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92-942: Lungro is one of the most prominent centers of the Arbëreshë people and the seat of the Eparchy of Lungro . This jurisdiction of the Catholic Church preserved the Byzantine rite and the local language, and encompasses all the Arbëreshë-speaking communities in the area. The eparchy is part of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church . Lungro is also part of the largest nature reserve in Italy, the Pollino National Park . The town

184-547: A fire-resistance rating , for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general, the façade systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminum (powder coated or anodized) or stainless steel . In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, but due to their cost and susceptibility to panel edge staining these have not been popular. Whether rated or not, fire protection

276-521: A child is born. But the period of marital bliss does not last long. Milosao's son and wife soon die, and he himself, wounded in battle, perishes on a riverbank within sight of Shkodra. The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church , particular church sui iuris , includes three ecclesiastical jurisdictions: the Eparchy of Lungro degli Italo-Albanesi for the Albanians of Southern Italy based in Lungro ( CS );

368-634: A design standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. From the engineering perspective, the façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency . For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word is a loanword from the French façade , which in turn comes from the Italian facciata , from faccia meaning 'face', ultimately from post-classical Latin facia . The earliest usage recorded by

460-494: A large number of immigrants from Albania began to enter Italy in the 1990s, they came into contact with local Arbëreshë communities. Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language. Arbërisht has been under a slow decline in recent decades, but is currently experiencing a revival in many villages in Italy. Figures such as Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio have done much work on school books and other language learning tools in

552-468: A long romantic ballad portraying the love of Milosao, a fictitious young nobleman in fifteenth-century Shkodra (Scutari), who has returned home from Thessalonica . Here, at the village fountain, he encounters and falls in love with Rina, the daughter of the shepherd Kollogre. The difference in social standing between the lovers long impedes their union until an earthquake destroys both the city and all semblance of class distinction. After their marriage abroad,

644-549: A particular case, since, despite having lost the Albanian language and the customs of origin, they have kept the Greek-Byzantine rite, a peculiar pillar - together with language and customs - of the Albanian identity of the diaspora. In this case the identity is preserved in the religious aspect and in the historical memory. The communities of Cervicati , Mongrassano and Rota Greca , in the province of Cosenza, preserve

736-408: A pleated skirt with red satin (kamizola) with the edges of twisted gold wire ( galuni ), a pleated satin skirt. A blue shell is collected and supported on the arm ( COFA ), a lacy white blouse ( linja ), a short blue waistcoat is embroidered in gold ( xhipuni ), hair parted in the middle, braided with ribbons and gathered behind in kesa. Married women ( bread ) wear a red shawl. Daily dress consists of

828-448: A red pleated skirt edged with green, white shirt, an apron ( vandizini ), a black vest with white embroidery. For special events and religious festivals Albanian men sport white pants ( brekët të bardha ) with red or blue side stripes and embroidered in yellow shirt ( kemish ) white, black embroidered vest and hat ( këleshi ) white wool in the shape of a truncated cone. The food ( të ngrënit') highlights its Mediterranean influence. Pasta

920-712: A square shape, reflecting the canons of the Byzantine rite, the first built by the Albanians), Shin LLiri (Church of St. Elijah), Kriqi (crucifix), Abbots (at one time, the Abbey of St. Mary). The village centers around two central squares along a path crossing that connects to the outside. It is located in the slope, filling a compact but irregular shape. It is characterized by buildings of popular roots, in urban and rural areas, including housing units and small chapels. Among

1012-468: Is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminum, 660 °C (1,220 °F), is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Fire stops for such building joints can be qualified, too. Putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. The extended use of new materials, like polymers , resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over

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1104-420: Is close enough that it is written using the same Albanian alphabet as Standard Albanian. A Shqiptar (Albanian) listening to or reading Arbërisht is similar to a modern English speaker listening to or reading Shakespearean English . The Arbëresh language is of particular interest to students of the modern Albanian language as it represents the sounds, grammar, and vocabulary of pre-Ottoman Albania. Arbërisht

1196-512: Is considered unique in Albanian literature for his poetic sensitivities and the variety of rhythmic expression. Another known artistic figure of that time was Nicola Chetta (1740–1803) known in Albanian as Nikollë Keta . As a poet he wrote verses both in Albanian and Greek language and he has also composed the first Albanian sonnet in 1777. Being a poet, lexicographer, linguist, historian, theologian and rector of Greek seminary, his variety and universality of work distinguish him from other writers of

