Misplaced Pages

#519480

58-626: The Lusatian culture developed as the preceding Trzciniec culture experienced influences from the Tumulus culture of the Middle Bronze Age , essentially incorporating the local communities into the socio-political network of Iron Age Europe. It formed part of the Urnfield systems, origin of the Celts and Romans , found from eastern France , southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and

116-479: A Lusatian settlement of Biskupin , hypothesised that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures that belonged to the early Slavs . Modern archeologists, such as both K. Godłowski and P. Kaczanowski , hold the view that the ethnic geography of Bronze Age Central Europe then included peoples whose languages and ethnic identity are simply unknown. Burial was by cremation; inhumations are rare. The urn

174-456: A duration of several hours. A roe deer can live up to 20 years, but it usually does not reach such an age. A normal life span in the wild is seven to eight years, or ten years. The roe deer population shows irruptive growth . It is extremely fecund and can double its population every year; it shows a retarded reaction to population density with females continuing to have a similar fecundity at high population densities. Population structure

232-727: A good set of data to elucidate the prehistoric distribution. The distribution of the European species has fluctuated often since entering Europe. During the some periods during the last ice age it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here), southern France, Italy (likely two), the Balkans and the Carpathians . When

290-513: A high moisture content, i.e., grass that has received rain the day before. Roe deer will generally not venture into a field that has or has had livestock in it. The polygamous roe deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early autumn. During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush, leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a circle or figure eight called 'roe rings'. These tend to be 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in diameter. In 1956 it

348-586: A high quality. Storage time and quality can decrease if the bullet has travelled through the digestive tract and contaminated the meat. The meat, like most game meat, is darker in colour than most farmed meat. Roe deer are thought to have evolved from a species in the Eurasian genus Procapreolus , with some 10 species occurring from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene , which moved from

406-491: A large earthen barrow , contained Mediterranean imports like bronze vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves. Well-known settlements include Biskupin , in Poland, and Buch, near Berlin . There are both open villages and fortified settlements ( burgwall or gord ) on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones. Its economy

464-909: A massive reduction in extensive livestock husbandry , and a general warming climate over the past 200 years. Furthermore, there are no large predators in Britain. In some cases, roe deer have been introduced with human help. In 1884 roe deer were introduced from Württemberg in Germany into the Thetford Forest , and these spread to populate most of Norfolk, Suffolk, and substantial parts of Cambridgeshire. In southern England, they started their expansion in Sussex (possibly from enclosed stock in Petworth Park ) and from there soon spread into Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Dorset, and for

522-540: A single antler branch, the result of a genetic defect. The roe deer is found in most areas of Europe, with the exception of northernmost Scandinavia , Iceland, Ireland, and the islands of the Mediterranean Sea . In the Mediterranean region, it is largely confined to mountainous areas, and is absent or rare at low altitudes. There is an early Neolithic fossil record from Jordan . In Flanders

580-580: A species that needs large areas of woodland to survive, urban roe deer are now a feature of several cities, notably Glasgow and Bristol , where in particular they favour cemeteries. In Wales, they are least common, but they are reasonably well established in Powys and Monmouthshire. Roe deer are found in northern Iran in the Caspian region: they occur in the Hyrcanian woodlands and agricultural lands of

638-461: A year in the 1990s. This is insufficient to slow down the population growth, and the roe deer continues to increase in number. It is the main source of venison in Europe. In the 2000s, there was growing interest among consumers in alternative and organic food products such as game meat . Frozen roe venison should not be stored longer than 10 to 12 months at −25 °C (−13 °F) to maintain

SECTION 10

#1732798730520

696-815: Is a main prey of the Persian leopard ( Panthera pardus tulliana ) in the Alborz Mountains of Iran. The nematode Spiculopteragia asymmetrica infects this deer. Compared to the other large herbivores and omnivores in Iran, it is a poor disperser of plant seeds, despite consuming relatively more of them. The roe deer is a game animal of great economic value in Europe, providing large amounts of meat and earning millions of euros in sport hunting. In 1998, some 2,500,000 roe deer were shot per year in Western Europe. In Germany alone, 700,000 were shot

