
244-453: A national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language." In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino". Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino") and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino). The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for
305-476: A new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language. The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino. Many of
366-612: A part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque. Some example of dialectal differences are: Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon. One example
427-429: A positive result for E. coli is metallic green colonies on a dark purple medium. Also can be cultured on Tryptone Bile X-Glucuronide (TBX) to appear as blue or green colonies after incubation period of 24 hours. Escherichia coli have an incubation period of 12–72 hours with the optimal growth temperature being 37 °C. Unlike the general coliform group, E. coli are almost exclusively of fecal origin and their presence
488-548: A specific sequence in their 16S rRNA. When used in conjunction with a chemiluminescent substrate, light is produced where each colony of E. coli is located, indicating that they are present in the sample. The solid medium is used to grow lactose-fermenting coliforms and utilizes a neutral red pH indicator . Pink colonies appear when lactose is fermented and are surrounded by bile that has precipitated out. To confirm if these colonies are coliforms, they are transferred to brilliant green lactose bile (BGLB) and incubated. If gas
549-492: A viewing deck is also available for safely viewing Nakulo Falls, the uppermost waterfall of Pagsanjan Falls, and the top of the hidden second tier of Pagsanjan Falls. A long stairway and some rappeling takes visitors down to the floor of the gorge where they can take the raft that go under the falls or do the Shooting the rapids boat ride to Pagsanjan with the boatmen from Cavinti. Past the waterfalls and further upriver near
610-458: Is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukót . Proto-Philippine *r , *j , and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík . Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes /r/ instead: bayád (paid) → bayaran (to pay). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/ . *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô . The word Tagalog
671-637: Is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Marinduque and Mindoro , as well as Palawan to a lesser extent. Significant minorities are found in the other Central Luzon provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac , Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur in Bicol Region, the Cordillera city of Baguio and various parts of Mindanao especially in the island's urban areas, but especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as, through or in
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#1732802522373732-424: Is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people , who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines , and as a second language by the majority, mostly as or through Filipino . Its standardized , codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broadened form, officially named Filipino ,
793-636: Is by using an eosin methylene blue agar plate. This plate is partially inhibitory to Gram (+) bacteria, and will produce a color change in the Gram (-) bacterial colonies based on lactose fermentation abilities. Strong lactose fermenters will appear as dark blue/purple/black, and E.coli (which also ferments lactose) colonies will be dark colored, but will also appear to have a metallic green sheen. Other coliform bacteria will appear as thick, slimy colonies, with non-fermenters being colorless, and weak fermenters being pink. As of November 15, 2021, seven states in
854-781: Is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group , including Waray-Waray , Hiligaynon and Cebuano . Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə . In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and [o] . In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/ . For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick)
915-523: Is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century epic Florante at Laura . Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of
976-482: Is lined with trees, ferns, overhanging vines, rocks and boulders where varieties of fauna like birds, dragonflies, lizards and monkeys can be observed. The return trip, called Shooting the rapids , is a faster downriver ride as the skilled boatmen maneuvers the banca, avoiding rocks, as it glides through the rapids. The Cavinti Eco-Park in Brgy. Tibatib, also known as Pueblo El Salvador Nature's Park and Picnic Grove ,
1037-449: Is now considered to have five vowel phonemes following the introduction of two marginal phonemes from Spanish, /o/ and /e/. Nevertheless, simplification of pairs [o ~ u] and [ɛ ~ i] is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and working class registers. The four diphthongs are /aj/ , /uj/ , /aw/ , and /iw/ . Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent
1098-554: Is possibly derived from the endonym taga-ilog ("river dweller"), composed of tagá- ("native of" or "from") and ilog ("river"), or alternatively, taga-alog deriving from alog ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or
