Misplaced Pages

#264735

77-567: The Soga language is very similar to the neighbouring languages Luganda and Gwere as all 3 descend from a common ancestor language (Proto-North Nyanza). The written form of Soga is only as recent as the arrival of the Arab and European traders and missionaries. It first appeared in print in the second half of the nineteenth century. Soga is used in some primary schools in Busoga as pupils begin to learn English, an official language of Uganda . It

154-631: A lateral approximant [l] elsewhere. However, there is considerable variation in this, and using one allophone instead of the other causes no ambiguity. So lwaki /lwáːci/ 'why' may also be pronounced [rwáːci] , [ɾwáːci] , [ɹwáːtʃi] etc . Treating the geminate and prenasalised consonants as separate phonemes yields the expanded consonant set below: This simplifies the phonotactic rules so that all syllables are of one of three forms: where V = vowel , C = consonant (including geminate and prenasalised consonants), N = nasal stop , S = semivowel ( i.e. either /j/ or /w/ ). Vowel length

231-689: A British practice in the fight against smallpox (kawumpuli) where residents were required to publicly supply rat tails for counting to prove that they had killed the rats. His opposition brought him into conflict with the British; he was exiled to Bunyoro, later leading the Basoga into the Second World War. Kadhumbula played an important role in Uganda's independence struggle; he was also the first vice-president of independent Uganda and chairman of

308-480: A bántú mú Úg áń da 'people in Uganda', there is a plateau from the phrasal tone of abántú to the lexical tone of Ug áń da , and in t ú gen dá mú lúgúú dó 'we are going into the street', there is a plateau from the phrasal tone of t ú gendá to the phrasal tone of lugúúdó . Again there are certain exceptions; for example, there is no plateau before the words ono 'this' or bonn â 'all': muntú onó 'this person', abántú bonn â 'all

385-566: A clear view of almost all Busoga, with steps making it easier for visitors to reach the top. Kagulu Rock has been for a long time a major adventure and tourist attraction in Eastern Uganda. Previously, it had caught the curious eyes of the foreign NGO workers in the area, but with the advent of the local initiative to promote the site, Kagulu Rock is now a big attraction to all. Kagulu Rock, is a rocky prominence that rises 10,000 feet (3,048 m), above sea level. Two kilometers from Kamuli on

462-539: A difficult language for speakers of non-tonal languages to learn. A non-native speaker has to learn the variations of pitch by prolonged listening. Unlike some other Bantu languages, there is no tendency in Luganda for penultimate vowels to become long; in fact they are very frequently short, as in the city name Kampala Kámpalâ , pronounced [káámpálâ] , in which the second vowel is short in Luganda. All five vowels have two forms: long and short . The distinction

539-465: A few servants, arms and a dog and landing at Iyingo in northern Busoga (in the present-day Kamuli District ). Mukama, who enjoyed hunting, was taken with the land. He engaged in metalworking: blacksmithing and making hoes, iron utensils and spears. Of Mukama's children five boys survived, and when he returned to Bunyoro he gave them land to oversee. His firstborn, Wakoli, received Bukooli; Zibondo received Bulamogi , Ngobi Kigulu , Tabingwa Luuka , and

616-709: A long vowel ( okukóoká 'to cry'), those with a short vowel followed by a geminate consonant ( okubôbbá 'to throb'), those with a vowel followed by a prenasalised consonant ( Abagândá 'Baganda people'), and those following a consonant plus semivowel ( okulwâlá [okulwáalá] 'to fall sick'). They can also be heard on final vowels, e.g. ensî 'country'. Words in Luganda commonly belong to one of three patterns (other patterns are less common): (a) without lexical tone, e.g. ekitabo 'book'; (b) with one high lexical tone, e.g. ekib ú ga 'city'; (c) with two high lexical tones, e.g. K á mpal á which link together to make HHH, i.e. [Kámpálá] or [Kámpálâ] . At