754-554: Is likely responsible. The roe deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95–135 cm (3 ft 1 in – 4 ft 5 in) throughout its range, and a shoulder height of 63–67 cm (2 ft 1 in – 2 ft 2 in), and a weight of 15–35 kg (35–75 lb). Populations from Urals and northern Kazakhstan are larger on average growing to 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) in length and 85 cm (2 ft 9 in) at shoulder height, with body weights of up to 60 kg (130 lb), with

812-426: Is modified by available nutrition, where populations are irrupting there are few animals over six years old. Where populations are stagnant or moribund, there is huge fawn mortality and a large part of the population is over seven years old. Mortality is highest in the first weeks after birth due to predation, or sometimes farm machinery; or in the first winter due to starvation or disease, with up to 90% mortality. It

870-566: Is no longer considered threatened and it has lost legal protection. As of 2016 there are some 110,000 roe deer in the country. The population is primarily kept in check through the efforts of hunters. In 1991, a breeding colony of 27 roe deer coming from France, Hungary and Italy were brought in the Hai-Bar Carmel Reserve. A small number of this roe deer population has been reintroduced to the Carmel Mountains from

928-507: Is usually accompanied by numerous (up to 40) secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (such as Kopaniewo, Pomerania ) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg ). Graves containing moulds (like at Bataune, in Saxony ) and tuyeres attest to the production of bronze tools and weapons at the village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin , Brandenburg , Germany, covered by

986-468: Is very opportunistic and a hedgerow may be good enough. Roe deer in the southern Czech Republic live in almost completely open agricultural land. The animal is more likely to be spotted in places with nearby forests to retreat to. A pioneer species commonly associated with biotic communities at an early stage of succession , during the Neolithic period in Europe when farming humans began to colonise

1044-690: The Alborz Mountains ( Golestan National Park , Jahan Nama Protected Area). Scottish roe deer were introduced to the Lissadell Estate in County Sligo in Ireland around 1870 by Sir Henry Gore-Booth. The Lissadell roe deer were noted for their occasional abnormal antlers and survived in that general area for about 50 years before they died out. According to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, in 2014 there

1102-595: The Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve , with the first deer being released in 1996. 24 to 29 animals had been released by 2006. Some of the reintroduced animals were hand-reared and could be monitored by their responses to their keeper calls. This species can utilize a large number of habitats , including open agricultural areas and above the tree line, but a requisite factor is access to food and cover. It retreats to dense woodland, especially among conifers, or bramble scrub when it must rest, but it

1160-511: The German pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to the Lusatia area in eastern Germany ( Brandenburg and Saxony ) and western Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers. The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski , who started in 1934 to conduct extensive excavations of

1218-877: The Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia . It was followed by the Billendorf culture of the Early Iron Age in the West. In Poland, the Lusatian culture is taken have spanned part of the Iron Age as well (there is only a terminological difference) and was succeeded in Montelius VIIbc in the northern ranges around the mouth of Vistula by the Pomeranian culture spreading south. 'Lusatian-type' burials were first described by

SECTION 20

#1732798730520

1276-656: The Old English rā or rāha , from Proto-Germanic *raihô , cognate with Old Norse rá , Old Saxon rēho , Middle Dutch and Dutch ree , Old High German rēh , rēho , rēia , German Reh . It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei- , meaning "streaked, spotted or striped". The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus  – a roe deer talus bone , written in Elder Futhark as ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ , transliterated as raïhan . In

1334-455: The roe , western roe deer , or European roe , is a species of deer . The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck . The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments. The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus , and east as far as northern Iran. The English roe is from