1159-745: Is primarily spoken in northern Philippines) are among the non-official languages of Hawaii that its state offices and state-funded entities are required to provide oral and written translations to its residents. Election ballots in Nevada include instructions written in Tagalog, which was first introduced in the 2020 United States presidential elections . Other countries with significant concentrations of overseas Filipinos and Tagalog speakers include Saudi Arabia with 938,490, Canada with 676,775, Japan with 313,588, United Arab Emirates with 541,593, Kuwait with 187,067, and Malaysia with 620,043. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in
1220-698: Is spoken in Soccsksargen , a southwestern region in Mindanao , as well as Cotabato City. This "hybrid" Tagalog dialect is a blend of Tagalog (including its dialects) with other languages where they are widely spoken and varyingly heard such as Hiligaynon (a regional lingua franca), Ilocano , Cebuano as well as Maguindanaon and other indigenous languages native to region, as a result of migraton from Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Siquijor , Ilocandia , Cagayan Valley , Cordillera Administrative Region , Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mindoro and Marinduque since
1281-443: Is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of the latter's two official languages , alongside English . Tagalog, like the other and as one of the regional languages of the Philippines, which majority are Austronesian , is one of the auxiliary official languages of the Philippines in the regions and also one of the auxiliary media of instruction therein. Tagalog is closely related to other Philippine languages , such as
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#17328025223731342-507: Is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive. The Manila Dialect is the basis for the national language. Outside of Luzon, a variety of Tagalog called Soccsksargen Tagalog (Sox-Tagalog, also called Kabacan Tagalog)
1403-440: Is thus an effective confirmation of fecal contamination. Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but some can cause serious illness in humans. Infection symptoms and signs include bloody diarrhea , stomach cramps , vomiting and occasionally, fever . The bacteria can also cause pneumonia , other respiratory illnesses and urinary tract infections . An easy way to differentiate between different types of coliform bacteria
1464-413: Is used: á é í ó ú. The table above shows all the possible realizations for each of the five vowel sounds depending on the speaker's origin or proficiency. The five general vowels are in bold . Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Loanword variants using these phonemes are italicized inside
1525-489: Is visible after incubation, it can be confirmed that the sample had coliforms present. Test samples are filtered through standard filter paper and then transferred to M-endo or LES Endo Agar mediums. Colonies appear pinkish-red with green metallic sheen after 22–24 hours of incubation. These colonies can be confirmed as coliforms if they are inoculated in lauryl tryptose (LST), produce gas, and then inoculated in BGLB. If there
1586-696: The Bikol languages , the Bisayan languages , Ilocano , Kapampangan , and Pangasinan , and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan , Indonesian , Malay , Hawaiian , Māori , Malagasy , and many more. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian , it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy , Javanese , Indonesian , Malay , Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan). It
1647-763: The Eastern Visayas . Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from the tenth century, which is largely written in Old Malay . The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and
1708-657: The poblacion (town center) of Cavinti is a small park called the Bumbungan Eco-Park also in Brgy. Tibatib. The Bumbungan was dammed at this section where the top of the spillway also served as a wet bridge on the Lumban-Caliraya-Cavinti Road. After an adjacent bridge was constructed, the dam and adjacent land became the Eco-Park with huts for picnickers and bathroom facilities. While
1769-519: The 2000 Philippine Census, approximately 96% of the household population who were able to attend school could speak Tagalog, or especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino; and about 28% of the total population spoke it natively. The following regions and provinces of the Philippines are majority Tagalog-speaking, or also overlapping with being more accurately and specifically Filipino-speaking (from north to south): Tagalog speakers are also found in other parts of
1830-661: The 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority , there were 109 million people living in the Philippines, where the vast majority have some basic level of understanding of the language, mostly, mainly, majority or predominantly because of Filipino. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon — particularly in Aurora , Bataan , Batangas , Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Metro Manila , Nueva Ecija , Quezon , and Rizal . Tagalog
1891-643: The Bumbungan. Its old name, Pinagsangahan , which literally means branching, was changed to Pagsanjan during the Spanish Colonial Era . The Bumbungan River originates from the Sierra Madre mountains , in the highlands of Cavinti , flowing through Pagsanjan and ending in Lumban where it drains to Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country. Bumbungan is one of 21 major tributaries of