693-465: A respectful manner: The personal nature of the greetings ensues when the individual being greeted chooses to answer the question instead of merely responding with good or fine . It is somewhat like being asked, "how do you do?" and responding, "how do you do?" However, in Soga, the individual being greeted is free to actually delve into the fine details. Additionally, simply drop sir/madam to achieve

770-460: A road?'. Syllables can take any of the following forms: where V = vowel , C = single consonant (including nasals and semivowels but excluding geminates), G = geminate consonant , N = nasal stop , S = semivowel These forms are subject to certain phonotactic restrictions: The net effect of this is that all Luganda words follow the general pattern of alternating consonant clusters and vowels , beginning with either but always ending in

847-576: A second language, it follows English and precedes Swahili in Uganda. Lusoga , the language spoken in Busoga to the east of Buganda, is very closely related to Luganda. The two languages are almost mutually intelligible , and have an estimated lexical similarity of between 82% and 86%. A notable feature of Luganda phonology is its geminate consonants and distinctions between long and short vowels. Speakers generally consider consonantal gemination and vowel lengthening to be two manifestations of

SECTION 10

#1732783663265

924-415: A sentence, the lexical tones (that is, the high tones of individual words) tend to fall gradually in a series of steps from high to low. For example, in the sentence kye kib ú ga ekik ú lu mu Ug áń da 'it is the chief city in Uganda', the lexical high tones of the syllables bú , kú and gá stand out and gradually descend in pitch, the toneless syllables in between being lower. This phenomenon

1001-555: A short vowel has one mora and a long vowel has two morae. A geminate or prenasalised consonant has one mora. A consonant + semivowel (e.g. gw or ly ) also has one mora. A vowel followed by a prenasalised consonant has two morae including the one belonging to the prenasalised consonant. The initial vowel of words like ekitabo 'book' is considered to have one mora, even though such vowels are often pronounced long. No syllable can have more than two morae. Falling tones can be heard in syllables which have two morae, e.g. those with

1078-523: A very close [i] between two consonants dropped out; for example - dduka from *- jiduka 'run'. Apart from /l~r/ , /w/ and /j/ , all consonants can also be prenasalised (prefixed with a nasal stop ). This consonant will be [m] , [n] , [ɲ] [ɱ] or [ŋ] according to the place of articulation of the consonant which follows, and belongs to the same syllable as that consonant. The liquid /l~r/ becomes /d/ when geminated or prenasalised . For example, ndaba /n̩dába/ 'I see' (from

1155-494: A very high sound-to-letter correspondence: one letter usually represents one sound and vice versa. The distinction between simple and geminate consonants is always represented explicitly: simple consonants are written single, and geminates are written double. The distinction between long and short vowels is always made clear from the spelling but not always explicitly: short vowels are always written single; long vowels are written double only if their length cannot be inferred from

1232-925: A vowel: where V = vowel , X = consonant cluster , (V) = optional vowel This is reflected in the syllabification rule that in writing, words are always hyphenated after a vowel (when breaking a word over two lines). For example, Emmotoka yange ezze 'My car has arrived' would be split into syllables as E‧mmo‧to‧ka ya‧nge e‧zze . The palatal plosives /c/ and /ɟ/ may be realised with some affrication — either as [cç] and [ɟʝ] or as postalveolars /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ respectively. In speech, word-final vowels are often elided in these conditioning environments: For example, ekiddugavu /ecídːuɡavu/ 'black' may be pronounced [ecídːuɡavʷu] or [ecídːuɡavʷ] . Similarly lwaki /lwáːci/ 'why' may be pronounced [lwáːci] , [lwáːc] or [lwáːtʃ] . Long vowels before prenasalised fricatives (that is, before /nf/ , /nv/ , /ns/ or /nz/ ) may be nasalised , and

1309-510: A word in certain contexts, but which are absent in other contexts (e.g. ekítábó or ekitabo 'book'); (c) plateaux tones, where the pitch remains high between two lexical tones, e.g. k í rí mú Úg áń da 'it is in Uganda'; (d) grammatical tones, which are associated with certain tenses or uses of the verb; (e) boundary tones, which affect the last syllable of a word or phrase and can indicate such things as interrogation. According to one analysis, tones are carried on morae . In Luganda,