1392-494: The 20th century and continuing into the 21st century. This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems. At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern England , but since then have hugely expanded their range, mostly due to restrictions and decrease in hunting, increases in forests and reductions in arable farming , changes in agriculture (more winter cereal crops),

1450-619: The American book Mammal Species of the World in 1993. Populations of the roe deer from east of the Khopyor River and Don River to Korea are considered to be this species. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System , following the 2005 Mammal Species of the World , gives the following subspecies : This is just one ( extreme ) interpretation among a number of them. Two main specialists did not recognise these taxa and considered

1508-648: The Bible), although it is now more often believed to refer to the addax . It is derived from the words pyge 'buttocks' and argo 'white'. The taxonomic name Capreolus is derived from capra or caprea , meaning 'billy goat', with the diminutive suffix - olus . The meaning of this word in Latin is not entirely clear: it may have meant ' ibex ' or ' chamois '. The roe was also known as capraginus or capruginus in Latin. Linnaeus first described

1566-591: The Carpathians and/or further east, but not the Balkans or other refugia. This is opposite to the red deer , which recolonised Europe from Iberia. There has been much admixture of these populations where they meet, also possibly due to human intervention in some cases. It is thought that during the Middle Ages the two species of roe deer were kept apart due to hunting pressure and an abundance of predators;

1624-576: The Cervinae subfamily , they are now classified as part of the Capreolinae , which includes the deer from the New World. Both the European roe deer and Siberian roe deer have seen their populations increase, both around the 1930s. In recent times, since the 1960s, the two species have become sympatric where their distributions meet, and there is now a broad 'hybridization zone' running from

1682-544: The English language, this deer was originally simply called a 'roe', but over time the word 'roe' has become a qualifier, and it is now usually called 'roe deer'. The Koiné Greek name πύγαργος , transliterated ' pygargos ', mentioned in the Septuagint and the works of various writers such as Hesychius , Herodotus and later Pliny , was originally thought to refer to this species (in many European translations of

1740-465: The continent from the Middle East, the roe deer was abundant, taking advantage of areas of forest or woodland cleared by Neolithic farmers. In order to mitigate risk, roe deer remain within refuge habitats (such as forests) during the day. They are likelier to venture into more open habitats at night and during crepuscular periods when there is less ambient activity. It scrapes leaf litter off

1798-748: The definition of the Trzciniec-Komarów-Sośnica complex or, more recently, the Trzciniec Cultural Circle. In Poland, the archaeological sites of the Trzciniec culture are found in Central, Southern, and Eastern Poland ( Kuyavia , Lesser Poland , Mazovia , Podlachia , and Lublin Upland ). Trzciniec culture was first identified by Włodzimierz Antoniewicz , who named it "band pottery culture". The term "Trzciniec culture" from

Lusatian culture - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-705: The different species may have met in the period just before that, and yet, during the Ice Age they were also kept apart. Populations are increasing throughout Europe; it is considered a species of ' least concern '. In the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר , yahmur , derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten. In most Bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in Arabic ( أحمر , pronounced ' ahmar ) -it

1914-446: The east to Central Europe over the millennia, where Procapreolus cusanus (also classified as Capreolus cusanus ) occurred. It may not have evolved from C. cusanus , however, because the two extant species split from each other 1.375 and 2.75 Myr ago, and the western species first appeared in Europe 600 thousand years ago. As of 2008 over 3,000 fossil specimens of this species have been recovered from Europe, which affords

1972-402: The eponymous site Trzciniec near Opole Lubelskie was introduced by Józef Kostrzewski in 1930. The first complete monograph of the Trzciniec culture was written by Aleksander Gardawski . From a cultural-historical perspective, the origins of the Trzciniec culture are associated with three Corded Ware -related cultures: Mierzanowice , Strzyżów and Iwno . In general, the Trzciniec culture