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1952-556: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and Health Canada were able to determine a specific brand of Original Kimchi to be the source of the organism. On January 28, 2022 and February 6, 2022, the CFIA issued a recall on Hankook Original Kimchi. Amplification of the beta-galactosidase gene is used to detect coliforms in general, because all coliform organisms produce this compound. The amplification of
2013-766: The December 2005 Water Quality Status Report listed on the Laguna Lake Development Authority's site, the Pagsanjan River was listed as Class D, with high total coliform concentration. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Water Usage & Classification for Fresh Water, Class D Quality freshwater is suitable for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply class II. The report also indicated that this status had been maintained since
2074-501: The Philippines and especially, more accurately and specifically, officially, sociolinguistically and linguistic politically as and through its standardized, codified, national or nationalized, intellectualized, more linguistically inclusive, more linguistically dynamic, and expanded or broaden form of, as and through Filipino , and the language serves as the national lingua franca of the country, but especially or more accurately and specifically as and through Filipino. Tagalog serves as
2135-487: The Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Manila, Lubang, Marinduque , Bataan (Western Central Luzon), Batangas , Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas (Quezon) as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are
2196-532: The USA declared ten cases of illnesses from an E. coli O157:H7 strain. These cases were reported from October 15, 2021 through October 27, 2021 and an investigation was carried out by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture and FDA. It was concluded that packages of spinach collected from homes of infected people were contaminated with a strain of E. coli that matched the strain causing illness. This
2257-644: The United States Census Bureau's 2015 American Consumer Survey shows that Tagalog is the most commonly spoken non-English language after Spanish in California , Nevada , and Washington states. Tagalog is one of three recognized languages in San Francisco , California, along with Spanish and Chinese, making all essential city services be communicated using these languages along with English. Meanwhile, Tagalog and Ilocano (which
2318-411: The angle brackets. Glottal stop is not indicated. Glottal stops are most likely to occur when: Stress is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of
2379-506: The arrival of the Spanish in 1521 and the beginning of their colonization in 1565, Tagalog was written in an abugida —or alphasyllabary —called Baybayin . This system of writing gradually gave way to the use and propagation of the Latin alphabet as introduced by the Spanish. As the Spanish began to record and create grammars and dictionaries for the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, they adopted systems of writing closely following
2440-571: The auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become
2501-496: The beta-D glucuronidase is used to detect E. coli, or the amplification of their verotoxin gene(s) to detect verotoxin-producing E. coli. Specific areas of the 16S rRNA in the Enterobacteriaceae genus are bound by oligonucleotide probes, which aids in monitoring the quality of drinking water. Specifically, E. coli is labelled with a soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes that bind to
Bumbungan River - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-701: The common language among Overseas Filipinos , though its use overseas is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups . The largest concentration of Tagalog speakers outside the Philippines is found in the United States , wherein 2020, the United States Census Bureau reported (based on data collected in 2018) that it was the fourth most-spoken non-English language at home with over 1.7 million speakers, behind Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined). A study based on data from
2623-563: The first Tagalog dictionary, his Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Pila, Laguna . The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Further compilation of his substantial work
2684-561: The form of Filipino. Tagalog or Filipino is also the predominant language of Cotabato City in Mindanao , making it the only place outside of Luzon with a native Tagalog-speaking or also a Filipino-speaking majority. It is also the main lingua franca in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao , but especially or more accurately and specifically as, through or in the form of Filipino. According to
2745-639: The lake and responsible for up to 35% of the water that flows into the lake. It is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) through one of its 15 river monitoring stations. Located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southeast of Manila , the Bumbungan River is a major tourist attraction within the Pagsanjan Gorge National Park with its rapids and waterfalls . For
2806-580: The national language in all public and private schools in the country. Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part: Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system. Under Section 7, however: The regional languages are