1386-415: A word, and the plural form of the postfix. It is sometimes impossible to not separate the plural form. When conjugating the verb, remove oku and replace it with the required pronoun i.e. n , o , a , tu , mu , ba . After 1 to 10 and 20, 30, 40, the other numbers build off the same pattern. Hours of darkness in Soga correspond to p.m. to include early morning hours. Essentially,

1463-716: Is Joseph Muvawala Nsekere . The office of the Katukiro in the Kingdom is an important and a vital one. The Katukiro is the head of the kingdom's government, and the spokesperson for the Kyabazinga and the kingdom. This was the first settlement area for the Bunyoro Basoga, led by Mukama. Although Kagulu's cultural influence is widespread, its visible landmark is Kagulu Rock. The rock is between two roads which fork at its foot, leading to Gwaya and Iyingo. The rock has

1540-585: Is a Bantu language spoken in the African Great Lakes region. It is one of the major languages in Uganda and is spoken by more than 5.56 million Baganda and other people principally in central Uganda, including the country's capital, Kampala . Typologically , it is an agglutinative , tonal language with subject–verb–object word order and nominative–accusative morphosyntactic alignment . With at least 5.6 million first-language speakers in

1617-779: Is a legacy of the British colonial government, which donated it in 1914. The source of the Nile , the world's second-longest river, at Lake Victoria was discovered by John Speke and is an internationally known attraction. This former waterfall was submerged in November 2011 by the Bujagali Dam . Southern Busoga is bordered by Lake Victoria, whose coastline runs from Jinja east to the Kenyan border. The place where Bishop James Hannington and 48 of his helpers are believed to have been murdered in 1885. This nonprofit cultural organization

SECTION 20

#1732783663265

1694-448: Is also taught in secondary schools and is offered as a course subject in tertiary institutions such as Busoga University , Kyambogo University and Makerere University . Soga has several dialects dating to the intermingling of people during the early migration period of the 17th and 18th centuries. There were so many dialects that it was difficult to reach agreement on the correct way to spell or pronounce certain words. For instance, in

1771-418: Is at least one low-toned mora after the lexical tone. When this happens, the high tones which follow the low tone are slightly lower than the one which precedes it. However, there are certain contexts, such as when a toneless word is used as the subject of a sentence or before a numeral, when this tone-raising rule does not apply: Masindi kib ú ga 'Masindi is a city'; ebitabo kk ú mi 'ten books'. In

1848-596: Is available. Sounds in parentheses are attested, but rare. In common with other tonal Bantu languages , Lusoga has a noun class system in which prefixes on nouns mark membership of one of the noun genders. Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs reflect the noun gender of the nominal they refer to. Some examples of noun classes: In the Bantu languages around the Lake Victoria region in Uganda , nouns are reflected mainly by changing prefixes: human beings are indicated by

1925-436: Is called ' downdrift '. However, there are certain types of phrase, notably those in the form 'noun + of + noun', or 'verb + location', where downdrift does not occur, and instead all the syllables in between the two lexical high tones link together into a 'tonal plateau', in which all the vowels have tones of equal height, for example mu mas é réngétá g á Úg áń da 'in the south of Uganda' or k í rí mú Úg áń da 'it

2002-663: Is east of Busoga. In the southern part of Busoga a dialect known as Lutenga was traditionally spoken which resembled Luganda . Related dialects were also spoken in the Ssese Islands , Buvuma Island and eastern Buganda . But with the establishment of the Lusoga Language Authority (LULA) , Busoga Kingdom has promoted a standardised Lusoga language. It has done research on the Lusoga language and published literature in Lusoga. Its publications can be found at

2079-465: Is headed by an elected chairperson or a Local Council Five, and municipalities are headed by an elected mayor . Jinja is the industrial and economic hub of Busoga. Busoga is bordered on the north by shallow Lake Kyoga (separating it from Lango ), on the west by the Victoria Nile (separating it from Buganda ), on the south by Lake Victoria (separating it from Tanzania and Kenya ) and on