1288-479: Is eaten with Lungro figs ( fiqë të bardha and kriqezit ). A large salt mine operates near Lungro. The salt was found in Roman times. It bought great wealth, and gained Lungro a mention in the writings of Pliny . Later the salt was sold across Calabria and, more recently, across Europe. It gave work to many local people and drew in outsiders. Each worker started and ended his shift by walking down or up 2,000 steps to

1380-568: Is mostly circular in shape. Most buildings in Lungro were built around a square with a circular facade . All openings were to the main square. Each cluster of houses was a district whose name was derived from elements in the area: Kastieli (a castle), Bregu (coast of the hill slope), Konxa (Icon - presence of the Church of Santa Maria of Constantinople with the icon of the Madonna. The church has

1472-612: Is not one of the group of minority languages that enjoy the special protection of the State under Article 6 of the Italian Constitution. At the regional level, however, Arbërisht is accorded some degree of official recognition in the autonomy statutes of Calabria, Basilicata and Molise. In certain communes the local authorities support cultural and linguistic activities promoted by the Arbëresh communities and have agreed to

1564-689: Is processed by hand and its texture approaches that of the noodles. Another typical dish is Dromsat, made of flour and water, seasoned with fresh tomato sauce and peppers. Among the main courses, mushrooms are prized for their abundance in the mountains. Other dishes include mushrooms with peppers ( këpurdhë kangariqra me ) and mushrooms and potatoes ( këpurdhë pataka me ). Stews include dry sausage and peppers ( I saucicë stufatjel ) and pork chops and peppers ( stufatjel brinjaz derku me ). Pig offal ( drudhezit ), boiled meat ( cingaridhet ), gelatin ( puftea ) and salami Lungro with its characteristic aroma of fennel are popular. The cheese, produced from

1656-597: Is protected by law number 482/99, concerning the protection of the historic linguistic minorities . The Arbëreshë are scattered also in other parts of Italy. They are in great numbers in North and South America, especially in the US, Brazil , Chile , Argentina , Mexico, Venezuela , Uruguay and Canada, and in the various parts of central-northern Europe. It is estimated that there are about 100,000 Italo-Albanians (400,000 if including those outside of Italy); they constitute one of

1748-482: Is separated from the rest of the Church ' Iconostasis , the first made in a church after the establishment of the eparchy. In 1825 the structure of the church was complete, although it was not possible to fix a precise date of completion of the art installation. The mosaic works decorative elements of the nave and aisles of the Temple. Since 1921, after the erection of the Eparchy of Lungro in 1919 by Pope Benedict XV ,

1840-422: Is served in all its forms: macaroni ( rrashkatjelt ), gnocchi ( strangulrat ), lasagne ( tumac ), noodles ( fidhilt ), bucatini ( hullonjrat ), served with simple sauces of fresh tomato and basil, or with sauces made from pork or lamb. Among the specialties is Shtridhëlat fasule me , a hand-made pasta finely seasoned with a tomato sauce and beans. It is a typical dish of Albanian origin. The cheese

1932-490: Is situated 67 km north of Cosenza at the foot of Mount Petrosa at 650 meters above sea level on the Campolongo plateau, flanked by the rivers Galatro and Tiro. It is bordered to the east by the municipality of Saracena , to the south by Firmo and Altomonte , and to the northwest by Acquaformosa . The landscape is mostly mountainous towards the north, with beech and chestnut groves, while vineyards and fields are in

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2024-539: Is the principal church of the Eparchy of Lungro. The building was built in 1721, after the late 17th century earthquake destroyed its predecessor. The cathedral is large relative to local churches. It is in the Romanesque-Baroque style, with three aisles , a large Apse and Dome center. Mosaics , icons and Byzantine paintings , reflected the beauty of Eastern Christian sacred structures. The sanctuary

2116-547: Is usually taken from the families that live there. The social aspect of the Gjitonía is an ancient and historical structure where values of hospitality and solidarity between the families of the neighbourhood coexisted and where there was no difference of social class. Mainly for the Italian-Albanian communities, it is a world where relationships were so strong that they created real family relationships so much so that

2208-781: The Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade. For example, in the city of Bath , The Bunch of Grapes in Westgate Street appears to be a Georgian building, but the appearance is only skin deep and some of the interior rooms still have Jacobean plasterwork ceilings. This new construction has happened also in other places: in Santiago de Compostela

2300-631: The Balkans , was to evolve into the romantic nationalism characteristic of the Rilindja period in Albania. His journalistic, literary and political activities were instrumental not only in fostering an awareness for the Arbëresh minority in Italy but also in laying the foundations for an Albanian national literature. The most popular of his literary works is the above-mentioned Canti di Milosao (Songs of Milosao), known in Albanian as Këngët e Milosaos ,

