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33-402: Viriato may refer to: Lusitânia, Portuguese name of Lusitania , an ancient Iberian Roman province located where modern Portugal and part of western Spain lie. Lusitânia, proper name of star HD 45652 , in the constellation of Monoceros. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
66-512: A court of justice and joint Roman/indigenous people assemblies (conventus), that counseled the Governor: The conventus ruled of a total of forty-six populis. Five were Roman colonies : Emerita Augusta ( Mérida , Spain), Pax Iulia ( Beja ), Scalabis ( Santarém ), Norba Caesarina ( Cáceres ) and Metellinum ( Medellín ). Felicitas Iulia Olisipo ( Lisbon , which was a Roman law municipality) and three other towns had
99-534: A false armistice. While the Lusitani celebrated this new alliance, he massacred them, selling the survivors as slaves; this caused a new rebellion led by Viriathus , who was after many attempts killed by traitors paid by the Romans in 139 BC, after having led a successful guerrilla campaign against Rome and their local allies. Two years after, in 137 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus led a successful campaign against
132-521: A province of its own during the Roman Empire . After Romans arrived in the territory during the 2nd century BC, a war with Lusitanian tribes ensued between 155 and 139 BC, with the Roman province eventually established in 27 BC. In modern parlance, Lusitania is often synonymous with Portugal, despite the province's capital being located in modern Mérida, Spain . The etymology of the name of
165-470: A root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region. Ancient Romans, such as Pliny the Elder ( Natural History , 3.5 ) and Varro (116 – 27 BC, cited by Pliny), speculated that the name Lusitania had Roman origins, as when Pliny says " lusum enim Liberi Patris aut lyssam cum eo bacchantium nomen dedisse Lusitaniae et Pana praefectum eius universae " [Lusitania takes its name from
198-510: A root word that formerly meant a prince or sovereign governor of a region. Presently it is thought that the mythological character Lusus derives from a mistranslation of the expression lusum enin Liberi patris ("from lusus father Liber derives"), in Pliny 's Naturalis Historia . The mistake would have been in the interpretation of the word lusum or lusus as a proper name , instead of
231-454: A simple common name that means game . In a translation of Pliny: " M. Varro informs us, that... the name "Lusitania " is derived from the games ( lusus ) of Father Bacchus, or the fury ( lyssa) of his frantic attendants, and that Pan was the governor of the whole of it. But the traditions respecting Hercules and Pyrene, as well as Saturn, I conceive to be fabulous in the highest degree.'" This would have been read by André de Resende as "
264-583: The Lusus associated with Bacchus and the Lyssa of his Bacchantes , and Pan is its governor]. Lusus is usually translated as "game" or "play", while lyssa is a borrowing from the Greek λυσσα, "frenzy" or "rage", and sometimes Rage personified; for later poets, Lusus and Lyssa become flesh-and-blood companions (even children) of Bacchus . Luís de Camões ' epic Os Lusíadas (1572), which portrays Lusus as
297-598: The praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrated a triumph over the Lusitani, but in 155 BC, on the command of Punicus (Πουνίκου, perhaps a Carthaginian) first and Caesarus (Καίσαρος) after, the Lusitani reached Gibraltar . Here they were defeated by the praetor Lucius Mummius . From 152 BC onwards, the Roman Republic had difficulties in recruiting soldiers for the wars in Hispania, deemed particularly brutal. In 150 BC, Servius Sulpicius Galba organised
330-862: The Celtici and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans . And yet the country north of the Tagus, Lusitania, is the greatest of the Iberian nations, and is the nation against which the Romans waged war for the longest times The Lusitani are mentioned for the first time in Livy who describes them as fighting for the Carthaginians in 218 BCE; they are reported as fighting against Rome in 194 BC, sometimes allied with Celtiberian tribes. In 179 BC,
363-761: The Lusitani (who gave the Roman province its name) remains unclear. Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus , whereas some early-modern scholars suggested that Lus was a form of the Celtic Lugus followed by another (unattested) root *tan- , supposed to mean "tribe", while others derived the name from Lucis , an ancient people mentioned in Avienius' Ora Maritima (4th century AD) and from tan ( -stan in Iranian ), or from tain , meaning "a region" or implying "a country of waters",