2156-465: Is in Uganda'. Plateauing also occurs within a word, as in K á mpál â (see above). A plateau cannot be formed between a lexical tone and a following phrasal tone; so in the sentence k í ri mu Bunyóró 'it is in Bunyoro' there is downdrift, since the tones of Bunyóró are phrasal. But a phrasal tone can and frequently does form a plateau with a following lexical tone or phrasal tone. So in

2233-487: Is phonemic but can occur only in certain positions. After two consonants, the latter being a semivowel , all vowels are long. The quality of a vowel is not affected by its length. Long vowels in Luganda are very long, more than twice the length of a short vowel. A vowel before a prenasalised consonant , as in Bugáńda ' Buganda ' is also lengthened, although it is not as long as a long vowel; laboratory measurements show that

2310-465: Is pronounced as though written Yuganda and Teso is pronounced Tteeso . Musoga in Uganda  (pink) Busoga ( Lusoga : Obwakyabazinga bwa Busoga) is a kingdom and one of four constitutional monarchies in present-day Uganda . The kingdom is a cultural institution which promotes popular participation and unity among the people of the region through development programs to improve their standard of living. Busoga means "Land of

2387-400: Is then only distinctive before simple consonants ( i.e. simple plosives, simple fricatives, simple nasals, approximants and liquids)—not before geminate or nasalised consonants or at the end of a word. Luganda spelling , which has been standardized since 1947, uses a Latin alphabet , augmented with one new letter ŋ and a digraph ny , which is treated as a single letter. It has

Soga language - Misplaced Pages Continue

2464-422: Is usually pronounced [e:kítábó] and ssomero 'school' is pronounced [ssóméró] (where the long consonant /ss/ counts as the first mora). These tones automatically added to toneless words are called 'phrasal tones'. The tone-raising rule also applies to the toneless syllables at the end of words like eddw â liro [eddwáalíró] 'hospital' and t ú genda [túgeendá] 'we are going', provided that there

2541-565: The British during the Raj, helped establish Jinja as one of East Africa's largest commercial centres. Around the turn of the 16th century, the Baisengobi clan from Bunyoro gained power. Mukama Namutukula of the royal Babiito family of Bunyoro is said to have left Bunyoro during the 16th century as part of the kingdom's expansion policy, travelling east across Lake Kyoga with his wife Nawudo,

2618-551: The Buganda region and 5.4 million second language speakers fluent elsewhere in different regions especially in major urban areas like Mbale , Tororo , Jinja , Gulu , Mbarara , Hoima , Kasese etc. Luganda is Uganda's de facto language of national identity as it is the most widely spoken Ugandan language used mostly in trade in urban areas. The language is also the most-spoken unofficial language in Rwanda 's capital Kigali . As

2695-463: The Uganda People's Congress (UPC). Kadhumbula built infrastructure such as roads, hospitals and government centres, and mobilised the Basoga for agriculture. Balangira High School later became Busoga College . The Busoga Royal Council is composed of the 11 traditional leaders of Busoga: the heads of the five royal families and the six tribal chiefs. The Katukiro (Prime Minister) of Busoga

2772-553: The Victoria Nile flows from Lake Victoria and begins its descent to Egypt. Since Speke's route (inland from the East African coast) took him around the southern end of Lake Victoria, he approached Busoga from the west (through Buganda). Having reached his goal (the source of the Nile ), he turned northward and followed the river downstream without exploring Busoga. He records, however, being told that Usoga ( Swahili for Busoga)

2849-613: The 1970s, Jinja (Busoga's capital) gained economic importance due to cotton production and the completion of the Uganda Railway and the Owen Falls Dam . The town became an agri-industrial centre with factories, cottage industries and a well-developed infrastructure. People from rural Busoga came to work in the factories and in domestic work. Among the newcomers were Asian families. Services such as piped water, electricity, roads, hospitals and schools were improved to serve