2392-870: The Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . It was the only abode of eastern Christianity from the end of the Middle Ages until the twentieth century in Italy . There are institutions and religious congregations of the Byzantine rite in the territory of the Italo-Albanian Church: the Basilian Order of Grottaferrata, the Collegine Sisters of Sacra Famiglia, Piccole operaie dei Sacri Cuori and

2484-744: The Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi for Albanians of Insular Italy based in Piana degli Albanesi ( PA ); the Territorial Abbacy of Santa Maria of Grottaferrata , with Basilian monks (O.S.B.I.) come from the Italo-Albanian communities, located in the only abbey and abbey church in Grottaferrata ( RM ). The Italo-Albanian Catholic Church being a Byzantine enclave in the Latin West, is secularly inclined to ecumenism between

2576-616: The Latin rite of the neighboring populations. Many priests were imprisoned Albanians from the practice of the Eastern rite, but Lungresi gathered around them and fought to maintain their religious identity. From 1768 Albanians of Lungro tenaciously undertook the defense of its Greek-Byzantine liturgical rite , because, coming from Southern Albania , they were under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople . For centuries, thanks to

2668-476: The Middle Ages , the native Albanians in the area of Albania called their country Arbëri or Arbëni and referred to themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë . In the sixteenth century, the toponym Shqipëria and the demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëresh respectively. Nowadays, only the Albanians in Italy , whose ancestors immigrated from the Middle Ages, are called Arbëresh and

2760-992: The Tosk dialect spoken in southern Albania , and is spoken in Southern Italy in the regions of Calabria , Molise , Apulia , Basilicata , Campania , Abruzzi , and Sicily . All dialects of Arbëresh are closely related to each other. The Arbëresh language retains many archaisms of medieval Albanian from pre- Ottoman Albania in the 15th century. It also retains some Greek language elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation. It has also preserved some conservative features that were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk . For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbërisht gluhë /ˈɡluxə/ ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/ ). It sounds more archaic than Standard Albanian, but

2852-568: The UNESCO as a living human and social intangible cultural heritage of humanity by the Government of Albania . The Arbëresh villages maintain two or three names, an Italian one as well as one or two native Arbëresh names by which villagers know the place. The Arbëreshë communities are divided into numerous ethnic islands corresponding to different areas of southern Italy. However, some places have already lost their original characteristics and

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2944-662: The despot of Shkodra ). His second work, Canti storici albanesi di Serafina Thopia, moglie del principe Nicola Ducagino , Naples 1839 (Albanian historical songs of Serafina Thopia, wife of prince Nicholas Dukagjini ), was seized by the Bourbon authorities because of De Rada's alleged affiliation with conspiratorial groups during the Italian Risorgimento . The work was republished under the title Canti di Serafina Thopia, principessa di Zadrina nel secolo XV , Naples 1843 (Songs of Serafina Thopia, princess of Zadrina in

3036-565: The revolutionary year 1848, De Rada founded the newspaper L'Albanese d'Italia (The Albanian of Italy) which included articles in Albanian. This bilingual "political, moral and literary journal" with a final circulation of 3,200 copies was the first Albanian-language periodical anywhere. De Rada was the harbinger and first audible voice of the Romantic movement in Albanian literature, a movement which, inspired by his unfailing energy on behalf of national awakening among Albanians in Italy and in

3128-455: The 15th century) and in later years in a third version as Specchio di umano transito, vita di Serafina Thopia, Principessa di Ducagino , Naples 1897 (Mirror of human transience, life of Serafina Thopia, princess of Dukagjin). His Italian-language historical tragedy I Numidi , Naples 1846 (The Numidians), elaborated half a century later as Sofonisba, dramma storico , Naples 1892 (Sofonisba, historical drama), enjoyed only modest public response. In

3220-847: The 18th century there was Giulio Variboba (1724–1788, Jul Variboba ), regarded by many Albanians as the first genuine poet in all of Albanian literature. Born in San Giorgio Albanese (Mbuzati) and educated in Corsini Seminary in San Benedetto Ullano, after many polemics with local priest he went to exile in Rome in 1761 and there he published in 1762 his long lyric poem Ghiella e Shën Mëriis Virghiër (The life of Virgin Mary). The poem has been written entirely in dialect of San Giorgio and has about 4717 lines. Variboba