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#1732787298292396-777: The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (between 219 and 17 BC), the Roman province of Lusitania was established, broadly in what is today Portugal south of the Douro river together with Extremadura in Spain . There are no historic records of the eponyms Luso or Lusus amongst the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (in this specific areas, Celts or pre-Celts). The etymology of Lusitania , like
429-493: The Jove-born maid, Who fir'd his lips with eloquence divine, On Tago's banks he rear'd the hallow'd shrine. Ulysses he, though fated to destroy, On Asian ground, the heav'n-built towers of Troy, On Europe's strand, more grateful to the skies, He bade th' eternal walls of Lisbon rise." Luís Vaz de Camões , The Lusiads , strophes 2 to 4 from Canto VIII, translated by William Julius Mickle, 1776 (adapted). With
462-489: The Lusitani, reaching as far north as the Minho river . Romans scored other victories with proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus and Gaius Marius (elected in 113 BC), but still the Lusitani resisted with a long guerilla war; they later joined Sertorius ' (a renegade Roman General) troops (around 80 BC) and Julius Caesar conducted a successful campaign against them in 61-60 BC, but they were not finally defeated until
495-461: The bless'd Elysium feign'd, Where, winding oft, the Guadiana roves, And. Douro murmurs through the flow'ry groves. Here, with his bones, he left his deathless fame, And Lusitania 's clime shall ever bear his name. That other chief th' embroider'd silk displays, Toss'd o'er the deep whole years of weary days, On Tago 's banks, at last, his vows he paid: To wisdom's godlike power,
528-621: The conqueror of the region. Plutarch , according to the 12th Book of the Iberica of Spanish author Sóstenes, says that (notice that this theory is today completely descredited): After Bacchus conquered Iberia , left Pan to rule in his place, and it was him that gave his own name to the country, calling it Pania , that by corruption turned into Hispania . The Greek expression lyssa may mean "frenetic fury" or "madness", typical of Bacchus/ Dionysus . Though, these etymologies seem little trustworthy. In The Lusiads by Camões (1572), Lusus
561-577: The east of Iberia ). Some have claimed that both tribes came from the Swiss mountains. Others argue that the evidence points to the Lusitanians being a native Iberian tribe, resulting from intermarriage between different local tribes. The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta (present day Portugal); in Beira , they stayed until they defeated
594-470: The emblem of his care of yore; The friend of savage man, to Bacchus dear, The son of Bacchus, or the bold compeer, What time his yellow locks with vine-leaves curl'd, The youthful god subdued the savage world, Bade vineyards glisten o'er the dreary waste, And humaniz'd the nations as he pass'd. Lusus, the lov'd companion of the god, In Hispania 's fair bosom fix'd his last abode, Our kingdom founded, and illustrious reign'd In those fair lawns,
627-459: The foundation of Roman cities like Asturica Augusta ( Astorga ) and Bracara Augusta ( Braga ) to the north, and to the south Emerita Augusta ( Mérida ) (settled with the emeriti of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina legions ). Between the time of Augustus and Claudius , the province was divided into three conventus iuridicus , territorial units presided by capital cities with
660-586: The foundation of ancient Lusitania and the fatherhood of its inhabitants, the Lusitanians , seen as the ancestors of the modern Portuguese people . Lusus thus has functioned in Portuguese culture as a founding myth . "Bold though these figures frown, yet bolder far These godlike heroes shin'd in ancient war. In that hoar sire, of mien serene, august, Lusus behold, no robber-chief unjust; His cluster'd bough--the same which Bacchus bore He waves,
693-468: The founder of Lusitania, extends these ideas, which have no connection with modern etymology. In his work, Geography , the classical geographer Strabo (died ca. 24 AD) suggests a change had occurred in the use of the name "Lusitanian". He mentions a group who had once been called "Lusitanians" living north of the Douro river but were called in his day "Callacans". The Lusitani established themselves in
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#1732787298292726-535: The jurisdiction of the new Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones . Its northern border was along the Douro River, while on its eastern side its border passed through Salmantica ( Salamanca ) and Caesarobriga ( Talavera de la Reina ) to the Anas ( Guadiana ) river. Between 28 and 24 BC Augustus' military campaigns pacified all Hispania under Roman rule, with