2030-405: The female goes looking for a mate and commonly lures the buck back into her territory before mating. The roe deer is territorial, and while the territories of a male and a female might overlap, other roe deer of the same sex are excluded unless they are the doe's offspring of that year. It feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries, and young shoots. It particularly likes very young, tender grass with

2088-670: The females are possible. 22% of the animals around Moscow carry the mtDNA of the European roe deer and 78% of the Siberian. In the Volgograd region, the European roe deer predominates. In the Stavropol and Dnipropetrovsk regions of Ukraine, most of the deer are Siberian roe deer. In northeastern Poland there is also evidence of introgression with the Siberian roe deer, which was likely an Introduced species . In some cases, such as around Moscow, former introductions of European stock

2146-528: The first half of the 20th century, most roe deer in Southern England were to be found in these counties. By the end of the 20th century, they had repopulated much of southern England and had expanded into Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, and had even spread into Wales from the Ludlow area where an isolated population had appeared. At

2204-403: The following June, after a 10-month gestation period, typically to two spotted fawns of opposite sexes. The fawns remain hidden in long grass from predators; they are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months. Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around six months old. During the mating season, a male roe deer may mount the same doe several times over

2262-511: The form of kurgans . Evidence of kurgan inhumation have been found at Łubna-Jakusy, whereas kurgan cremation has been found at Guciów. There is evidence for the use of chariots by the Trzciniec culture. Mittnik et al. (2018) examined the remains of seven possible Trzciniec individuals buried in Turlojiškė , Lithuania between 2,100 BC and 600 BC. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to haplogroup R1a1a1b (two samples) and CT , while

2320-418: The fractional protein content of the body tissues. Fawns, females and males make different noises between species. Alexander S. Graphodatsky looked at the karyotypy to present more evidence to recognise these Russian and Asian populations as a separate species, now renamed the eastern or Siberian roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ). This new taxonomic interpretation ( circumscription ) was first followed in

2378-471: The ground to make a 'bed'. When alarmed it will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch. Rump patches differ between the sexes, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males. Males may also bark or make a low grunting noise. Does (the females) make a high-pitched "pheep" whine to attract males during the rut (breeding season) in July and August. Initially

Lusatian culture - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-623: The last Ice Age ended the species initially abruptly expanded north of the Alps to Germany during the Greenland Interstadial , 12.5–10.8 thousand years ago, but during the cooling of the Younger Dryas , 10.8–10 thousand years ago, it appears to have disappeared again from this region. It reappeared 9.7–9.5 thousand years ago, reaching northern central Europe. The modern population in this area appears to have recolonised it from

2494-435: The male's antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet -like fur which disappears later on after the hair's blood supply is lost. Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season. Unlike most cervids, roe deer begin regrowing antlers almost immediately after they are shed. In rare cases, some bucks possess only

2552-633: The neighboring Strzyżów culture , which displayed closer genetic relations to cultures further east. Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Roe deer Cervus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 The roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), also known as

2610-523: The populations becoming smaller again further east in the Transbaikal , Amur Oblast , and Primorsky Krai regions. In healthy populations, where population density is restricted by hunting or predators, bucks are slightly larger than does. Under other conditions, males can be similar in size to females, or slightly smaller. Bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long with two or three, rarely even four, points. When

2668-517: The right side of the Volga River up to eastern Poland. It is extremely difficult for hunters to know which species they have bagged. In line with Haldane's rule , female hybrids of the two taxa are fertile, while male hybrids are not. Hybrids are much larger than normal and a Cesarean section was sometimes needed to birth the fawns, becoming larger than their mothers at the age of 4–5 months. F1 hybrid males may be sterile, but backcrosses with

2726-415: The roe deer in the modern taxonomic system as Cervus capreolus in 1758. The initially monotypic genus Capreolus was first proposed by John Edward Gray in 1821, although he did not provide a proper description for this taxon . Gray was not actually the first to use the name Capreolus , it has been used by other authors before him. Nonetheless, his publication is seen as taxonomically acceptable. He