3312-466: The Albanian migration to Italy. Indeed, scholars argue that Albanians have migrated from the western Balkans to Italy through several waves since the Middle Ages, even before Skanderbeg's period. Another wave of emigration, between 1500 and 1534, relates to Arbëreshë from central Greece. Employed as mercenaries by Venice , they had to evacuate the colonies of the Peloponnese with the assistance of

3404-646: The Albanian settlements of Italy. The church is the most important organization for maintaining the characteristic religious, ethnic, linguistic and traditional identity of the Arbëreshë community. The Arbëreshë speak Arbërisht , an old variant of the Albanian language which derives from the Tosk Albanian spoken in central-southern Albania and Epirus. In Italy the Albanian Arbëresh language

3496-467: The Arbëresh people. It comes from the Greek γειτονιά (geitonía). The Gjitonía functions as a microsystem around which the life of the horë (village) revolves; the Gjitonía is a smaller-scale version of the layout of the village often consisting of a small square towards which the alleys are oriented, surrounded by buildings that have openings towards a larger square ( shesh ) on diagonal angles. The name

3588-551: The Arbëreshe phrase Gjitoni gjirì ("neighbourhood relatives") is typical. The Arbëreshë cuisine is composed of the cuisines of Albania and Italy . The style of cooking and the food associated with it have evolved over many centuries from their Albanian origins to a mixed cuisine of Sicilian , Calabrian, and Lucanian influences. These traditional dishes are Piana degli Albanesi ( Palermo , Sicily ): A study from 1918 included 59 Arbëreshë men from Cosenza , Calabria ,

3680-457: The Bourbon government forbade the procession because of their revolutionary significance. edit The first Eparchy by Greek Byzantine Rite of Italy connects the churches of the Arbëreshë and those of Constantinople. Established in 1919 at the behest of Pope Benedict XV 's Eparchy of Lungro , the churches under its jurisdiction were from the province of Cosenza and beyond. The Mass and all

3772-499: The Church of St. Nicholas of Myra, elevated to a cathedral, undergoes profound changes, to be adapted to the needs of the Byzantine rite-Greek . The Romanesque-Baroque Church, while not altering the walls and the original design of the sacred building, lends itself, with its wide open spaces, to be aligned with the philosophy and liturgical needs of the Church of 'East . The cathedral is full of Mosaics . The mosaic of Pantocrator covers

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3864-478: The East. Inside sits the first evidence of Byzantine iconography of stone that represents the Madonna and Child. The coffered wooden ceiling was built in 1663 by Angelo The Calabrian artist Petra. The poster , stolen recently, framed the precious icon. Its building is located on the northeast border of the medieval village. The Albanians settled in the highest part of the village (Bregu ka ) and built their houses near

3956-644: The Faculty of Law of the University of Naples , but the main focus of his interests remained folklore and literature . It was in Naples in 1836 that De Rada published the first edition of his best-known Albanian-language poem, the "Songs of Milosao", under the Italian title Poesie albanesi del secolo XV. Canti di Milosao, figlio del despota di Scutari (Albanian poetry from the 15th century. Songs of Milosao, son of

4048-535: The Greek language in solemn ceremonies and in the Albanian language in daily functions. The peculiarities of the Eastern rite are evident in sacred vestments, the veneration of holy icons as well as the Church's architecture. In the Byzantine Rite , Baptism ( Pagëzim ), Confirmation ( Vërtetim ) and first Eucharist ( Kungjimi ) are administered (even for babies). The Holy Week ( Java and Madhe ) starts on

4140-459: The Italian coast. Throughout the 16th century, these migrations continued and other Albanian villages were formed on Italian soil. The new immigrants often took up work as mercenaries hired by Italian armies. According to some albanologists , this historiographic tradition was created ad hoc , as they believe that the resistance of Skanderbeg against the Turks was not the major factor that produced

4232-594: The King of Naples Alfonso V of Aragon appealed to Skanderbeg to help suppress a revolt at Naples . Skanderbeg sent a force under the leadership of Demetrio Reres , and his two sons. Following a request by the Albanian soldiers, King Alfonso granted them land and they were settled in twelve villages in the mountainous area called Catanzaro in 1448. A year later the sons of Demetrio, George and Basil along with other Albanians were settled in four villages in Sicily. In 1461,

4324-638: The Napoleonic invasion. The wave of migration from southern Italy to the Americas in 1900–1910 and 1920–1940 depopulated approximately half of the Arbëreshë villages, and subjected the population to the risk of cultural disappearance, despite the beginning of a cultural and artistic revival in the 19th century. Since the end of communism in Albania in 1990, there has been a wave of immigration into Arbëreshë villages by Albanians. Arbëresh derives from