759-402: The name "Lusitania" derives from Lusus of Father (master or father) Bacchus ", and therefore was interpreted that Lusus would be a companion or son of the furious god. It is this interpretation that is seen in the strophe 22 of Canto III of The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões . The mistranslation became a real and plausible myth because according to Roman mythology , Bacchus would have been
792-562: The north of the Strait of Gibraltar while her sister ship RMS Mauretania was named after the Roman North African province on the south side of the strait. 38°46′08″N 7°13′05″W / 38.7689°N 7.2181°W / 38.7689; -7.2181 Lusus Lusus is the supposed son or companion of Bacchus , the Roman god of wine and divine madness, to whom Portuguese national mythology attributed
825-441: The old Latin status: Ebora ( Évora ), Myrtilis Iulia ( Mértola ) and Salacia ( Alcácer do Sal ). The other thirty-seven were of stipendiarii class, among which Aeminium ( Coimbra ), Balsa ( Tavira ), or Mirobriga ( Santiago do Cacém ). Other cities include Ossonoba ( Faro ), Cetobriga ( Setúbal ), Collippo ( Leiria ) or Arabriga ( Alenquer ). Under Diocletian , Lusitania kept its borders and
858-479: The origin of the name Lusitani who gave its name, is unclear. The name may be of Celtic origin ( Lus and Tanus , "tribe of Lus"), or derive from Lucis or Lusis , an ancient people mentioned in Avienius 's Ora Maritima (4th century AD, but drawing on the Massaliote Periplus of the 6th century BC), and Tan , from Celtic Tan (Stan), or Tain, meaning a region or implying a country of waters,
891-471: The region in the 6th century BC, but historians and archeologists are still undecided about their ethnogenesis . Some modern authors consider them to be an indigenous people who were Celticized culturally and possibly also through intermarriage. The archeologist Scarlat Lambrino defended the position that the Lusitanians were a tribal group of Celtic origin related to the Lusones (a tribe that inhabited
924-453: The reign of Augustus (around 28–24 BC). With Lusitania (and Asturia and Gallaecia ), Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , which was then divided by Augustus (25–20 BC or 16–13 BC ) into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis , the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western Provincia Lusitana . Originally, Lusitania included the territories of Asturia and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to
957-674: The successor states to Portugal under the assumption that such a campaign would result in an easy French victory. The province was also the namesake of the North Atlantic Ocean liner RMS Lusitania infamous for being torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915. The ship's owners, the Cunard Line , commonly named their vessels after Roman provinces with the Lusitania so being called after the Roman Iberian province to
990-554: The title Lusitânia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lusitânia&oldid=962264938 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lusitania Lusitania ( / ˌ l uː s ɪ ˈ t eɪ n i ə / ; Classical Latin : [luːsiːˈtaːnia] )
1023-548: Was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern-day Portugal (south of the Douro River ) and a large portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca ). Romans named the region after the Lusitanians , an Indo-European tribe inhabiting the lands. The capital Emerita Augusta was initially part of the Roman Republic province of Hispania Ulterior before becoming
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1056-500: Was initially founded as " New Lusitania ". In common use are such terms as Lusophone , meaning Portuguese-speaking, and Lusitanic , referring to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries —once Portugal's colonies and presently independent countries still sharing some common heritage. Prior to his invasion in 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte proposed the establishment of a French-backed puppet Kingdom of Northern Lusitania as one of
1089-562: Was ruled by a praeses , later by a consularis . Finally, in 298 AD, Lusitania was united with the other provinces to form the Diocesis Hispaniarum (" Diocese of the Hispanias"). As with the Roman names of many European countries, Lusitania was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal, especially in formal or literary and poetic contexts. The 16th-century colony that would eventually become Brazil
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