2926-630: The Busoga Cultural Centre Offices library located in the Nile garden in Jinja, Uganda . Others are available in bookshops throughout Busoga and in major bookstores in Kampala and other parts of the country. Some of the more accomplished Lusoga publications include a Lusoga Bible , grammar books, riddles, proverbs, several story books and dictionaries e.g. Eibwanio English/Lusoga – Lusoga/English dictionary. A limited online version

3003-641: The Busoga Lukiiko resolved that the Kyabazinga should be elected from the five lineages of Baise Ngobi (Ababiito), hereditary rulers traditionally believed to have been the five sons of the Omukama of Bunyoro who migrated to Busoga from Bunyoro. This method of election was used for subsequent elections, beginning in 1949 when Owekitibwa Chief William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula of Bugabula was elected. He served for two terms of three years each, followed by Henry Wako Muloki (who also served two terms). In 1957,

3080-510: The Gabula of Bugabula , and grandson to Wilberforce Kadhumbula Nadiope, former vice president and also Kyabazinga of Busoga Kingdom. In 1995, the government restored monarchies in Uganda in Article 246(1) of the constitution of Uganda. On 11 February 1996, Henry Wako Muloki was reinstated as Kyabazinga Isebantu of Busoga. He served until 1 September 2008, when he died of esophageal cancer at

3157-565: The Kamuli-Jinja road, the site includes a shrine and the residence of former Kyabazinga William Wilberforce Kadhumbula Nadiope (who died in 1976). The marble-covered shrine contains the graves of other members of the royal family, including Nadiope's father and mother (Yosia Nadiope and Nasikombi). Other graves in the shrine are those of his son, former Uganda government minister Wilson Nadiope (who died in 1991), and his mother, Yuliya Babirye Nadiope (who died in 2004). The main palace residence

Soga language - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-405: The Kyabazinga as "a strong pillar", the president said that although Busoga was one of the youngest kingdoms, under Muloki's leadership it had become strong: "Uganda mourns not only one of her esteemed traditional leaders but a national who put development and the welfare of the people of Busoga at the helm of his reign". Muloki's achievements included programs for youth, the elderly, and the poor and

3311-770: The Kyabazinga of Busoga, the Kabaka of Buganda , the Omukamas of Bunyoro and Toro and the Omugabe of Ankole. On 11 February 1939 Owekitibwa Ezekerial Tenywa Wako, father of the last Kyabazinga of Busoga Henry Wako Muloki and the Zibondo of Bulamogi, was installed as the first Kyabazinga of Busoga (a title he held until his 1949 retirement). By Wako's retirement, the Lukiiko had expanded to include elected representatives (two from each of Busoga's 55 sub-counties). When Wako retired

3388-549: The Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala at age 87. In a condolence message, Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni described Muloki as "a great cultural leader and father" who was "generous and kind". Museveni noted that since his re-installation, Muloki was a unifying factor in Busoga: "The Government has had the privilege of working with Isebantu Muloki in developing our nation". Referring to

3465-400: The Soga", and is the kingdom of the 11 principalities of the Basoga or Soga (singular Musoga ) people. Its capital is Bugembe , near Jinja (Uganda's second-largest city, after Kampala ). Busoga comprises eleven districts : Kamuli , Iganga , Bugiri , Mayuge , Jinja , Luuka , and the new districts of Bugweri , Buyende , Kaliro , Namutumba and Namayingo District. Each district

3542-434: The addition of an object-marker such as mu 'him' adds further complications. In addition to lexical tones, phrasal tones, and the tonal patterns of tenses, there are also intonational tones in Luganda, for example, tones of questions. One rather unexpected phenomenon for English speakers is that if a yes–no question ends in a toneless word, instead of a rise, there is a sharp drop in pitch, e.g. lúnó lúgúúdò? 'is this

3619-498: The adjacent Bukandi district (across the Mpologoma River) experienced famines in 1898–1900, 1907, 1908, 1917, 1918 and 1944. Populations in these areas shrank; many people were killed by the famines, and survivors moved to other areas for safety. The effects of these movements were apparent in the growth in population of central and peri-urban Busoga. Many Basoga left Busoga during this period for other districts . During