4416-598: The Ottoman conquest dissipated shortly thereafter his death in 1468. Following these events the most significant migration of Albanians was recorded in Italy and led to the foundation of Lungro. In 1525 the Basilian monastery was abandoned, after helping the fugitives through a period of deep crisis. It became available to the Commandery Pontiff and the inhabitants of Lungro were able to resist all attempts by

4508-435: The Temple, already painted by K. Tsitlavidis Macedonian painter, were recently enriched with paintings of Greek artists Charalambos and Gregory of Thessaloniki, which respect the canons of the Byzantine traditional color. Placed on the left aisle, the six canvases depicting the life of St. Nicholas of Myra , the patron of Lungro. The works of the south aisle represent the life of Jesus Christ . Of great artistic workmanship are

4600-401: The buildings are only façade, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes (within film sets). In film sets, they are simply held up with supports from behind, and sometimes have boxes for actors to step in and out of from the front if necessary for a scene . Within theme parks, they are usually decoration for the interior ride or attraction, which is based on

4692-596: The church of Santa Maria Icon. On the south side is the cave of St. Elias, a deep inlet between the stones. During the Renaissance the cult of the Saint was very popular since St. Elias was considered the liberator of the Albanian people of Lungro from Bourbon repression. Some verses survive in Albaniania are sung by the faithful in the Saint's procession. They were written by poet Vincent Stratigo in 1852. Thereafter,

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4784-509: The congregation of the Basilian Sisters Daughters of Saint Macrina. Among the Arbëreshë the memory of Skanderbeg and his exploits was maintained and survived through songs, in the form of a Skanderbeg cycle. Arbëreshë people have preserved their Albanian traditinal dances ( vallje ), including the Albanian sword dance . "Gjitonia" is a form of neighbourhood typical of Arbëresh communities and widespread throughout

4876-404: The continuity of this culture. The first work of Italo-Albanian literature was that of Sicilian archpriest Luca Matranga (1567–1619). The book was titled E mbsuama e krështerë (Christian Doctrine) and it was a simple religious translation in Arbëresh language, aiming at bringing Christianity closer to his people is Southern Italy. While during the 17th century there were no Arbëresh writers, in

4968-530: The death of Skanderbeg in 1468, the organized Albanian resistance against the Ottomans came to an end. Like much of the Balkans , Albania became subject to the invading Turks. Many of its people under the rule of Luca Baffa and Marco Becci fled to the neighboring countries and settled in a few villages in Calabria. From the time of Skanderbeg's death until 1480 there were constant migrations of Albanians to

5060-447: The entire surface of the 120 m² central dome, which is internal and does not leak from the roof and has a height of 18 meters. Also important is the vast mosaic of the apse, surmounted by a mosaic of Platitera and surrounded by figures of the archangels Gabriel and Michael, from King David and the prophet Isaiah, and the mosaic of the Chapel of the baptismal font, designed by painter and mosaic artist Albanian Joseph Droboniku, who executed

5152-426: The erection of bilingual road signs. There are associations that try to protect the culture, particularly in the province of Cosenza. The Arbëresh language is used in some private radios and publications. The fundamental laws of the areas of Molise, Basilicata and Calabria make reference to the Arbëresh language and culture. Nevertheless, the increase in training in the use of the written language has given some hope for

5244-403: The eve of Palm Sunday and ends on the eve of Easter Sunday ( Pashkët ). It is among the most important and evocative Byzantine liturgical calendar holidays. The traditional women's costumes ( stolit ) arbëreshe of Lungro are still worn by both young and old. One type of women's costumes is for parties and the other for daily activities. Party clothes consist of teo petticoats ( sutanina ),

5336-427: The fall of the post-Bolshevik communist regime in Albania, significant communities of shqiptarë (Albanians of Albania) have entered and integrated into the social fabric of the Italian-Albanian towns. With the struggle for the independence of Kosovo (2008) a very recent group of Albanians, victims of the ethnic cleansing of the Yugoslav regime, has also integrated itself into the various Albanian communities of Italy. In

5428-407: The feudal lords to control civil jurisdiction and policy. In the second half of the 17th century and the 18th century, fighting intensified between the baronial families of Sanseverino Altomonte and Pescara Saracen. Many political clashes occurred over the acquisition of certain rights of barons' fiefs. Over the years, age-old religious conflicts intensified between the Byzantine rite Albanians and