2867-479: The older generation in the Philippines feel that the replacement of English by Tagalog in the popular visual media has had dire economic effects regarding the competitiveness of the Philippines in trade and overseas remittances. Upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 134 , Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, Executive No. 263 was issued ordering the teaching of
2928-605: The original boat ride to reach the falls starts in Pagsanjan, it became known as the Pagsanjan Falls . This round trip boat ride consists of a 5.1-kilometre (3.2 mi) trip to the falls in a Filipino banca ( dugout canoe with newer ones made with fiberglass ), guided by a set of boatmen positioned at each end of the boat, as visitors are taken upriver passing through the narrow Pagsanjan Gorge, which gradually increase in elevation to over hundreds of feet high. The gorge
2989-553: The orthographic customs of the Spanish language and were refined over the years. Until the first half of the 20th century, most Philippine languages were widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. Coliform Typical genera include: Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) can be distinguished from most other coliforms by its ability to ferment lactose at 44 °C in the fecal coliform test, and by its growth and color reaction on certain types of culture media. When cultured on an eosin methylene blue (EMB) plate,
3050-668: The other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language. Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published
3111-493: The people who live in Pagsanjan and Cavinti, the Bumbungan River is an important source of livelihood. In Pagsanjan, along the banks of Bumbungan are several hotels and resorts, some with views of the river, catering to visitors of the area. The waterfalls for which the Bumbungan river is famous is the Magdapio Falls , a section of the river in the town of Cavinti where the river drops about 300 feet (91 m). Because
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#17328025223733172-509: The primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role. After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013. Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority. According to
3233-485: The river itself appears quite clean to tourists, there is still considerable environmental concern. The LLDA notes that the Pagsanjan River Subwatershed is the second largest of the 21 sub basins that feed into Laguna de Bay, covering 311.77 square kilometres (120.38 sq mi), and since it feeds so much water into the lake, it is "one of the biggest contributors of pollution loading". In
3294-679: The river was last monitored. The LLDA's conservation efforts for the major tributaries and watersheds of Laguna de Bay have led to the creation of the Laguna de Bay River Basin Councils, of which the Pagsanjan-Lumban River Basin Management &. Development Fdn. is particularly tasked with conservation of the Pagsanjan. Tagalog language Tagalog ( / t ə ˈ ɡ ɑː l ɒ ɡ / , tə- GAH -log ; [tɐˈɣaː.loɡ] ; Baybayin : ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ )
3355-534: The selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as Wikang Pambansâ (national language). Quezon himself was born and raised in Baler, Aurora , which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during World War II , Tagalog as
3416-414: The selection. The national language issue was revived once more during the 1971 Constitutional Convention . The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether. A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino . The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When
3477-412: The stress or the presence of a final glottal stop. In formal or academic settings, stress placement and the glottal stop are indicated by a diacritic ( tuldík ) above the final vowel. The penultimate primary stress position ( malumay ) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries. Tagalog, like other Philippines languages today, is written using the Latin alphabet. Prior to
3538-430: The turn of 20th century, therefore making the region a melting pot of cultures and languages. Tagalog has 21 phonemes : 16 of them are consonants and 5 are vowels . Native Tagalog words follow CV(C) syllable structure, though complex consonant clusters are permitted in loanwords. Tagalog has five vowels, and four diphthongs. Tagalog originally had three vowel phonemes: /a/ , /i/ , and /u/ . Tagalog
3599-554: Was determined by performing whole genome sequencing on the strain extracted from the spinach and comparing it to the strain taken from infected individuals. As of February 7, 2022, the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada reported a collective fourteen confirmed cases of E. coli O157 strain illnesses. These were reported between December 2021 and January 2022, and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC),
3660-413: Was opened by the government of Cavinti on February 24, 2007 to capitalize from the popularity of Pagsanjan Falls, which is located within its limits and generate income for its locals. The park offers an alternative for the visitors to the falls giving a shorter access to the falls from land and opening the upper Bumbungan River for hiking for interested individuals. Huts are rented out for picnickers and
3721-479: Was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila. Among others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language. The indigenous poet Francisco Balagtas (1788–1862)
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