3696-490: The chiefs were appointed by the Kabaka, and, before the ascendancy of Buganda as the region’s dominant power, by the Omukama of Bunyoro. Busoga's first native King was the chief of Bugabula , Yosia Nadiope . Nadiope died in 1913 and was, in 1919, succeeded by the chief of Bulamogi , Ezekiel Tenywa Wako, who had both support of the colonialist British support and an administrative background, in addition to his being educated at

3773-436: The context. Stress and tones are not represented in the spelling. The following phonemes are always represented with the same letter or combination of letters: The following phonemes can be represented with two letters or combinations of letters, with the alternation predictable from the context: The following phonemes can be represented with two letters or combinations of letters, with unpredictable alternation between

3850-689: The east by the Mpologoma River (separating it from smaller tribal groups such as the Adhola , Bugwere and Bugisu). It also includes several islands in Lake Victoria, such as Buvuma Island . The Kyabazinga of Busoga is not directly succedded by one of his children(princes) but he is elected from the five royal clans of Busoga. Busoga is ruled by the Isebantu Kyabazinga, who is currently William Kadhumbula Gabula Nadiope IV ,

3927-543: The education of girls. Although the Royal Chiefs of Busoga at first elected Edward Columbus Wambuzi, Muloki's son, as Kyabazinga of Busoga, the election was contested due to lack of quorum (at least eight chiefs) and thus electing later Gabula Nadiope IV with ten out of eleven chiefs and was crowned on 13 September 2014. Busoga's written history began in 1862. On 28 July Royal Geographical Society explorer John Hanning Speke arrived at Ripon Falls (near Jinja, where

SECTION 50

#1732783663265

4004-426: The end of a sentence, a final lexical tone becomes a falling tone, i.e. [Kámpálâ], but in other contexts, e.g. when the word is used as the subject of a sentence, it remains high: Kámpálá kibúga 'Kampala is a city'. Although words like ekitabo are theoretically toneless, they are generally subject to a tone-raising rule whereby all but the first mora automatically acquire a high tone. Thus ekitabo 'book'

4081-516: The fact that some verbs have a high lexical tone on the first syllable of the root, while others do not, and also by the fact that the sequence HH generally becomes HL by a rule called Meeussen's rule . Thus asóma means 'he reads', but when the toneless prefix a- 'he/she' is replaced by the high-toned prefix bá- 'they', instead of básóma it becomes básomá 'they read'. The tones of verbs in relative clauses and in negative sentences differ from those in ordinary positive sentences and

4158-480: The fact that there is no distinction between prenasalisation and gemination when applied to nasal stops. Luganda is a tonal language , with three tones: high ( á ), low ( à ) and falling ( â ). There are, however, no syllables in Luganda with rising tone [àá] , since these automatically become [áá] . There are various types of tones: (a) lexical tones, which are always present in a word, e.g. ekib ú ga 'city'; (b) phrasal tones, which are automatically added to

4235-566: The government restored monarchies in Uganda. On 11 February, Henry Wako Muloki was reinstated as Kyabazinga according to Kisogan tradition. Unlike most monarchs, the Kyabazinga has no heir or crown prince but is succeeded by a chief elected by the Lukiiko and the Royal Council. Three past Kyabazingas have presided over the federated state of Busoga since 1939: Ezekiel Tenywa Wako, Yosia Nadiope and William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula. Kadhumbula waged an emizindula (war on theft) and ended

4312-457: The growing population. Farmers were assured of markets in the towns, grew cash and food crops such as cotton, coffee, bananas, potatoes, cassava , fruits and vegetables. The standard of living improved; the kingdom's revenue increased, enabling it to build more infrastructure. Subsistence farming diminished, with the population turning to economic production demanded by the Europeans. By

4389-473: The late 19th century, when the colonialists persuaded its rulers to organize a federation . The federation was governed by a Lukiiko . Although Busoga is called a "kingdom", it did not have a central ruler before 1906, unlike its western neighbor Buganda. In 1906, a central administrator—later a King—was installed at the behest of the British. Before this, the Basoga were organized in semi-autonomous chiefdoms influenced by Bunyoro and, later, Buganda. Some of