5520-503: The first time in history around the 12th century. The etymology of "Lungrum" or "Ugrium" seems to refer to the specific humidity of its territory. According to Domenico De Marchis, its name derived from the Greek Ugros (wet, fluid, water). This hypothesis is supported also by the name of the ancient monastery of the hamlet of Lungro, was rapidly gaining prestige and soon became one of the most important spiritual centers of Byzantine and Greek culture. The traditional architecture of Albania

5612-433: The great mosaic of Christ Pantocrator with the central dome. He also did the mosaic of Judgement , overlooking the central nave. In the vestry is a valuable record of ancient medieval Byzantine church of Santa Maria delle Fonti, consisting of a fragment of fresco , which depicts St. Paraskeva (12th century), together with valuable paintings of the Neapolitan school and wooden statues of exquisite workmanship. The aisles of

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5704-439: The hamlets Mortilla (Mortilë) and Gizzeria Lido (Zalli i Jacarisë), Zagarise, Zangarona (Xingarona), fraction of Lamezia Terme, (CZ); for Sicily they are Mezzojuso (Munxifsi), Palazzo Adriano (Pallaci, PA), Sant'Angelo Muxaro (Shënt'Ëngjëlli, AG), Biancavilla (Callìcari), Bronte (Brontë), San Michele di Ganzaria (Shën Mikelli, CT). The communities of Mezzojuso and Palazzo Adriano , in the province of Palermo, are to be considered

5796-426: The high altitude pastures, is rich in herbs. Robust local wines of the vineyard of Galzei ( Gauxet ), or fine wines from DOC Pollino include sweet varieties such as kulaçi . Wedding cakes are made of honey. The sweet Christmas grispellet is called xhuxhullet , kanarikulit bukunotet . Sweets for Easter are nusezat , biscuits with flour ( viscote të pirvëluarë ), oil and aniseed. The fruit seccha

5888-413: The history we know that region of Puglia since 4-5 century BC was inhabited by the Iapygian tribes such as Daunians , Peuceti , and Messapians . Messapic language , according to some researchers, its same like Albanian language. " bila " means daughter. In region of Vlorë daughter is called the same as the Mesapians called it :" Bila ", in the other regions of Albania is called " Bija ". After

5980-426: The language Arbërisht . The term Arbëreshë and its variants are also used as endonyms by the Arbanasi in Croatia and Arvanites in Greece . The invasion of the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century forced many Arbëreshë to emigrate from Albania and Epirus , Attica , Thebes , Peloponnese then called Morea and other Islands to southern Italy . There were several waves of migrations. In 1448,

6072-403: The language, and others have totally disappeared. Today, Italy has 50 communities of Arbëreshë origin and culture, 41 municipalities and 9 villages, spread across seven regions of southern Italy , forming a population of about 100,000. Some cultural islands survive in the metropolitan areas of Milan , Chieri , Turin , Rome , Naples , Bari , Cosenza , Crotone and Palermo . In the rest of

6164-411: The language, producing two books Udha e Mbarë and Udhëtimi , both used in schools in the village of Piana degli Albanesi . Linguists focusing on the language include (Albanian) Eda Derhemi, (diaspora born) Martin Di Maggio as well as (Piana degli Albanesi native) Vito Matranga. There is no official political, administrative or cultural structure which represents the Arbëresh community. Arbërësh

6256-516: The memory of the original cultural heritage. The Albanian migrations, since the beginning of the long diaspora, led to the formation of medium-small arbëreshe communities well integrated in numerous existing cities of central-northern Italy (in particular, Venice) and in the Crown of Aragon (Naples, Bari, Altamura, Barletta, Andria, Trani, Foggia, Bovino, San Severo, Lecce, Brindisi, Potenza, Matera, Melfi, Caltagirone and Piazza Armerina), in most cases reality - again for different reasons - assimilated by

6348-599: The mine. Saint Leonardo was adopted as the Patron Saint of the salt mines, and a small church was dedicated to him. The church sank into the ground due to hydrological challenges. The mine was abandoned in 1976. In 2010 it was commemorated by a museum. Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB people The Arbëreshë ( pronounced [aɾbəˈɾɛʃ] ; Albanian : Arbëreshët e Italisë ; Italian : Albanesi d'Italia ), also known as Albanians of Italy or Italo-Albanians , are an Albanian ethnolinguistic group minority historically settled in Southern and Insular Italy (in