2784-415: The roe deer was mostly confined to the hilly regions in the east, but like in neighbouring countries the population has expanded in recent times. A theory is that the expansion of maize cultivation, which are higher than traditional crops and afford more shelter, has aided their expansion to the west. In England and Wales, roe deer have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of

2842-584: The same time, the surviving population in Scotland and the Lake District had pushed further south beyond Yorkshire and Lancashire and into Derbyshire and Humberside. In the 1970s, the species was still completely absent from Wales. Roe deer can now be found in most of rural England except for southeast Kent and parts of Wales; anywhere in the UK mainland suitable for roe deer may have a population. Not being

2900-566: The seven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup U5a2a1 , T2b (three samples), H5 , H4a1a1a3 , and H . Juras et al. (2020) examined the mtDNA of eighty individuals ascribed to the Trzciniec culture. The individuals were determined to be closely related to peoples of the Corded Ware culture , Bell Beaker culture , Únětice culture , and the Mierzanowice culture . They were notably genetically different from peoples of

2958-619: The species to be without subspecies in 2001. The European Union 's Fauna Europaea recognised in 2005 two subspecies, but besides the nominate form recognises the Spanish population as the endemic Capreolus capreolus garganta Meunier, 1983 . Roe deer are most closely related to the water deer , and, counter-intuitively, the three species in this group, called the Capreolini, are most closely related to moose and reindeer . Although roe deer were once classified as belonging to

SECTION 50

#1732798730520

3016-592: Was a confirmed sighting of roe deer in County Armagh. There have been other, unconfirmed, sightings in County Wicklow. In the Netherlands, roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for two small areas around 1875. As new forests were planted in the country in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly. Although it was a protected species in 1950, the population

3074-562: Was generally ignored until the 20th century, most 19th-century works having continued to follow Linnaeus. Roe deer populations gradually become somewhat larger as one moves further to the east, peaking in Kazakhstan, then becoming smaller again towards the Pacific Ocean. The Soviet mammalogist Vladimir Sokolov had recognised this as a separate species from 1985 already using electrophoretic chromatography to show differences in

3132-586: Was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits . Wheat ( emmer ) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet , rye and oats , peas , broad beans , lentils , and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domesticated apples , pears , and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep , goats , horses , and dogs . Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting

3190-660: Was practiced, as bones of red and roe deer , boar , bison , elk , hare , fox , and wolf attest, but it did not provide much of the meat consumed. The numerous frog bones found at Biskupin may indicate that frogs' legs were eaten as well. Trzciniec culture The Trzciniec culture is an Early and Middle Bronze Age (2400-1300 BC) archaeological culture in Central-Eastern Europe, mainly Poland and parts of Lithuania. The material culture similarity and overall chronological contemporaneity with Komariv (Ukraine) and Sośnica (Belarus) cultures resulted in

3248-422: Was speculated based on some field evidence that they choose where to form rings around plants with ergot mould, but this has not been substantiated further. Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and soil as a way of attracting a mate. Roebucks enter rutting inappetence during the July and August breeding season. Females are monoestrous and after delayed implantation usually give birth

3306-555: Was still said to be a common species in the Mount Carmel area in the 19th century. The King James Bible translated the word as ' fallow deer ', and in other English Bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species. When Modern Hebrew was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future Israel in late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine , the King James Bible interpretation

3364-528: Was succeeded by the Lusatian culture . The best known settlements of the Trzciniec culture were in Złota Pińczowska, Więcławice Świętokrzyskie , Goszyce, and west Bondyrz, close to the kurgans of Guciów. Some of these sites include important treasures containing materials such as ornamental gold and silver like in Stawiszyce and Rawa Mazowiecka . Burial rite of the Trzciniec culture is characterized by regional preferences in using inhumation and cremation . Cases of inhumation were discovered in Wolica Nowa, in

#519480