4466-402: The nasal is then often elided. Additionally, when not elided (for example phrase-initially), the /n/ usually becomes a labiodental in /nf/ , /nv/ . For example: The liquid /l~r/ has two allophones [l] and [r] , conditioned by the preceding vowel. It is usually realised as a tap or flap [ɾ] after a front unrounded vowel ( i.e. after /e/ , /eː/ , /i/ or /iː/ ), and as

4543-441: The north of Busoga, there is an 'H' in many words which does not appear in dialects of southern Busoga. Thus Busoga was divided into two dialect zones. Across the northern zone, the dialects Lulamogi and Lupakoyo were spoken. Lupakoyo closely resembled Nyoro . It had a close belt of Runyoro associated dialects running east from Bunyoro , across the northern region of Buganda , across northern Busoga and through Bugwere, which

4620-523: The number representing the current hour simply subtracts six from the number in English. A Musoga waking up at what English speakers would call 10:15 a.m. would instead say essawa erii ikumi na ibiri munkyo ('the time is 4:15 in the morning'). Time is said using the word essaawa , e.g., essaawa ndala – 7 o'clock. Luganda Ganda or Luganda ( / l uː ˈ ɡ æ n d ə / loo- GAN -də ; Oluganda [oluɡâːndá] )

4697-399: The people'. Prefixes sometimes change the tones in a word. For example, Bag áń da [baɡá:nda] 'they are Baganda' has LHHL, but adding the initial vowel a- [a] gives Abag â ndá [abaɡâ:ndá] 'Baganda people' with a falling tone on ga and phrasal tone on the final syllable. Different verb tenses have different tonal patterns. The tones of verbs are made more complicated by

SECTION 60

#1732783663265

4774-422: The pre-colonial era, people left their traditional lands and state structures disappeared. A number of clans and chiefdoms were decimated by famine and epidemics, and people migrated to Busoga with the traditions and cultures of other lands. A need for security fueled population growth in urban and peri-urban areas of Busoga such as Jinja, Iganga , Kamuli , Kaliro , Bugiri and their surrounding areas From 1920 to

4851-412: The prefix en - is added to the adjective - ddugavu 'black' the result is enzirugavu /eːnzíruɡavu/ . The nasals /m/ , /n/ , /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ can be syllabic at the start of a word: nkima /ɲ̩címa/ (or [n̩tʃíma] ) 'monkey', mpa /m̩pá/ 'I give', nnyinyonnyola /ɲ̩ɲiɲóɲːola/ or /ɲːiɲóɲːola/ 'I explain'. Note that this last example can be analysed in two ways, reflecting

4928-458: The prefix Ba- (plural), and Mu- (singular), and the name of the country Bu- . Greeting in Soga is accomplished just as it is in western countries. However, it assumes a more personal nature and just as in the West, its form depends on the time of the day and the elapsed time since the last contact with the greeter. The following dialogue illustrates the basic form to greet a peer or an elder in

5005-507: The prestigious Kings' College Budo. Gideon Obodha of Kigulu (another contender for the post) was unfamiliar with the British system, and William Wilberforce Nadiope Kadhumbula of Bugabula was an infant whose regent (Mwami Mutekanga) was ineligible as a mukoopi (a commoner). In 1918-19, the title of Isebantu Kyabazinga was created and Wako took the throne. In 1925 Wako became a member of the Uganda Kings Council, consisting of

5082-456: The region. Despite attempts to clear the area, the epidemic continued until 1910. As a result, most of the densely populated parts of Busoga (with an original population of over 200,000) were depopulated within ten years. Lubas Palace at Bukaleba and the European fruit mission collapsed, and survivors were relocated to other parts of Busoga. Southern Busoga, about one-third of the kingdom's area,

5159-409: The root - laba with the subject prefix n -); eddagala /edːáɡala/ 'leaf' (from the root - lagala with the singular noun prefix e -, which doubles the following consonant). A consonant cannot be both geminated and prenasalised. When morphological processes require this, the gemination is dropped and the syllable /zi/ is inserted, which can then be prenasalised. For example, when