6440-476: The narrow streets of the historic district, architectural types are distinguished by gjitonia (neighborhoods and doors of medieval and ancient palaces). The gjitonia is a sector of the district, forming a social group with its own rules. The area retains architectural, religious and civil structures, as well as small industrial facilities. These remnants reflect symbolic "protection" in the region, particularly of shrines like those of St. Leonard and St. Elias on

6532-480: The national hero Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg and the gradual conquest of the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks. Their culture is determined by the main features that are found in language , religious rite , traditional costume, art and gastronomy, still zealously preserved, with the awareness of belonging to a specific ethnic group. Over the centuries, the Arbëreshë have managed to maintain and develop their identities, thanks to their cultural value exercised mainly by

6624-465: The need for the Arbëreshë to have relations with the Albanian mother country. L ' Eparchy of Lungro is the fundamental point of reference for the Italo-Albanian mainland, and continues to cherish the traditional religious, linguistic and cultural identity Arbëreshë . The eparchy was created on February 13 of 1919 by Pope Benedict XV and the first Eparch was John Apples , succeeded by John Stamati and Ercole Lupinacci . The name "Lungru" appears for

6716-419: The oldest and largest minorities in Italy . When speaking about their "nation", Arbëresh use the term Arbëria , a loose geographical term for the scattered villages in southern Italy which use Arbëresh language. In the light of historical events, the secular continuity of the Albanian presence in Italy is exceptional. In 2017, an official application for inclusion of the Arbëresh people has been submitted to

6808-473: The other Southern Balkan populations of Albania and Kosovo . Facade A façade or facade ( / f ə ˈ s ɑː d / ; ) is generally the front part or exterior of a building . It is a loanword from the French façade ( pronounced [fasad] ), which means " frontage " or " face ". In architecture , the façade of a building is often the most important aspect from

6900-452: The past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit the percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimeter slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors , to maintain that wall's rating. On a film set and within most themed attractions, many of

6992-610: The period. The most prominent figure among Arbëresh writers and the foremost figure of the Albanian nationalist movement in 19th-century Italy was that of Girolamo de Rada ( Jeronim De Rada ). Born the son of a parish priest of Italo-Albanian Catholic Church in Macchia Albanese ( Maqi ) in the mountains of Cosenza , De Rada attended the college of Saint Adrian in San Demetrio Corone. In October 1834, in accordance with his father's wishes, he registered at

7084-464: The regions of Abruzzo , Apulia , Basilicata , Campania , Molise , mostly concentrated in the region of Calabria and Sicily ). They are the descendants of Albanian refugees settled in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily who fled from Albania , Epirus , and later some from the numerous Albanian communities of Attica and Morea , between the 14th and the 18th centuries following the death of

7176-406: The religious celebrations are performed in Greek , Albanian and, on rare occasions, Italian . Many difficulties had to be overcome in preserving religious identity given the constant attacks by the dominant culture. The Byzantine Rite follows the canon law of Orthodox , its own liturgical calendar and uses Oriental ceremonies. The Mass is that of Saint John Chrysostom , which is celebrated in

7268-540: The religious communities of the Byzantine Rite . Nowadays, most of the fifty Arbëreshë communities are adherents to the Italo-Albanian Church , an Eastern Catholic Church . They belong to two eparchies, the Lungro , for the Arbëreshë of Continental Italy , the Piana degli Albanesi , for the Arbëreshë of Sicily , and the Monastery of Grottaferrata of Lazio , whose Basilian monks come largely from

7360-677: The result showed that fair hair was present in 27% of them. The same study also showed that the frequencies of light eyes and white skin , were 47% and 67% respectively. The Arbëreshë, from this survey, are found to be overall less pigmented than the Calabrians. They are also taller (m. 1.64) and less dolichocephalic ( cephalic index 80.6). According to Sarno et al. 2015 there are many Y-DNA haplogroups present among Arbëreshë. Those haplogroups are also shared with their Italian and Balkan neighbours. Arbereshe appear as slightly differentiated from native Southern Italians, and instead overlap with

7452-570: The son of Alfonso, king Ferdinand I of Naples again requested the help of Skanderbeg . This time, the legendary leader himself came to Italy with his troops led by one of his generals, Luca Baffa , to end a French-supported insurrection. Skanderbeg was appointed as the leader of the combined Neapolitan-Albanian army and, after winning two decisive battles, the Albanian soldiers effectively defended Naples. This time they were rewarded with land east of Taranto in Apulia, populating 15 other villages. From