5236-445: The same effect as in English. The above dialog only addresses greeting one person because some words change into multiple others e.g. wasuzotya is the combination of a singular prefix ( wa – 'you'), word ( sula – 'sleep'), and singular postfix ( otya – 'how did') spoken as one with a plural form that subsequently becomes mwasuze mutya , which is composed of two distinct words emerging from two different plural prefixes,

5313-467: The same effect, which they call simply "doubling" or "stressing". Luganda is also a tonal language ; the change in the pitch of a syllable can change the meaning of a word. For example, the word kabaka means 'king' if all three syllables are given the same pitch. If the first syllable is high then the meaning changes to 'the little one catches' (third person singular present tense Class VI ka - of - baka 'to catch'). This feature makes Luganda

5390-443: The start of a word: bbiri /bːíri/ 'two', kitto /cítːo/ 'cold'. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are geminated as /ɡːw/ and /ɟː/ : eggwanga /eɡːwáːŋɡa/ 'country'; jjenje /ɟːéːɲɟe/ 'cricket'—from the roots - wanga /wáːŋɡa/ and - yenje /jéːɲɟe/ respectively, with the singular noun prefix e - that doubles the following consonant. Historically, geminated consonants appear to have arisen when

5467-534: The time of independence in 1962, Busoga was one of the most prosperous regions in Uganda. Jinja was home to 70 percent of Uganda's industries and the Nalubaale Power Station (Owen Falls Dam), which supplies electricity to Uganda and parts of Kenya and Tanzania. Jinja was also home to the majority of Uganda's Asian population. These Ugandan Asians , brought to Uganda from the Indian sub-continent by

5544-476: The title Inhebantu of Busoga was introduced for the wife of the Kyabazinga (or Isebantu). When monarchies were abolished in 1966, the Kyabazinga was dethroned. Idi Amin expelled the Asians from Uganda in 1972, and Jinja suffered socially and economically. The government of Yoweri Museveni has tried to encourage them to return. The Asian influence remains, particularly in architecture and street names. In 1995,

5621-447: The two: It is therefore possible to predict the pronunciation of any word (with the exception of stress and tones) from the spelling. It is also usually possible to predict the spelling of a word from the pronunciation. The only words where this is not possible are those that include one of the affricate–vowel combinations discussed above. Note, however, that some proper names are not spelled as they are pronounced. For example, Uganda

5698-478: The vowel + nasal takes the same length of time to say as a long vowel. Before a geminate , all vowels are short. A segment such as tugg , where a short vowel is followed by a geminate consonant, is very slightly shorter than tuuk or tung . The table below gives the consonant set of Luganda, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order. Apart from /l~r/ , all these consonants can be geminated , even at

5775-408: The youngest son, Kitimbo, received Bugabula . These areas later became administrative and cultural centers in Busoga. When Mukama did not return, his sons regarded themselves as the legitimate rulers of their respective areas. They presided over their dominions, employing governing methods and cultural rituals similar to those in Bunyoro. This political and cultural arrangement in Busoga continued until

5852-490: Was an island (it is bordered on all four sides by water). During the 19th century, one of the main routes along which Europeans travelled from the coast to Buganda passed through southern Busoga. Speke, James Grant , Gerald Portal , Frederick Lugard , J. R. Macdonald and Bishop Tucket noted that Busoga had plentiful food and was densely populated. However, between 1898–99 and 1900–01 the first cases of sleeping sickness were reported. In 1906, orders were issued to evacuate

5929-570: Was depopulated by 1910. During the 1920s and 1930s, some evacuees who survived the epidemic began to return to their original land. In 1940 a new outbreak appeared in the area, and only in 1956 did resettlement (promoted by the government) begin again. The result of the epidemic was that southern Busoga, its most densely populated area, was virtually uninhabited. Other areas affected by sleeping sickness, including eastern Bukooli and Busiki , were depopulated as well. Famines also triggered substantial population movements. Parts of northeastern Busoga and

#264735