7544-490: The southern part. Lungro was founded in the second half of the 15th century CE by ethnic Albanian settlers, and developed around a Basilian monastery on lands that had been granted in 1156 from feudal landowner Ogerio del Vasto Altomonte. The Albanians who migrated were housed in the area around 1486. They were welcomed by Abbot Paul with the approval of Prince of Bisignano, Geronimo Sanseverino, when Albanian resistance led and organized by George Castriot or Skanderbeg against

7636-514: The streets of the same name. To commemorate the mines of rock salt, a monument-stage course of Skanderbeg (representing miners at work) has been established, next to the town house. A museum of the salt mine was created that is complete with costumes, tools, artifacts and writings of the time. In Lungro, as in most Arbëreshë settlements, the main square displays a bust of Skanderbeg, to honor their ethnic and linguistic origins. The Cathedral of St. Nicholas of Myra ( Qisha and Shën Kollit , 18th century),

7728-518: The surrounding culture. Relevant cultural islands survive in the large metropolitan areas of Milan , Turin , Rome , Naples , Bari , Cosenza , Crotone and Palermo . In the rest of the world, following the migrations of the twentieth century in countries such as Canada , the United States , Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Uruguay there are strong communities that they keep the Arbëreshë language and traditions alive. Since 1990, with

7820-465: The three bronze doors with reliefs made using the lost wax sculptor Calabrian Talarico representing Gospel scenes. The windows of the Temple and the two aisles depict prophets. Church of Santa Maria Icon ( Qisha and Shën MERIS and Konxis , 16th century) is located on a cliff near the river Tyre. In the 16th century the river was the border between Lungro and Saracen. It was the first church built in honor of Our Lady of Albanians Odigitria, much venerated in

7912-602: The three-metre-deep Casa do Cabido was built to match the architectural order of the square, and the main Churrigueresque façade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , facing the Plaza del Obradoiro , is actually encasing and concealing the older Portico of Glory . In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have

8004-568: The troops of Charles V , as the Turks had invaded that region. Charles V established these troops in southern Italy to reinforce defenses against the threat of Turkish invasion. Established in isolated villages (which enabled them to maintain their culture until the 20th century), Arbëreshë were, traditionally, soldiers for the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice, from the Wars of Religion to

8096-980: The use of the Albanian language and are thus characterized by a lack of historical and cultural heritage of the Arbëresh: for Emilia-Romagna they are Pievetta and Bosco Tosca, hamlets of Castel San Giovanni (PC); for Lazio it is Pianiano (VT), a hamlet of Cellere; for Molise it is Santa Croce di Magliano (CB); for Campania in the province of Caserta it is Alife; for Puglia they are Casalnuovo Monterotaro, Castelluccio dei Sauri, San Paolo di Civitate (FG), Monteparano, San Giorgio Ionico, San Crispieri, Faggiano, Roccaforzata, Monteiasi, Carosino, Montemesola (TA); for Basilicata they are Brindisi Montagna, Rionero in Vulture (PZ); for Calabria are Cervicati (Çervikat), Mongrassano (Mungrasana), Rota Greca (Rrota), San Lorenzo del Vallo (Sullarënxa '), Sartano, Serra d'Aiello (Serrë, CS), Amato, Arietta (Arjèta), fraction of Petronà, Gizzeria (Jacaria) and

8188-456: The village. The village began at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Fonti southwest and ended with the church of Santa Maria. The church of St. Elias (Qisha and Shën Llirit, end of 17th century), rises to a point that probably served as a lookout post for the inhabitants of the surrounding hamlet. The church is dedicated to St. Elias the prophet, is located on a picturesque cliff gorge over the river starting from Tyre. It rises dramatically above

8280-468: The work of the Byzantine Church, they retained their own rite. In February 1897, Girolamo de Rada , Giuseppe Schirò and Anselmo Lorecchio from the Arbëreshë community organised a congress on the Albanian question that convened in Lungro. The resolution of the Lungro congress called for a unified Albanian alphabet and an Albanian dictionary, the founding of an Albanian national society and

8372-487: The world, following the migrations of the twentieth century to countries such as Canada , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay and the United States , there are strong communities that keep Arbëreshë traditions alive. The full list of the Arbëresh Communities in Italy is: There are also more than thirty ancient Albanian centers that have lost, in different historical periods and for various reasons,

8464-556: Was commonly called Albanese ("Albanian" in Italian) in Italy until the 1990s. Until recently, Arbërisht speakers had only very imprecise notions about how related or unrelated their language was to Albanian. Until the 1980s Arbërisht was exclusively a spoken language, except for its written form used in the Italo-Albanian Church , and Arbëreshë people had no practical affiliation with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they did not use this form in writing or in media. When

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